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Martyrs of Vietnam
- 1. MARTYRS OF VIETNAM A history of the catholic church and its martyrs in IndoChina
- 2. Saints on the General Roman Calendar who were canonized by Pope John Paul II June 19, 1988. - 117 Vietnamese Martyrs - The Vatican estimates the number of Vietnamese martyrs at between 130,000 and 300,000
- 3. Of these 117 martyrs, 8 were bishops, 50 priests (15 Dominicans, 8 members of the Paris Foreign Mission Society, 27 seculars), 1 seminarian, and 58 lay people (9 Dominican tertiaries and 17 catechists).
- 4. A young Vietnamese Martyr, Andrew of Phú Yên, was beatified in March, 2000 by Pope John Paul II- Many were beatified on four separate occasions: 64 by Pope Leo XIII on May 27, 1900; eight by Pope Pius X on May 20, 1906; 20 by Pope Pius X on May 2, 1909; and 25 by Pope Pius XII April 29, 1951.
- 5. The Vietnamese Martyrs fall into several groupings, those killed in the Dominican and Jesuit missionary era of the 18th century and those killed in the politically inspired persecutions of the 19th century. A representative sample of only 117 martyrs— including 96 Vietnamese, 11 Spanish Dominicans, and 10 French members of the Paris Foreign Missions Society (Missions Etrangères de Paris (MEP) have been canonized.
- 6. The first missionaries visited Vietnam from Portugal and Spain in the 16th century. The earliest missions did not bring very impressive results. Only after the arrival of Jesuits in the first decades of the 17th century did Christianity begin to establish its positions within the local populations in both domains of Đàng Ngoài (Tonkin) and Đàng Trong (Cochinchina). These missionaries were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese. Two priests, Francesco Buzomi and Diogo Carvalho, established the first Catholic community in Hội An in 1615. Between 1627–30, Avignonese Alexandre de Rhodes and Portuguese Pero Marques converted more than 6,000 people in Tonkin
- 7. In the 17th century, Jesuit missionaries including Francisco de Pina, Gaspar do Amaral, Antonio Barbosa, and de Rhodes developed an alphabet for the Vietnamese language, using the Latin script with added diacritic marks. This writing system continues to be used today, and is called chữ Quốc ngữ (literally "national language script"). Meanwhile, the traditional chữ Nôm, in which Girolamo Maiorica was an expert, was the main script conveying Catholic faith to Vietnamese until the late 19th century
- 8. Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the Foreign Missions Society and Spanish missionaries of the Dominican Order have preached in Indochina. There were Franciscans (in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans & Discalced Augustinians (in Eastern Tonkin)
- 9. The Catholic Church in Vietnam was devastated during the Tây Sơn rebellion 1771-1785.
- 10. Despite the turmoil, the missions revived, as a result of cooperation between the French Vicar Apostolic Pigneaux de Behaine and Nguyen Anh. After Nguyen's victory in 1802, in gratitude to assistance received, he ensured protection to missionary activities.
- 11. However, only a few years into the new emperor's reign, there was growing antipathy among officials against Catholicism and missionaries reported that it was purely for political reasons that their presence was tolerated. Tolerance continued until the death of the emperor and the new emperor Minh Mang succeeding to the throne in 1820
- 12. Converts began to be harassed without official edicts in the late 1820s, by local governments. In 1831 the emperor passed new laws on regulations for religious groupings in Viet Nam, and Catholicism was then officially prohibited.
- 13. Emperor Gia Long
- 14. In 1832, the first act occurred in a largely Catholic village near Hue, with the entire community being incarcerated and sent into exile in Cambodia.
- 15. In January 1833 a new kingdom-wide edict was passed calling on Vietnamese subjects to reject the religion of Jesus and required suspected Catholics to demonstrate their renunciation by walking on a wooden cross.
- 16. Actual violence against Catholics, however, did not occur until the Lê Văn Khôi revolt 1833-35
- 17. In 1833, the rebels took over southern Vietnam, with Catholics playing a large role. 2,000 Vietnamese Catholic troops fought under the command of Father Nguyễn Văn Tâm. The rebellion was suppressed after three years of fighting. The French missionary Father Joseph Marchand, of the Paris Foreign Missions Society was captured in the siege, and had been supporting Khôi, and asked for the help of the Siamese army, through communications to his counterpart in Siam, Father Jean-Louis Taberd. This showed the strong Catholic involvement in the revolt and Father Marchand was executed
- 18. The failure of the revolt had a disastrous effect on the Christians of Vietnam. New restrictions against Christians followed, and demands were made to find and execute remaining missionaries. Anti-Catholic edicts to this effect were issued by Minh Mạng in 1836 and 1838. In 1836-37 six missionaries were executed: Ignacio Delgado, Dominico Henares, José Fernández, François Jaccard, Jean-Charles Cornay, and Bishop Pierre Borie
- 19. The villages of Christians were destroyed and their possessions confiscated. Families were broken apart. Christians were branded on the forehead with ta dao, “false religion.” It is believed that between 130,000 and 300,000 Christians died in the various persecutions.
- 20. Missionaries and Catholic communities were able to sometimes escape this through bribery of officials; they were also sometimes victims of extortion attempts by people who demanded money under the threat that they would report the villages and missionaries to the authorities
- 21. officials that failed to act against Christians, were demoted or removed from office (and sometimes were given severe corporal punishment), while those who attacked and killed the Christians could receive promotion or other rewards. Lower officials or younger family members of officials were sometimes tasked with secretly going through villages to report on hidden missionaries or Catholics that had not apostasized
- 22. The first missionary arrested during this (and later executed) was the priest Jean- Charles Cornay in 1837
- 23. Quang Tri and Quang Binh province officials captured several priests along with the French missionary Bishop Pierre Dumoulin-Borie in 1838 (who was executed). The court translator, Francois Jaccard, a Catholic who had been kept as a prisoner for years and was extremely valuable to the court, was executed in late 1838
- 24. A priest, Father Ignatius Delgado, was captured in the village of Can Lao (Nam Định Province), put in a cage on public display for ridicule and abuse, and died of hunger and exposure while waiting for execution. -the officer and soldiers that captured him were greatly rewarded (about 3 kg of silver was distributed out to all of them), as were the villagers that had helped to turn him over to the authorities
- 25. The bishop Dominic Henares was found in Giao Thuy district of Nam Dinh (later executed); the villagers and soldiers that participated in his arrest were also greatly rewarded
- 26. The priest, Father Joseph Fernandez, and a local priest, Nguyen Ba Tuan, were captured in Kim Song, Nam Dinh; the provincial officials were promoted, the peasants who turned them over were rewarded
- 27. In July 1838, a demoted governor attempting to win back his place did so successfully by capturing the priest Father Dang Dinh Vien in Yen Dung, Bac Ninh province. (Vien was executed).
- 28. In 1839, the same official captured two more priests: Father Dinh Viet Du and Father Nguyen Van Xuyen (also both executed).
- 33. In Nhu Ly near Hue, an elderly catholic doctor named Simon Hoa was captured and executed. He had been sheltering a missionary named Charles Delamotte
- 34. Catholic villages were forced to build shrines to the state cult
- 35. The missionary Father Pierre Duclos died in prison in after being captured on the Saigon river in June 1846. The boat he was traveling in, unfortunately contained the money that was set for the annual bribes of various officials (up to 1/3 of the annual donated French mission budget for Cochinchina was officially allocated to 'special needs') in order to prevent more arrests and persecutions of the converts
- 36. Bonnard, Jean-Louis (John Louis Bonnard Hương), priest; b. 1824 at Saint-Christo-em- Jarez, France; d. May 1, 1852 Nam Ðịnh, Tonkin. He was a attached to the MEP during his work in Annam (Vietnam). While awaiting execution, he wrote a letter of farewell to his family. He was beheaded at the age of 28. Beatified 1900
- 37. Almato, Pedro (PhêrôAlmato Bình), Dominican priest; b. 1830 at Sassera (Vich), Spain; d. Nov. 1, 1861, at Hải Dủỏng, Tonkin. He was first sent to the Philippines upon his profession as a Dominican. Then he was sent to Ximabara under Jerome Hermosilla, with whom he was beheaded. Beatified 1906
- 38. Berrio-Ochoa, Valentín (Valentine Berriochoa, Valentinô Berrio-Ochoa Vinh), Dominican bishop of Central Tonkin; b. 1827 at Ellorio (Vitoria), Spain; d. Nov. 1, 1861 at Hải Dương, Tonkin. – This bishop was betrayed by one of his own who had apostatized. In 1861, he was arrested, degraded, imprisoned, tortured, and beheaded
- 39. The letters and example of Théophane Vénard (1829- 1861) inspired the young Saint Thérèse of Lisieux to volunteer for the Carmelite convent at Hanoi
- 40. The tortures these individuals underwent are considered by the Vatican to be among the worst in the history of Christian martyrdom. The torturers hacked off limbs joint by joint, tore flesh with red hot tongs, and used drugs to enslave the minds of the victims. Christians at the time were branded on the face with the words "tả đạo" (左道, lit. "Left (Sinister) religion")and families and villages which subscribed to Christianity were obliterated
- 43. •A LIST OF THE MARTYRS •Andrew Dung-Lac An Tran •Augustin Schoeffler, MEP, a priest from France •Agnes Le Thi Thanh •Bernard Vũ Văn Duệ •Dominic Mậu •Emmanuel Le Van Phung •Emmanuel Trieu Van Nguyen •Francis Chieu Van Do •Francis Gil de Frederich|Francesc (Francis) Gil de Federich, OP, •François-Isidore Gagelin, MEP, a priest from France •Francis Jaccard, MEP, a priest from France •Francis Trung Von Tran •Francis Nguyen •Ignatius Delgado y Cebrian, OP, a bishop from Spain •Jacinto (Hyacinth) Casteñeda, OP, a priest from Spain •James Nam •Jerome Hermosilla, OP, a bishop from Spain •John Baptist Con •John Charles Cornay, MEP, a priest from France •John Dat •John Hoan Trinh Doan •John Louis Bonnard, MEP, a priest from France •John Thanh Van Dinh •José María Díaz Sanjurjo, OP, a bishop from Spain •Joseph Canh Luang Hoang •Joseph Fernandez, OP, a priest from Spain •Joseph Hien Quang Do •Joseph Khang Duy Nguyen •Joseph Luu Van Nguyen •Joseph Marchand, MEP, a priest from France •Joseph Nghi Kim •Joseph Thi Dang Le •Joseph Uyen Dinh Nguyen •Joseph Vien Dinh Dang •Joseph Khang, a local doctor •Joseph Tuc •Joseph Tuan Van Tran •Lawrence Ngon •Lawrence Huong Van Nguyen •Luke Loan Ba Vu •Luke Thin Viet Pham •Martin Tho •Martin Tinh Duc Ta •Matthew Alonzo Leziniana, OP, a priest from Spain •Matthew Phuong Van Nguyen •Matthew Gam Van Le •Melchor García Sampedro, OP, a bishop from Spain •Michael Dinh-Hy Ho •Michael My Huy Nguyen •Nicholas Thé Duc Bui •Paul Hanh •Paul Khoan Khan Pham •Paul Loc Van Le •Paul Tinh Bao Le •Paul Tong Viet Buong •Paul Duong •Pere (Peter) Almató i Ribera, OP, a priest from Catalonia (Spain) •Peter Tuan •Peter Dung Van Dinh •Peter Da •Peter Duong Van Truong •Peter Francis Néron, MEP, a priest from France •Peter Hieu Van Nguyen •Peter Quy Cong Doan •Peter Thi Van Truong Pham •Peter Tuan Ba Nguyen, a fisherman •Peter Tuy Le •Peter Van Van Doan •Philip Minh Van Doan •Pierre Borie, MEP, a bishop from France •Simon Hoa Dac Phan •Stephen Theodore Cuenot, MEP, a bishop from France •Stephen Vinh •Théophane Vénard, MEP, a priest from France •Thomas De Van Nguyen •Thomas Du Viet Dinh •Thomas Thien Tran •Thomas Toan •Thomas Khuong •Valentine Berriochoa, OP, a bishop from the Basque Country •Vicente Liem de la Paz •Vincent Duong •Vincent Tuong, a local judge •Vincent Yen Do
- 44. The first Vietnamese bishop, Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng, was consecrated in 1933 at St. Peter's Basilica by Pope Pius XI. The Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam was founded in 1980
- 46. Cardinal Francis Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận, who was imprisoned by the Communist regime from 1975–88 and spent nine years in solitary confinement, was nominated Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, and made its President in 1998 On 21 February 2001, he was elevated to the College of Cardinals by Pope John Paul II
- 47. There are about 7 million Catholics in Vietnam, representing 7.0% of the total population. There are 27 dioceses (including three archdioceses) with 2,228 parishes and 2,668 priests. The main liturgical rites employed in Vietnam are those of the Latin Church
- 51. LIST OF PRESENTATIONS IN ENGLISH Revised 24-11-2021 Advent and Christmas – time of hope and peace All Souls Day Amoris Laetitia – ch 1 – In the Light of the Word Amoris Laetitia – ch 2 – The Experiences and Challenges of Families Amoris Laetitia – ch 3 - Looking to Jesus, the Vocation of the Family Amoris Laetitia – ch 4 - Love in Marriage Amoris Laetitia – ch 5 – Love made Fruitfuol Amoris Laetitia – ch 6 – Some Pastoral Perspectives Amoris Laetitia – ch 7 – Towards a better education of children Amoris Laetitia – ch 8 – Accompanying, discerning and integrating weaknwss Amoris Laetitia – ch 9 – The Spirituality of Marriage and the Family Beloved Amazon 1ª – A Social Dream Beloved Amazon 2 - A Cultural Dream Beloved Amazon 3 – An Ecological Dream Beloved Amazon 4 - An Ecclesiastical Dream Carnival Christ is Alive Christ the King Familiaris Consortio (FC) 1 – Church and Family today Familiaris Consortio (FC) 2 - God’s plan for the family Familiaris Consortio (FC) 3 – 1 – family as a Community Familiaris Consortio (FC) 3 – 2 – serving life and education Familiaris Consortio (FC) 3 – 3 – mission of the family in society Familiaris Consortio (FC) 3 – 4 - Family in the Church Familiaris Consortio (FC) 4 Pastoral familiar Football in Spain Haurietis aquas – devotion to the Sacred Heart by Pius XII Holidays and Holy Days Holy Spirit Holy Week – drawings for children Holy Week – glmjpses of the last hours of JC Inauguration of President Donald Trump Juno explores Jupiter Laudato si 1 – care for the common home Laudato si 2 – Gospel of creation Laudato si 3 – Human roots of the ecological crisis Laudato si 4 – integral ecology Laudato si 5 – lines of approach and action Laudato si 6 – Education y Ecological Spirituality Love and Marriage 12,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Lumen Fidei – ch 1,2,3,4 Martyrs of North America and Canada Martyrs of Vietnam Medjugore Pilgrimage Misericordiae Vultus in English Mother Teresa of Calcuta – Saint Pope Franciss in Thailand Pope Francis in Japan Pope Francis in Sweden Pope Francis in Hungary, Slovaquia Pope Francis in America Pope Francis in the WYD in Poland 2016 Querida Amazonia Resurrection of Jesus Christ –according to the Gospels Russian Revolution and Communismo 3 civil war 1918.1921 Russian Revolution and Communism 1 Russian Revolution and Communismo 2 Saint Agatha, virgin and martyr Saint Albert the Great Saint Anthony of Padua Saint Cecilia Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Saint Francis of Assisi Saint Ignatius of Loyola Saint James, apostle Saint Joseph Saint Maria Goretti Saint Martin of Tours Saint Maximilian Kolbe Saint Mother Theresa of Calcutta Saint Jean Baptiste MarieaVianney, Curé of Ars Saint John of the Cross Saint Patrick and Ireland Saints Zachary and Elizabeth, parents of John Baptis Signs of hope Sunday – day of the Lord Thanksgiving – History and Customs The Body, the cult – (Eucharist) Valentine Vocation – mconnor@legionaries.org Way of the Cross – drawings for children For commentaries – email – mflynn@legionaries.org Fb – Martin M Flynn Donations to - BANCO - 03069 INTESA SANPAOLO SPA Name – EUR-CA-ASTI IBAN – IT61Q0306909606100000139493
- 52. LISTA DE PRESENTACIONES EN ESPAÑOL Revisado 24-11-2021 Abuelos Adviento y Navidad, tiempo de esperanza Amor y Matrimonio 1 - 9 Amoris Laetitia – ch 1 – A la luz de la Palabre Amoris Laetitia – ch 2 – Realidad y Desafíos de las Familias Amoris Laetitia – ch 3 La mirada puesta en Jesús: Vocación de la Familia Amoris Laetitia – ch 4 - El Amor en el Matrimonio Amoris Laetitia – ch 5 – Amor que se vuelve fecundo Amoris Laetitia – ch 6 – Algunas Perspectivas Pastorales Amoris Laetitia – ch 7 – Fortalecer la educacion de los hijos Amoris Laetitia – ch 8 – Acompañar, discernir e integrar la fragilidad Amoris Laetitia – ch 9 – Espiritualidad Matrimonial y Familiar Carnaval Cristo Rey Cristo Vive Dia de todos los difuntos Domingo – día del Señor El camino de la cruz de JC en dibujos para niños El Cuerpo, el culto – (eucarisía) Espíritu Santo Familiaris Consortio (FC) 1 – iglesia y familia hoy Familiaris Consortio (FC) 2 - el plan de Dios para la familia Familiaris Consortio (FC) 3 – 1 – familia como comunidad Familiaris Consortio (FC) 3 – 2 – servicio a la vida y educación Familiaris Consortio (FC) 3 – 3 – misión de la familia en la sociedad Familiaris Consortio (FC) 3 – 4 - participación de la familia en la iglesia Familiaris Consortio (FC) 4 Pastoral familiar Fátima – Historia de las Apariciones de la Virgen Feria de Sevilla Haurietis aquas – el culto al Sagrado Corazón Hermandades y cofradías Hispanidad Laudato si 1 – cuidado del hogar común Laudato si 2 – evangelio de creación Laudato si 3 – La raíz de la crisis ecológica Laudato si 4 – ecología integral Laudato si 5 – líneas de acción Laudato si 6 – Educación y Espiritualidad Ecológica Lumen Fidei – cap 1,2,3,4 Madre Teresa de Calcuta – Santa María y la Biblia Martires de Nor America y Canada Martires de Vietnam Medjugore peregrinación Misericordiae Vultus en Español Papa Francisco en Bulgaria Papa Francisco en Rumania Papa Francisco en Marruecos Papa Francisco en México Papa Francisco – mensaje para la Jornada Mundial Juventud 2016 Papa Francisco – visita a Chile Papa Francisco – visita a Perú Papa Francisco en Colombia 1 + 2 Papa Francisco en Cuba Papa Francisco en Fátima Papa Francisco en la JMJ 2016 – Polonia Papa Francisco en Hugaría e Eslovaquia Queridas Amazoznia 1,2,3,4 Resurrección de Jesucristo – según los Evangelios Revolución Rusa y Comunismo 1, 2, 3 Santa Agata, virgen y martir San Alberto Magno San Antonio de Padua San Francisco de Asis 1,2,3,4 Santa Cecilia Santa Maria Goretti San Ignacio de Loyola Santa Isabel de Hungria San José, obrero, marido, padre San Juan Ma Vianney, Curé de’Ars San Juan de la Cruz San Martin de Tours San Maximiliano Kolbe Santa Teresa de Calcuta San Padre Pio de Pietralcina San Patricio e Irlanda Santiago Apóstol Santos Zacarias e Isabel, padres de Juan Bautista Semana santa – Vistas de las últimas horas de JC Vacaciones Cristianas Valentín Virgen de Guadalupe Vocación – www.vocación.org Vocación a evangelizar Para comentarios – email – mflynn@lcegionaries.org fb – martin m. flynn Donations to - BANCO - 03069 INTESA SANPAOLO SPA Name – EUR-CA-ASTI. IBAN – IT61Q0306909606100000139493