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A computer programme
created by 
Donald E Knuth
Donald E Knuth
(born January 10, 1938)
Professor Emeritus of the Art of Computer Programming 
At Stanford University
Volume 1 - Fundamental Algorithms
Chapter 1 - Basic concepts
Chapter 2 - Information structures
Volume 2 - Seminumerical Algorithms
Chapter 3 – Random Numbers
Chapter 4 - Arithmetic
Volume 3 - Sorting and Searching
Chapter 5 – Sorting
Chapter 6 - Searching
TeX is a typesetting system 
intended for the creation of 
beautiful documents. 
Type‐setting : some issues
Follow the conventions of the finest 
printers in the world.
Avoiding orphans and widows
An orphaned line, highlighted in yellow, 
appearing at the bottom of a page.
A widowed line, highlighted in yellow, 
appearing at the top of a page.
Writing guides, such as the Chicago 
Manual of Style, suggest that a 
manuscript should have no widows and 
orphans even when avoiding them 
results in additional space at the bottom 
of a page or column.
Type‐setting : some issues
Inter‐letter spacing
Inter‐word spacing
Inter‐line spacing
Spacing in mathematics
Type‐setting : some issues
Hyphenation : For e.g. , consider the‐
rapist for therapist.
Leslie Lamport, the creator of LaTeX
• LaTeX pronounced as  Lah‐tek, or Lay‐tek
• A typesetting program, not a word‐
processor
• Current version : LaTeX2ε
• Designed for producing beautiful books, 
theses, papers, articles...
• De facto standard for writing academic 
papers
• Based on TeX
LaTeX is a document preparation system 
for high‐quality typesetting. 
It is most often used for medium‐to‐large 
technical or scientific documents.
It can be used for almost any form of 
publishing. 
LaTeX is not a word processor! 
LaTeX encourages authors 
not to worry about the appearance
of their documents 
but to worry about content.
A test document to learn LaTeX
V N Krishnachandran
19 February 2010
Hello world! 
To create a document like the one above …
documentclass{article}
title{A test document to learn LaTeX}
author{V N Krishnachandran}
date{19 February 2010}
begin{document}
maketitle
Hello world!
end{document}
Create a text file like the one above and compile…
This document is an article.
Its title is A test document to learn LaTeX.
Its author is V N Krishnachandran.
It was written in 19 February 2010.
The document consists of a title followed by the 
text Hello world!
What the text file means …
How To Run LaTeX
• Create a text file with extension  .tex, say
myfile.tex
• Compile myfile : latex myfile.tex
This makes a  file with extension .dvi
• View the dvi file :  xdvi myfile.dvi
: yap myfile
• Dvi ‐‐> PostScript : dvips myfile.dvi
This creates a file with extension .ps
• View PostScript : gv myfile (UNIX)
:  Use gsview
pdfLaTeX
An extension of TeX which can be configured 
to directly generate PDF documents instead 
of DVI. All current TeX distributions including 
TeX live, MacTeX and MiKTeX include pdfTeX
(Plain TeX) and pdfLaTeX (LaTeX). 
Features
Typesetting journal articles, technical reports, 
books, and slide presentations.
Control over large documents containing 
sectioning, cross‐references, tables and figures.
Typesetting of complex mathematical formulas.
Features
Automatic generation of bibliographies and 
indexes.
Multi‐lingual typesetting.
Inclusion of artwork, and process or spot 
colour.
Document Class
documentclass[options]{class}
options  =  a4paper, 
11pt, 12pt, 10pt, 
twocolumn, landscape,...
class  =  article, report, book,...
Sample commands
Start with  begin{document}
End with  end{document}
Typesetting Text 
 or    newline and   newpage
Bold   textbf{……………} or bf
Italics  emph{…………} or  textit{………} or it
Underline  underline{…………} or ul
Sample commands
Sections
section{…} = 1.  Latex is Great
subsection{…} = 1.1 Why Great
subsubsection{…} = 1.1.1 Reason One
chapter{…} ‐ To be used with book and report
Titles, authors and footnotes
title{…}
author{…}
footnote{…}
maketitle Display Title and Author
tableofcontents Generates TOC
Sample commands
Numbered listing
begin{enumerate}
item Apple
item Orange
end{enumerate}
Sample commands
Font sizes
tiny scriptsize footnotesize
small normalsize large
Large LARGE huge
Huge
Sample commands
Mathematical expressions ….
Sample commands
begin{center}
$$
y=frac{a^3+2c_{x}}{1+sqrt{b_{x}}}
$$ 
vspace{0.2in}
$$
Q=sum_{i=1}^{j}int_{mu}^{infty}f(x_{j})dx
$$ 
vspace{0.2in}
$$
Psi = oint_{- infty}^ {infty}f_{xy} ({frac{partial
Qx}{partial Qy}})^{Im_{pi}^ prime}
$$ 
end{center}
Text in input file…
Sample commands
Happy TeXing …

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Donald Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming summarized