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baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti
semiotikis kvleviTi centri

semiotikis
VII saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia
humanitaruli kvlevebi
nawili meore
semiotika
samecniero Jurnali

XVI

SEMIOTICS
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
Tbilisi
Tbilisi
2016

UDC 81′22
nomris mTavari redaqtori

marine giorgaZe
redaqtorebi:
nana cecxlaZe
cira barbaqaZe
Tamar siraZe
© semiotikis kvleviTi centri 2016
konferencia da konferenciis masalebis dabeWdva daafinansa

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis
ganaTlebis, kulturisa da sportis saministrom
ISSN 1512-2409
dagvikavSirdiT:
E-mail: semiotics@iliauni.edu.ge
3
Sinaarsi

naTia abaSiZe
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti,
asistent-profesori
emociis (sixaruli da mwuxareba) semantikuri veli
da metaforuli struqtura frangul da
qarTul enebSi............................................................. 11
Teona abulaZe
doqtoranti
aWaraSi mcxovreb pontoel berZenTa metyvelebis
zogierTi Tavisebureba .............................................. 16
Марине Арошидзе
Батумский университет им Шота Руставели. Профессор
Семиотические проблемы перевода .................................. 22
nino aroSiZe
asocirebuli profesori
kinoteqstis Targmnis semiotikuri problemebi ..... 28
asmaT arZenaZe (asoc. prof.), medea imnaZe

(doqtoranti) baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo
universiteti
sazRvao komunikaciis simboluri universumi ........... 32
zeinab axvlediani
doqtoranti
Tanamedrove leqsikografia da semiotika............. 38
4
malxaz balaZe
doqtoranti
sinanulisa da monaniebis problema
akaki wereTlis prozaSi............................................. 42
guram baxtaZe
`naperwklis~ saxe-simbolo ilias SemoqmedebaSi ... 49
xaTuna beriZe (asoc. prof.), marine giorgaZe (prof.),

medeas semiotikuri Targmani l. ulickaias romanSi...... 54
xaTuna bolqvaZe
doqtoranti
kultura da semiotika................................................ 72
oTar gogoliSvili
profesori
ramdenime saarqivo dokumenti berZnebis Sesaxeb
baTumis olqSi ............................................................. 77
irine goSxeTeliani
profesori
sivrce da dro yovlismomcvel ideaSi ................... 80
JuJuna gumbariZe
asistent-profesori
aluzia, rogorc interteqsturi dialogis
warmarTvis saSualeba saprezidento sajaro
gamosvlebSi ................................................................ 84
5
nino gurgeniZe
filologiis doqtori
toponimebis emociuri aspeqtebi frangul da
qarTul enebSi............................................................. 89
Tamila daviTaZe
asistent-profesori
filip roTi _ àvtori~ da `mTxrobeli~ ................ 94
nino dvaliZe
samyaros qaosuri metaforebi lingvistur
WrilSi ......................................................................... 99
ivdiT diasamiZe
asistent-profesori
ìeroglifuri gaformeba,~ rogorc teqstis
grafikuli ilustrirebis erT-erTi forma .......... 104
xaTuna diasamiZe,
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti asistent-
profesori
me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis balkaneTis krizisi ... 108
lali TavaZe
asistent- profesori
sivrce da deiqsisi. lokaluri semantikis mqone
leqsikuri erTeulebi................................................ 114
6
rusudan TurmaniZe
doqtoranti
implicituri informaciis Targmnis semiotikuri
Taviseburebani............................................................. 119
ciala lagvilava
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo
universiteti, doqtoranti
koncept `sikvdilis~ sakiTxisaTvis........................... 124
Tamar lomiZe
ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, asoc. profesori
qaosi da kosmosi cisferyanwelTa trioletebSi .. 129
nana mazmiSvili
universiteti, asistent-profesori
intersemiotikuri Targmani _ reklamis gzavnilis
gagebis winapiroba....................................................... 136
emzar makaraZe
profesori
`samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiis
brZola TurqeTSi demokratiuli principebis
ganmtkicebisaTvis ....................................................... 141
Tamar maWutaZe
filologiis doqtori
`RmerTis~ metaforuli saxe qarTul-frangul
andazebSi ...................................................................... 147
Sorena maxaWaZe
profesori
qaosisa da kosmosis konceptebi `TuTaSxas miTSi~ ... 152
7
nugzar mgelaZe
profesori
formaluri meTodebi da naTesaobis
terminologia-semiotikur niSanTa sistema
anTropologiaSi ....................................................... 157
ciala narakiZe
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis niko
berZeniSvilis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli
berZnuli enis gavlena zanuri enis lazur
dialeqtze ................................................................... 165
ana osefaSvili
doqtoranti
arsebobs ki Targmanis swavlebis meTodika? ........... 171
qeTevan svaniZe
ilustrireba, rogorc semiotikaTSorisi
transformaciis xerxi da cota ram kosmosisa
da qaosis Sesaxeb... .................................................... 176
marine sioriZe
qaosi da fiqcia frangul àxal romanSi~:
warmosaxva da realoba alen rob-greiesTan ......... 182
Tamar siraZe
profesori
axali samyaro da panis xelaxali dabadeba
(devid herbert lorensis ùkanaskneli sicili~)... 189
8
nana stamboliSvili (profesori), anzor abuseriZe

(asoc. prof.), nunu baxtaZe (doqtoranti)
tropis saxeebi mxatvrul teqstSi ............................. 195
natalia surgulaZe
profesori
kinetikuri da somatizmebiT motivirebuli
frazeologizmebis SepirispirebiTi kvleva
frangul da qarTul enebSi ...................................... 201
nana tonia
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, asoc. profesori
teqstiT TamaSi, rogorc semiotikuri fenomeni ..... 206
mamia faRava
profesori
saxeldebis sakiTxisaTvis toponimebSi .................... 212
naTia qaTamaZe
asist. profesori
sintaqtikis, semantikisa da pragmatikis
istoriuli wanamZRvrebi ........................................... 217
nana qajaia (asoc. prof), viqtoria sitnikova (doqtoranti)

mxatvruli teqstis Targmnis semiotikuri
aspeqtebi....................................................................... 221
Joanna Szerszunowicz
The University of Bialystok Poland
poloneTi, bialistokis universiteti, asoc. profesori
On Bievaluative Phrasemes from a Semiotic Perspective ..... 226
9
Tina SioSvili
profesori
mSobliur kerasTan patarZlis gamosaTxovari
ritualuri leqs-godeba klarjul
zepirsityvierebaSi...................................................... 239
Tamar CoxaraZe
doqtoranti
Tandebulis zogierTi Tavisebureba samxrul
kiloebSi...................................................................... 243
malxaz CoxaraZe
profesori
mesx muhajirTa kvali klarjeTis mosaxleobaSi..... 249
mariam CoxaraZe
universiteti, doqtoranti
adamianis sakuTari saxelebi qarTulsa da
TurqulSi .................................................................... 255
Нанули Чхаидзе
Батумский университет им Шота Руставели. Доктор филологии
Семиотический механизм прецедентности
в грузинской культуре.................................................. 259
sofiko CxartiSvili
doqtoranti
berZnuli kalanda da masTan dakavSirebuli
folklori ................................................................ 264
10
nana cecxlaZe
ras gviqadis qaosi Tanamedrove qarTul
saliteraturo enaSi .................................................. 271
levan xalvaSi
asistet-profesori
filosofiuri polemikis komunikaciuri aspeqti ... 277
mzia xaxutaiSvili
asistent-profesori
berZnizmebi qobuleTur metyvelebaSi...................... 284
Tamar xitiri
doqtoranti
realobis SigniTa mxare: droisa da maradisobis
problema milorad paviCis prozis
qronotoposSi ............................................................ 290
SoTa jijieSvili
universiteti, filologiis doqtori
`neopatristikuli sinTezis~ meTodi
Tanamedrove Teologiis Suqze................................. 305
naTia abaSiZe
emociis (sixaruli da
mwuxareba) semantikuri veli
da metaforuli struqtura
frangul da qarTul enebSi
«Penser c’est réagir à une représentation en

la constatant,
en l’appréciant ou en la désirant »
Ch. Bally
mravalferovania emociis gadmocemis

forma enaSi, masSi CarTulia rogorc eqstra-
lingvisturi (Jestikulacia, mimika, tembri),
ise lingvisturi meqanizmebi, romlebic er-
Tgvar `niSans~ warmoadgenen mosaubris ganwyo-
bisa da damokidebulebis gamosaxatavad. pla-
toni emociebs1 gonebis amrevad miiCnevda, kan-
1
fsiqologebi mravali welia ikvlevdnen tvinsa da
mis funqciebs, yofdnen mas sensorul da motorul,
kognitur da nebelobiT kategoriebad, magram
gverds uvlidnen tvinis esTetikur funqcias
(grZnobebi, emociebi...). e. kanti emociur SegrZne-
bebs _ sixaruls, sevdas, SiSs _ avadmyofobad,
gonebriv aSlilobad miiCnevda. Zv. filosofiur
naSromebSi termini `passions” erTdroulad afeqts
da grZnobas gamoxatavda. dekarte ganasxvavebda
eqvs sawyis grZnobas: siyvaruls, siZulvils, gao-
cebas, survils, sixarulsa da mwuxarebas (De
passionibus Art. 69). spinoza termins afeqti _
affectus `maneris~ mniSvnelobiT iyenebs da grZnobe-
bis xuT kategoriaze saubrobs: survili, sixaruli,
mwuxareba, gaoceba, zizRi (Ethics, ps III. De origine et
natura affectum). mogvianebiT moxda am ori terminis
gamijvna, afeqtiT gamoixata emocia: affectus –
affection – émotion da grZnobebiT _ grZnobebi.
12 NnaTia abaSiZe

tisTvis is sulieri avadmyofoba iyo, xolo sartri `cnobierebis erT-erT
formas~ akuTvnebda. koncepti emocia moicavs grZnobebs da erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs sxeulsa da gonebas. emociebi ganixileba fizikur doneze, grZno-
bebi ki gonebis sferoa. obieqturad motivirebuli verbaluri konceptebi,
emociebi, qmnian urTierTkavSiris erTgvar qsels, romelic Tavis mxriv aer-
Tianebs fiqrebs, mogonebebs, grZnobebs, eqspresiul reaqciebs. is interdis-
ciplinur sakvlev obieqts warmoadgens, mis analizSi erTveba sociologi-
uri, fiziologiuri, fsiqologiuri da lingvisturi (komunikaciuri, kog-
nitur-diskursuli, lingvokulturuli) faqtorebi. emociebi, rogorc
enobrivi konceptebi, semiodinamikur sistemebs qmnian da gansakuTrebuli
funqciuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian, maT Soris mniSvnelovania kogni-
turi komponentis roli, romliTac vlindeba individis cxovrebiseuli Ri-
rebulebebi da gadmoicema verbalur komunikaciaSi. amdenad, emociis semio-
tikuri aspeqtebi SegviZlia ori mimarTulebiT ganvixiloT, statikasa da
dinamikaSi. statikuri aseqti warmoadgens individis fonur codnas, moi-
cavs socialur da erovnul elementebs, dinamikuri ki uSualod komunika-
ciur interaqcias ukavSirdeba, konteqsturad aris motivirebuli da sta-
tikuri niSnebs avlens. lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, emociis gamoxatvis sa-
Sualeba ZiriTadad orgvaria2: pirdapiri da iribi. pirdapiria, roca is dek-
larirebulia erT-erTi grZnobiT, magaliTad:
Il est en colère _ gabrazebulia
Pierre a peur _ eSinia
Il est amoureux _ Seyvarebulia
implicituria, roca garkveuli niSnebiT ganisazRvreba ama Tu im emo-
ciuri zona. isini umeteswilad konteqsturad aris motivirebuli an kidev
fsiqologiur mdgomareobas ukavSirdeba da vlindeba mimikiT, Jestikula-
ciiT, qceviT. Cven implicitur tips vakuTvnebT im idiomatur gamoTqmebs da
metaforebs, romlebic emocias gadmoscemen:
Être vert de rage _ gabrazeba (sityvasityviT: cofisgan gamwvaneba)
Être rouge de honte _ sircxvilisgan gawiTleba
Voir rouge _ gabrazeba (sityvasityviT: wiTlad xedavs, qarT. Sesatyvisi _
cecxls afrqvevs Tvalebidan)
Une peur bleue _ raimes mimarT didi SiSi (sityvasityviT: cisferi Si-
Si)
niSandoblivia emociis roli politikur diskursSi. mas mimarTaven ro-
gorc darwmunebis, situaciis dramatizaciis Tu STagonebis erT-erT efeq-
tur meTods. ritorikis Teoria pirovnebasa da emocias argumentirebuli
metyvelebis centrSi aTavsebs da xazs usvams emociis strategiuli marTvis
unars3. iakobsoni enis eqspresiul/emociur funqcias gansazRvravs, rogorc
2
qristian plantini
3
ritorika SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc diskursis teqnika dasaxuli miznis
misaRwevad.
emociis (sixaruli da mwuxareba) semantikuri veli da metaforuli struqtura... 13

Setyobinebis adresatze gadacemis gansakuTrebul formas, romelic wina
planze ayenebs sasaubro Temas da acocxlebs mas tembris variaciiTa da So-
risdebulebiT (iakobsoni 1963:196). kosnies Tanaxmad (kosnie 1987:2), poli-
tikuri paTetika or ZiriTad princips emyareba: emociis verbalizaciasa da
mis gamowvevas. gamowvevis mizania msmenelSi sasurveli emociis Seqmna, rom-
lis drosac Tavad subieqti, romelic am xerxs iyenebs, SesaZlebelia srule-
biTac ar ganicdides Sesabamis emocias. kosniem SeimuSava emociebis ierarqiu-
li modeli, sadac TiToeuli klasi ZiriTad da meorad grZnobebs moicavs.
Cveni kvlevis farglebSi gTavazobT ori urTierTsapirispiro grZnobis _
mwuxarebisa da sixarulis jgufebs.
Pitié
Déception
Tristesse Solitude
Regret
Angoisse
mwuxareba ama Tu im movlenis, an uaryofiTi Sedegis, danaklisisa Tu

marcxisgan gamowveuli sapasuxo gancdaa. am dros SeimCneva subieqtis uZ-
lureba Seqmnili garemoebis mimarT.
Plaisir
Satisfaction
Soulagement
Joie Amusement
Enthousiasme
cxadia, es kategoria sixarulis leqsikur vels moicavs. is romelime

faqtisa Tu movlenis, molodinis pozitiuri Sedegia. kosnie am jgufSi aer-
Tianebs siamovnebas, kmayofilebas, enTuziazms da a.S.
fsiqolingvistur kvlevebSi emocia ZiriTadad sam komponents moi-
cavs: afeqturs, kogniturs da qceviTs. aRniSnuli sami komponentis mixed-
viT SevimuSaveT leqsemebis _ mwuxarebisa da sixarulis semasiologiuri
analizi, sadac S1 warmoadgens afeqtur komponents, S2 _ kogniturs, S3
_ qceviTs:
mwuxareba S1 S2 S3 sixaruli S1 S2 S3
sibraluli + siamovneba +
imedgacrueba + kmayofileba +
martooba + mxiaruleba +
sinanuli + enTuziazmi + +
depresia +
14 NnaTia abaSiZe

ganxiluli modelis mixedviT, mwuxarebis leqsikuri veli umetesad
kognitur CarCoSi Tavsdeba, sixarulis semebi ki ufro mravalferovania da
samive komponentze nawildeba.
emociebis mTavari daniSnuleba is aris, rom isini unda gaviziaroT.
Cven maT sxvadasxva gziT viziarebT. magaliTad, bavSvis xelSi ayvaniT SesaZ-
lebelia rogorc sixarulis, ise misi mwuxarebis gaziareba. qorwinebasTan
da mwuxarebasTan dakavSirebuli qceva da metyvelebis stili (emociuri)
gansxvavdeba kulturis TvalsazrisiTac, amgvari komunikacia gansxvavebul
semiotikur aspeqtSi xorcieldeba da erovnul Taviseburebebs Seicavs
(emociis interkulturuli niSani). yoveli emocia, upirveles yovlisa,
partniors moiTxovs da Semdgom, partniorisgan _ interaqciis specifi-
kur formebs. Cven gansxvavebul garemoSi gamovxatavT SiSs, sibrazes, sina-
nuls, sixaruls da Sesabamisad, sapasuxo reaqciebsac gansxvavebuli for-
miT viRebT. nebismieri metyvelebis msgavsad, emociuri sityva mravalfun-
qciuria, TiToeul emocias cxovrebis Tavisi cikli aqvs. Cven mis sociali-
zacias4 vaxdenT.
Tu emociebis leqsikur vels erTi vertikaluri RerZiT gavyofT, mi-
viRebT pozitiuri da negatiuri grZnobebis or jgufs, aqedan gamomdinare,
emociebi or ZiriTad konceptamde daiyvaneba, esenia: sasiamovno da arasasia-
movno niSnebi.5
amrigad, emocia, rogorc romelime grZnobis (SiSis, sixarulis, gao-
cebis da a.S) mier gamowveuli aSliloba, gardamavali aJitireba, Cveni yo-
veldRiuri cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawilia. dadebiTia is, roca marTvadia,
uaryofiTad aRiqmeba misgan gamowveuli gonebrivi aSliloba da kontrolis
dakargva. Cveni mier ganxilul magaliTebSi, romelic korpusul kvlevas
emyareba (gamoviyeneT CORPUSEYE da qarTuli enis erovnuli korpusi)
aRmovaCineT, rom frangulenovani emociis konceptebi ufro metaforulia,
stilistikuri figurebis farTo speqtrs moicavs, mdidaria idiomaturi
gamoTqmebiT, maSin roca qarTuli konceptebi mravalferovania sintaqsuri
struqturiT, sainteresoa morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT da moicavs xa-
tovani Tqmebis mraval magaliTs.
lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, emociuri metyvelebis saxasiaTo niSne-
bia:
1) leqsikuri TvalsazrisiT: gansxvavebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi,
mosaferebeli an uxeSi sityvebi, SeZaxilebi, Sorisdebulebi, myari gamoT-
qmebi.
2) morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT: sufiqsebi, romlebic gadmoscemen
emociur damokidebulebas, aseTia ZiriTadad kninobiT-alersobiTi sufiqse-
bi: _ un (qarT), -illard, _ ette (fr).
3) sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT emocia metyvelebaSi erTdroulad ar-
4
termini èmociis socializacia~ kosnies ekuTvnis.
5
platoni Tavis `ritorikaSi~ maT siamovnebisa da mwuxarebis mixedviT ajgufebda.
emociis (sixaruli da mwuxareba) semantikuri veli da metaforuli struqtura... 15

Rvevs da aRadgens sintaqsur wyobas. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia emfazia, in-
versia.
4) stilistikuri TvalsazrisiT: hiperbolizacia, metaforizacia, me-
tonimia, gapirovneba, gameoreba, elifsi.
emociuri metyvelebis analizi sam mTavar poluss Soris xorcielde-
ba, esenia: eqspresiuli (subieqtis afeqturi / kognituri mdgomareoba),
pragmatuli (situaciuri) da interaqciuli (adresatis CarTuloba). maTi
erToblioba myar niadags qmnis komunikaciis mravalganzomilebiani aspeq-
tebis Sesaswavlad.
literatura
aristotele (2007): Aristote Rhétorique. Introduction, traduction, etc. de P.

Chiron. Paris, Garnier-Flammarion;
bali (1944): Bally Ch. Linguistique générale et linguistique française, éd. PUF.
Paris ;
grosi (1995): Gross, M. Une grammaire locale de l’expression des sentiments.
Langue Française. Paris;
iakobsoni (1963): Jacobson R. « Linguistique et poétique », Essais de
linguistique générale, éd. Minuit. Paris ;
kosnie (1994): Cosnier, J. Psychologie des émotions et des sentiments.
Retz/Nathan. Paris ;
plantini (2011): Plantin, Chr. Les bonnes raisons des émotions. Principes et
méthode pour l'étude du discours émotionné. Peter Lang. Bern ;
plantini (2004): Plantin Chr. Les séquences discursives émotionnées, Lyon ;
rastie (1974): Rastier F. Essais de sémiotique discursive, Tours;
Samaeva (2012): Шамаева Ю.Ю. Фрактальная семиотика языка эмоцииий,
Харьков;
Sarbono (2013): Charbonneau G. L’émotion dans le discours politique, Québec;
jeimsi (1884): James, W. What is an Emotion? Mind.
Natia Abashidze
The Semantic Field of Emotion (Joy and Sadness) and Its

Metaphoric Structure in French and Georgian
We will analyze the semiotic features of emotion, as linguistic concepts

and dynamic systems, which manifest particular characteristics of functioning.
There is a wide range of expression of emotions in the language, intralinguistic
and extralinguistic factors are included in, they represent a conceptual sign to
reflect the attitude of the subject. Objectively motivates, emotions create the
interdependent network. It is the subject of interdisciplinary study. For this
analysis plays the great role in sociology, physiology, phsycology and linguistics.
Teona abulaZe
aWaraSi mcxovreb pontoel

berZenTa metyvelebis
zogierTi Tavisebureba
berZenTa da qarTvelTa socialur-kul-

turuli urTierTobebi saukuneebs iTvlis. is-
toriuli warsulidan gamomdinare, pontoel
berZenTa yofa-cxovreba mudmivad ganicdida
jer osmalTa, Semdeg saqarTvelos SavizRvispi-
reTis kulturaTa gavlenas, rac, bunebrivia,
tovebda Tavis kvals maT yofaSi, enasa Tu cno-
bierebaSi. kulturaTa Soris komunikaciebi ga-
moZaxils hpovebs enaSi.
aWaraSi gadmosaxlebul berZnebs yvelaze
wmindad hqondaT Semonaxuli berZnuli ena da
tradiciebi. isini ganaTlebisa da kulturis
sakmaod maRali doniTac gamoirCeodnen (berZe-
niSvili...1990:67). aqaur berZnebs ena dResac
Semonaxuli aqvT da sakmaod kargadac, Tumca
maT metyvelebas ufro metad etyoba enaTa kon-
taqtebis kvali, Tavs iCens kulturaTa Serevis
Sedegad miRebuli tradiciebi Tu leqsikur-
gramatikuli Taviseburebebi.
aWaraSi mcxovreb pontoel berZenTa met-
yveleba im mxrivac aris saintereso, rom yvela
maTgani orenovania, _ kargad saubrobs ro-
gorc pontour dialeqtze, aseve qarTulad.
Cvens naSromSi pontoel berZenTa metyve-
lebis sam ZiriTad saxes gamovyofT:
a. ganvixilavT, pontoeli berZenis qar-
Tul metyvelebas, b. pontoeli berZenis ponto-
ur metyvelebas da g. pontoelis, rogorc bi-
lingvalis metyvelebas.
saanalizod vsargeblobT empiriuli masa-
liT, romelic Cawerili gvaqvs SoTa rusTave-
aWaraSi mcxovreb pontoel berZenTa metyvelebis zogierTi Tavisebureba 17

lis erovnuli fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis ,,pontoeli berZnebi
aWaraSi _ warsuli da Tanamedroveoba~ farglebSi.
a. qarTulad molaparake pontoel berZenTa metyvelebaSi aWarulis,
umetesad qobuleTuri kilokavis gavlena sakmaod TvalSi sacemia da es bu-
nebrivicaa. sociumi did gavlenas axdens eris metyvelebaze. berZenTa met-
yvelebas Tan sdevs aramarto aWaruli kilosTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsi-
kur-gramatikuli Taviseburebebi, aramed maT metyvelebaSi daCndeba konkre-
tuli sociumis kulturis, yofa-cxovrebisa da cnobierebis garkveuli
elementebic.
moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs berZenTa saubrebidan:
- Wo, ra ijebi, Sen, ar gesmis? -emo, meჲcaჲ, organos TanamSromeli var
da Cemi cecxli me mekideba, vagvianeb samsaxurSi, meuRle maxlavs da meCqa-
reba; –Wo, aRalemos, beriZes icnob? – Wo, aRalemos vin ar icnobs, babais
jigari biZaSvilia, ra’da maswavlo; -cxonebuli babaჲ, rexmeTluRi, ustaba-
Si iyo da wiTel oqtomberSi muSaobda ustaT... meewona berZenis qali Cem-
Tvis. -babav, eTma–elama, Cven muslimanebi, eseni qristianebi, eg ar izams. _
aa, ila’na meჲyvano, – mec, avwie da mevtace. – eჲda, ra uWirs Tu kaჲa. -kaჲa,
ver Severige, raT ginda berZeni berZenia, Cven aWarlebi sxvanairi lapariki
gvaq, saWmelebi, ver movwyviT da mevyvaჲ, raRa drois, xom ici namusis kaci
var da.. SemCa e[s] berZeni qali aWarel kac da ra’na qna!.. (moubari berZenia,
erT-erTi SemTxvevis dros
,, aWarelad~ waradgens Tavs).
emo _ emia-ჲ-s Semoklebuli variantia, momdinareobs arabuli sityvi-
dan da niSnavs _ mamis Zma, mamiT biZa (niJaraZe 1971:189).
amave warmoebisaa aRal-emoჲ, aRali gavrcelebuli sakuTari saxelia
aWarulSi, aRal-emo _ igivea, rogorc aRal biZa/biZia.
babaჲ _ baba-ჲ (q.aW), babo-ჲ (z. aW.) niSnavs mamas (niJaraZe 1970:99).
jigari, sametyvelo qarTulSi damkvidrebuli leqsikuri erTeulia,
momdinareobs sparsuli sityvidan jigar, romlis erT-erTi mniSvnelobaa _
sisxliT naTesavi, axlobeli. am SemTxvevaSi _ babaჲs jigari biZaSvilia _
niSnavs mamis sisxliT naTesavia, axlobelia.
rexmeTluRi, gardacvlil adamianze ityvian.
ustabaSi-fonetikuri variaciaa sityvisa usta/ustioba, Turquli
sityvaa da niSnavs, kargi ostati, xelosani/ostatoba; ostatad yofna, os-
tatis saqmianoba (niJaraZe 1971:337).
eTma – elama _ Turqizmia, aseve aWaruli kilosTvisaa damaxasiaTebe-
li da niSnavs ,,kmara~, ,,sakmarisia~.
ila’na (igive illa unda) _ illa _ illah (z.aW.) /ille (q.aW) fo-
netikuri variaciiaa _ arabuli sityvidan momdinareobs da niSnavs auci-
leblad, uTuod, ueWvelad (niJaraZe 1971:215). ila’na warmoebaSi -na ,,un-
da~-s Sekvecili formaa aWaruli kilosTvis damaxasiaTebeli.
eჲda _ S. niJaraZesTan ganmartebulia rogorc sityvis masala Sewyve-
18 Teona abulaZe

tili Txrobis gagrZelebisas, Cven magaliTSi eჲda am mniSvnelobiT ar unda
iyos. am SemTxvevaSi _ eჲda ra uWirs Tu kaiao, _ ufro mere, mere ra mox-
da mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba.
Wo _ Sekvecili formaa -biWo formisa _ gavrcelebuli mimarTvaa
mdgomareobiT an asakiT umcrosi adamianisadmi (mamakacisadmi) (niJaraZe
1970:426).
berZenTa metyvelebaSi vlindeba aWarulisTvis bunebrivi frazeolo-
giuri erTeulebic: cecxli mekideba _ am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs _
Zalian meCqareba, dro ar maqvs; gulze damartya -ityvian arasasiamovno
ambis gagebisas; namusis kaci var _ sityvis erTguli var, sityvas ar vuRa-
lateb...
garda leqsikisa, berZenTa metyvelebaSi daCndeba fonetikur-gramati-
kuli Taviseburebebi, rac aWaruli kilos kuTvnilebaa.
mag. umarcvlo i-s (ჲ) gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi: babaჲ, siZeჲ, eჲda, mev-
yvaჲ, meჲcaჲ da misT.; oe<ee warmoeba: moewona <meewona, gamoeria<gameeria
da sxv.
pontoel berZenTa qarTul metyvelebaSi damkvidrebuli Taviseburebe-
bi aWarulis gavleniTaa miRebuli, Tu ar CavTvliT rig Turqizmebs, rac
Turqulis gavleniT, Tumca umetes SemTxvevaSi qarTulis gziT miRebuli
da damkvidrebuli Cans maT metyvelebaSi.
aqve moviyvanT aWaraSi gavrcelebul erT frTian gamonaTqvams, rome-
lic berZenTa metyvelebaSic damkvidrebula: molam cxenze SeJda da ჲa yis-
meTo/ dedofali cxenze SeJda da ჲa yismeT iZaxdao, gadataniTi mniSvnelo-
biT niSnavs -SeiZleba iseTi ram moxdes, rasac ar elodebi.
aRniSnuli frazeologiuri erTeulis berZnul TargmanSi ,,ჲa yismeT~
amave formiT SenarCunda. Cans, rom Targmnisas zogjer sityvas ver uZebnian
Sesabamis enobriv Sesatyviss da Rebuloben mza formiT, rogoricaa _ ,,ჲa
yismeT~.
yismeTi arabuli sityvaa da niSnavs _ bedi, iRbali, xvedri (niJaraZe,
1971:373).
pontoel berZenTa qarTul metyvelebaSi, aseve, Cans aWarulisTvis da
zogadad qarTulisTvis arabunebrivi warmoeba, mag: – me maSin patara viyavi,
rom akeTeboda (akeTebda) saWmeli; qorwilebi rom vixdodiT, viyuref Sen,
rafer akeTebodiT tolma; viyurebodi, imis rafer akeTeboda qaTmis sacivi
da amnairaT vistavle.
msgavs SemTxvevaSi gamovlenili Taviseburebebi, vfiqrobT, ubralod
ucxo enis gavleniT gamowveuli unda iyos, qarTulad cudad metyvelebaze
unda miuTiTebdes da ara maT metyvelebaSi damkvidrebul gramatikul Tavi-
seburebaze. amas gvafiqrebinebs is garemoebac, rom msgavsi warmoeba ZiriTa-
dad individualuria da sxvaTa metyvelebaSi ar Cans.
b. rac Seexeba aWaraSi mcxovreb berZenTa pontour metyvelebas, ar
aris erTgvarovani. gabmul metyvelebaSi zogjer qarTul sityvebs iyeneben
da ver ixseneben Sesabamis pontour Sesatyviss, garda amisa, maT metyvele-

bas Tan sdevs Turquli, rusuli da elinuri berZnulis gavlenis kvali. ma-
galiTisTvis erT patara dialogs moviyvanT:
–πως ερθες? (riT midixar?) - ekiTxeba erTi berZeni meores.
– araba (mikroavtobusze miuTiTebs).
– araba rogor aris berZnulad? (ekiTxeba Camweri?).
– araba rogor aris στα ποντιακα? (berZeni ekiTxeba gverdiT myof
berZens, radgan Tavad ver ixsenebs).
– araba pondiuraT aris uremi. urems arabas uZaxden.
– ποντιακα τη maSin πως[ε] λεγανε? (pontourad manqanas ras eZaxian?) -
saubarSi mesame berZeni erTveba da Tavadac igive SekiTxvas svams.
– μηχανη. -uremi iyo araba da TurqeTSi zaTi araba, axla manqanasac
arabas eZaxian.
araba Turquli sityvaa da avtomobils, manqanas niSnavs, amave mniSvne-
lobiTaa rusuli машина, rac Seexeba urems, qegl-Si ganmartebulia, ro-
gorc Zveleburi orTvliani sazidari.
Turquli enis gavleniT damkvidrebuli Cans pontoel berZenTa metyve-
lebaSi leqsikuri erTeulebi:
Αβοτον ε CiCak (Turq. cicek-yvavili) φυλλον;
Cemo mosafirebo, CiCak, afend Turquli sityvebia;
berZnebi yvela saxeobis yvavils CiCak//CiCek-s eZaxian, vards -ronza-s.
mag: yvela yvavili CiCakia, vardi aris ronza (rus. Роза-vardi).
Sdr. mosafiri (arab) _ stumari, mnaxveli, momsvleli (niJaraZe,
1971:267), efendi/afend (Turq.efendi) _ mamakacisadmi zrdilobiani mimar-
Tvis formaa, iseTivea, rogoricaa batono.
patara bavSvs moferebiT mimarTaven ჲavrum, maTive ganmartebiT: – ჲav-
rum TurqulaT aris ,,Svilo~ da Cveni moferebiTic is aris. mai sityva iqi-
dan gamoyolilia.. pontiurad SeiZleba iyos, me ar vici.
yavru _ Turq. sityvaa da niSnavs _ bartyi, burvaki, goWi, naSieri.
Sdr. πουλι/πουλοπομε (Citi /kruxis wiwilebi, rom frinaven Cven vi-
ciT πουλια, ελα πουλοπομε– patara Svils, bebia efereba badiSi, SviliSvil
ελα πουλοπον – modi, Svilo); kukla (rus. Кукла-Tojina), _ ra vici me,
kuklas veZaxi; riz(Z)a, –ε ριζα, mase viciT, Ziro, Cemo fesvo.. ριζα _ ber-
Znuli sityvaa da niSnavs fesvi, fuZe, Ziri (berZnul-qarTuli 2005:445).
pontoel berZenTa gabmuli metyvelebis nimuSi:
mag: γραψουνε απενας стакаи κανεις limonis soki ελα. vanilia, qiSmi-
Si.. εβαλεν μαζι αφουσκο gogli mogli πικανε ζαχαρη και το βουτυρο mar-
gar[i]ni, λιγον το ζαχαρη;
g. calke gamovyofT pontoel berZenTa, rogorc bilingvalTa metyve-
lebas, rodesac erTdroulad or enaze metyveleben gaazrebulad, ori enis
leqsikis gamoyenebiT cdiloben saTqmelis identificirebas da rogorc bi-
lingvis matareblebi, ,,xSirad avseben im sicarieles, romelic Cndeba ori
gansxvavebuli kulturis Tanaarsebobisas, roca enis gamo isini ver axerxe-
ben konbilingvur taqts da iketebian sakuTar kulturaSi~ (SubiTiZe 2010).
20 Teona abulaZe

es gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia maSin, roca qarTvels esaubrebian. sa-

ubrisas qarTuli leqsikuri fondis CarTviT TiTqos gagrZnobineben, rom
qarTuli kulturis nawili Tavadac arian.
mag: dagvas στην παναγια (mariamobas -igulisxmeba dResaswauli), σα
εικοσι επτα iqneba koncerti, ori avtobusi mova..; vamarilebT imas.. μετα
ελαδι erT or sam dRes gobSi gveqneba, mere CavyriT bankebSi, εκει αλισχουν
πες βραζνε .. ke pu ta oti kriSkiT imiT, raRaciT.; Sdr. - kriSka berZnulad
rogoraa? _ kapaki (Turq. Kapak _ xufi, sarqveli);
Εμεις xulo εβδομαδαν, εμεις στο beSumi, ene sofeli, ene oqtombe-
ri, dioknisi.. ra vici, Teli Cemi cxovreba maq gavatare..;
Ολον τον κοσμον που τα χαρτια πειναμε столы-α, επειναμε τραπεδια,
garmoSka, isa doli, akardioni..;
pontoel berZenTa, SeiZleba iTqvas, qaosuri metyveleba, vfiqrobT,
bevr saintereso movlenas Tu enobriv Taviseburebas warmoaCens enaTa kon-
taqtebis, kulturaTa dialogis konkretuli sakiTxebis sakvlevad.
amjerad gvindoda zogadi warmodgena Segveqmna sxvadasxva enobriv ga-
remoSi moxvedrili eris metyvelebaze. marTalia, aWarulis gavlena didia
da es bunebrivicaa, am garemoSi gaizardnen, bavSvobidanve eziarnen qarTul
kulturas da Seisisxlxorces kulturis garkveuli elementebi. Tumca es
ar niSnavs imas, rom pontoelma berZnebma daiviwyes mSobliuri ena, tradi-
ciebi da mTlianad gaiTqvifnen ucxo kulturaSi.
SavizRvispireTis pontoeli berZnebi dRemde cdiloben ar daiviwyon
ena, romelic maTi meobis dasturia, rasac Tundac is faqti gvafiqrebinebs,
rom maT erTmaneTSi sasaubrod dRemde pontouri dialeqti aqvT.
gamoyenebuli literatura
berZeniSvili... 1990: berZeniSvili l., garayaniZe i., gordeziani r., miqaberi-

Ze a., tonia n., fxakaZe m., Saxpazidi m., Cepidi a., janaSia n., berZnebi
saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti: xmelTaSua
zRvis kulturebis kvlevis laboratoria; Tbilisi;
berZnul-qarTuli 2005: berZnul-qarTuli ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,
Ελληνο-Γεωργιανο λεξικο; Tbilisi;
berZnul-qarTuli leqsikoni, mis.:https://ka.glosbe.com/el/ka/;
Turqul-qarTuli leqsikoni, mis.:https://ka.glosbe.com/tr/ka;
kipukopulos 2014: μιλτιάδηςι Κηπυκόπουλος, λεξικο της ποντιακης
διαλεκτου, ειδικα το ιδιωμα; αθηνα;
niJaraZe 1971 _ SoTa niJaraZe, qarTuli enis aWaruli dialeqti; Tbilisi;
rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni, mis.:https://ka.glosbe.com/ru/ka/;
copuridi 1978: ΘΩΜΑ ΤΣΟΠΟΥΡΙΔΗ, ΕΛΛΗΝΟΠΟΝΤΙΑΚΟ ΛΕΞΙΚΟ;
ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗ;
qegl: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, enis modelirebis asociacia,

mis.: http://ena.ge/;
SubiTiZe 2010: SubiTiZe irina, xSirad dasmuli SekiTxvebi bilingvizmis
irgvliv, bilingvuri ganaTleba: samecniero-saganmanaTleblo Jur-
nali, №1. mis.: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe;
Teona Abuladze
Some Peculiarities of Pontic Greeks’ Speech
The speech of Pontic Greeks living in Ajara is not homogenous. Greeks

have preserved the local language well enough, but their speech has visible
traces of other languages, as a result it got the mixing of other cultures lexical
and grammatical peculiarities.
Pontic Greeks’ speech is also interesting because it is bilingual as they
speak both Pontic dialect and Georgian equally well.
Pontic Greeks’ speech is characterized by the influence of Ajarian dialect as
well as Turkish, Russian and Hellenic Greek influences. For example: Mosapiri –
guest, chichak (Turk. Cicek- flower) _ kapaki (Turk. Kapak _ hubcap), ronza
(Russian. Роза _ rose), a ριζα _ pesvi, root and more .
Марине Арошидзе
СЕМИОТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ
ПЕРЕВОДА
Представляя собой особую разновидность

межкультурной коммуникации, перевод тесно
связан с семиотикой, как наукой о знаках. В
современную информационную эпоху научные
исследования все больше и больше приобре-
тают интердисциплинарный характер, протекая
в рамках единой семиосферы. Этот термин
Ю.М.Лотмана означает единое семиотическое
пространство, единый семиотический универ-
сум, семиотическую культурологию (Лотман
1992:130). Для успешного осуществления ком-
муникации недостаточно наличие адресанта,
адресата и канала информации. Эта констру-
кция, по мнению Ю.М.Лотмана не будет
работать, если не будет находиться в едином
семиотическом пространстве, коммуниканты
должны обладать схожим культурно-семио-
тическим опытом.
Перевод представляет собой особую раз-
новидность межкультурной коммуникации,
семиосфера получателя оригинального текста и
культурно-семиотический опыт получателя пе-
реводного текста столь разнятся друг с другом,
что эффективность коммуникации напрямую
зависит от способности переводчика выпол-
нять роль медиатора, из одной семиосферы пе-
реключаться в другую.
По утверждению Ю.М.Лотмана, каждый
текст закодирован, как минимум, дважды. Пре-
жде всего, он закодирован с помощью естес-
твенных языков (первичная моделирующая
система), а затем налагаемыми на него вторич-
ными моделирующими системами: религиоз-
Семиотические проблемы перевода 23

ными, литературными, общественно-политическими и пр. (Лотман 1992:
131). Таким образом, на качество перевода большое влияние оказывает
способность переводчика декодировать текстовую информацию, которая
может быть представлена как вербальными, так и невербальными знаками,
эксплицитно и имплицитно; затем, опираясь на знание межсистемных
языковых отношений, необходим тщательный анализ вторичных модели-
рующих систем с последующей прагматической адаптацией переведенного
текста. Необходимость такого подхода к тексту оригинала для создания
адекватного текста на языке перевода является еще одним свидетельством
интердисциплинарного характера теории перевода, а текст выступает в
роли смежной области целого ряда наук (лингвистика текста, теория
коммуникации, теория перевода, семиотика и пр.).
Более того, работая с текстом оригинала, переводчик углубляется в
такие нюансы использованных в тексте знаков, которые составляют
предмет трех основных разделов семиотики: семантики, синтактики и
прагматики, с тем, чтобы при создании переводного текста воссоздать
схожую семантику, опираясь на характерную для знаков иного
естественного языка синтактику, и учитывая разницу в прагматике
(сравните: семантика текста, прагматика текста – семантические аспекты
перевода, прагматические аспекты перевода).
Совершенно уникальна, с точки зрения семиотики, роль переводчика,
являющегося не просто посредником в двуязычном коммуникативном акте,
не только медиатором межкультурной коммуникации, но и специалистом по
переключению языкового кода (первичная моделирующая система) и
культурного кода (вторичная моделирующая система). Особое значение
способность переводчика, как знатока различных кодирующих систем,
переключаться с одного кода на другой приобретает во время устного
перевода (последовательного, синхронного).
«Ни один язык не может существовать вне контекста культуры, как не
может существовать ни одна культура, в которой структура естественного
языка не занимает центральное место». Переводчика Лотман сравнивает с
хирургом: подобно тому, как хирург во время операции на сердце не может
игнорировать окружающие его ткани и организм в целом, переводчик не
может работать с текстом в изоляции от культурной среды (Лотман
1992:132).
Семиотические аспекты перевода, к сожалению еще недостаточно
изученные, охватывают столь широкую сферу, что, по нашему глубокому
убеждению, правомерно говорить о семиотике перевода.
Одной из интересных сторон семиотических аспектов перевода
является классификация Романа Якобсона, который, анализируя лингвисти-
ческие аспекты перевода, выделил три его разновидности в зависимости от
использованных переводчиком семиотических систем (Вопросы теории
перевода в зарубежной лингвистике 1978:18):
1) Внутриязыковой перевод – когда задействована вербальная система
лишь одного языка, вторичный текст создается на том же языке, что и текст
оригинала, но с помощью других вербальных знаков (адаптированная
24 Марине Арошидзе

художественная литература, учебная литература и пр.).
2) Межъязыковой перевод (или, как отмечают многие исследователи,
собственно перевод) - когда при переводе используются вербальные знаки
другого языка (перевод произведений русской классики на иностранные
языки).
3) Интерсемиотический перевод (или трансмутация) – когда вербаль-
ные знаки передаются средствами невербальных знаковых систем
(например: балет, поставленный по художественному произведению и пр.).
Все разновидности перевода непосредственно интерпретируют знаки
(вербальные и невербальные), переводчик анализирует план выражения и
план содержания конкретного знака в данной культуре, его коннотативные
значения, старается подобрать соответствующий ему эквивалент в языке и
культуре перевода. Все эти типы перевода имеют общую проблему: хотя
сообщения и могут быть адекватными интерпретациями кодовых единиц
или сообщений, обычно при переводе не обеспечивается их полная
эквивалентность. Якобсон утверждает, что при переводе «возможна лишь
творческая транспозиция: внутриязыковая (из одной поэтической формы в
другую), межъязыковая (с одного языка на другой) или, наконец,
интерсемиотическая транспозиция – из одной системы знаков в другую
(например, из литературы – в музыку, танец, кино или живопись)»
(Вопросы теории перевода в зарубежной лингвистике 1978:19).
Необходимо отметить, что при семиотическом переводе очень редки
случаи полной замены вербальных знаков невербальными. Даже в случае
пантомимы частично присутствует вербальный фон (заголовок, автор,
перечень актеров), не говоря уже о балете, который сопровождается
программами с напечатанным либретто.
Мир семиотики перевода богат и многообразен, интересную
разновидность перевода представляет собой перевод так называемых
поликодовых (или креолизованных) текстов. Человек уже давно осознал,
что живет в мире текстов, но с учетом достижений научно-технической
революции можно утверждать, что современный человек живет в мире
креолизованных текстов. В эпоху информационного бума и передовых
технологий резко возрос ассортимент названной разновидности текста: это
и многочисленные рекламные тексты, и красочные образцы дидакти-
ческого дискурса, и краткие публицистические дай-джесты, деловые и
развлекательные журналы и пр., и пр. Телевизор и компьютер приучили
свою аудиторию к максимальной визуализации информации. Не удиви-
тельно, что помимо создания новых креолизованных текстов активизиро-
валась тенденция по переводу вербальных текстов в поликодовые (напри-
мер, создание комиксов по известным классическим произведениям).
Сосуществование в одном тексте единиц вербальных и невербальных
кодов объясняется разными причинами, которые должны быть приняты во
внимание переводчиком данной разновидности текстов:
1) Информация, выраженная невербальными знаками, повторяет
вербальную информацию, тем самым:
а) усиливая ее апеллятивно-воздействующую функцию (например,

рекламные тексты);
б) привлекая внимание к особенно важной информации (например,
предупреждение о вреде курения).
2) Информация частично выражена вербальными знаками, а частично
– невербальными и только перевод обеих частей поликодового текста по-
зволит переводчику передать информативность данного текста (дидакти-
ческий дискурс, политические шаржи и пр.).
3) Невербальные средства часто используются в качестве иллюстра-
ций текстовой информации или же, наоборот, вербальная информация
комментирует визуальное сообщение, причем по Р. Барту, в процессе
восприятия и понимания текста, содержащего иллюстрации, внимание
читателя переключается от слов к иллюстрациям, а от них – обратно к
словесным знакам (Барт 1989:342).
Особую роль сочетание вербальных и невербальных знаков имеет в
дидактическом дискурсе, недостаточно перевести таблицу, необходимо
перевести и комментарии к ней. Но практика перевода продемонстрировала
интересные случаи, когда необходимость перевода невербальных знаков
возникала и в художественном дискурсе. Так, например, при переводе
рассказа Артура Конан Дойля «Пляшущие человечки» с английского языка
на русский переводчику пришлось «перевести» все иконические рисунки,
представляющие собой условный код, которым пользовались герои
рассказа. Без этого было бы невозможно проследить поэтапное декоди-
рование этого условного языка, которым главный герой, Шерлок Холмс,
потчует своего друга – доктора Ватсона. Дело в том, что обладающий
феноменальной зрительной памятью, гений сыска сначала не придал
рисункам особое значение, посчитав их детскими. Но позже он обратил
внимание на то, что изображение пляшущих человечков изменилось, тогда
он восстановил по памяти старые варианты рисунков и увидел, что
некоторые из них начинаются, а некоторые кончаются одинаковым
сочетанием «пляшущих» знаков. Холмс предположил, что это обращение к
собеседнику по имени. Хозяйку дома, муж которой был убит, звали Илси и
… вот тут-то и начинается самое интересное. На английском языке имя
героини пишется следующим образом: ELSIE, поэтому декодирование
шрифта началось с того, что, благодаря счастливой догадке, Холмс
получил сразу 4 буквы: E, L, S, I. Переводчикам Николаю Чуковскому и
Марине Чуковской пришлось переводить не только вербальный текст, но и
приспособить разные комбинации пляшущих человечков к особенностям
русской графики и орфографии. Так вместо английской комбинации из пяти
человечков (ELSIE) в русском варианте была получена комбинация из
четырех человечков: ИЛСИ. А Шерлок Холмс начал трудиться над
разгадкой шифра лишь имея в запасе три буквы: И, Л, С:
Флажок означал границу между словами.

26 Марине Арошидзе

Особый интерес представляет собой перевод поэзии русских
символистов. Исходя из лотмановских положений, поэзия символистов
может быть приравнена к тройной моделирующей системе (первая
моделирующая система – язык, в данном случае русский, вторая
моделирующая система – культурный код русского мира, символический
универсум, принятый в русской поэзии данного литературного течения
составит третью моделирующую систему.
Все вышесказанное свидетельствует о том, что проблема отношений
между вербальными и невербальными знаками имеет теоретический и
прикладной аспекты. Необходимость интеграции невербальной семиотики
и лингвистики в рамках общей теории коммуникации подчеркивают
многие ученые, но пока все еще мало работ в этой области. С точки зрения
семиотики и теории коммуникации основное различие между вербальными
и невербальными знаками состоит в том, что невербальный знак не
именует соответствующий предмет, событие или факт, но репрезентирует
его. С точки зрения когнитивной лингвистики вербальные и невербальные
знаки, совместно функционирующие в тексте или дискурсе, являются
разными способами представления знания. Переводчик же должен владеть
спецификой функционирования как вербальных, так и невербальных
знаков, без перевода которых немыслим адекватный перевод.
Литература
Барт 1989: Барт Р. Избранные работы: Семиотика. Поэтика [Текст]. М.:

Прогресс.
Лотман 1992: Лотман Ю.М. Семиотика культуры и понятие текста.
Избранные статьи. Т. 1. Таллинн.
Якобсон 1978: О лингвистических аспектах перевода // Вопросы теории
перевода в зарубежной лингвистике. М.
Marine Aroshidze
Semiotic Aspects of Translation
In the modern information era, the scientific researches in the humanities

are implemented in the cross-disciplinary way and their synthesis is done in the
frame of the common semiosphere. This term created by Y.Lotman denotes the
shared semiotic space, semiotic culturology. The fulfillment of the
communicative process requires the something else beside the sender, recipient,
and information channel: the process is income, complete unless these
components are placed in the common semiotic space. The participants of the
communication should have the semiotic and cultural experience which shared to
certain extent.
Translation is a type of the cross-cultural communication and consequently,
the semiosphere of a recipient of the source text is rather different from the
semiosphere of the target text. The mediator observes the cultural code flows and

directs them respectively to ensure the accessibility of the sub-textual
information for readers.
marine aroSiZe
Targmanis semiotikuri aspeqtebi
Tanamedrove informaciul epoqaSi samecniero kvlevebi humanita-

rul sferoSi interdisciplinur xasiaTs atareben da maTi Sejereba
erTmaneTTan erTobliv semiosferos farglebSi mimdinareobs. i. lotma-
nis es termini erTobliv semiotikur sivrces, semiotikur kulturo-
logias niSnavs. imisTvis, rom komunikacia Sedges ar aris sakmarisi
adresanti, adresati da informaciis arxi, es konstruqcia ar imuSa-
vebs, Tu erTobliv semiotikur sivrceSi ar iqneba moTavsebuli. komu-
nikaciis monawileebs unda gaaCndeT semiotikuri kulturuli gamocdi-
leba, romelic, garkveulwilad, erToblivi iqneba. Targmani warmoad-
gens kulturaTSorisi komunikaciis nairsaxeobas, amitomac wyaro teq-
stis mimRebis semiosfero sakmaod gansxvavdeba samizne teqstis semios-
ferosgan, Suamavali ki kulturuli kodis dinebebs akvirdeba da saTa-
nado mimarTulebas aZlevs, raTa axali mkiTxvelisTvis misawvdomi gax-
des qveteqsturi informacia. lotmanis azriT, nebismieri nawarmoebi,
rogorc minimum ormagad aris kodirebuli da enobrivi kodis gadmoce-
ma mTargmnelis mier da misi aRqma sxva enis matareblis mier nakleb
problemas warmoadgens, vidre kulturuli kodis. zustad kultu-
ruli kodis polifonia qmnis sirTuleebs, misi simboluri kvanZebis
sxvadasxva interpretirebas. Targmnis semiotikuri problemebi Tavs
iCens mTargmnelobiTi procesis yvela etapze da Targmnis yvelanair
saxeobaSi (Sidaenobriv, enaTSoris da semiotikur TargmanSi).
nino aroSiZe
kinoteqstis Targmnis
semiotikuri problemebi
kinoteqsti warmoadgens kreolizebuli

teqstis saintereso saxeobas, romelSic amoq-
medebulia ramodenime niSanTa sistema: musika,
moZraoba, tansacmeli, interieri, verbaluri
sistema da sxv. ocdameerTe saukuneSi kino- da
ufro gvian Seqmnili teleteqsti gaxda masob-
rivi xelovnebis yvelaze moTxovnadi saxeoba.
magram paradoqsuria, rom teqstebis zustad es
saxeoba yvelaze naklebad aris Seswavlili
lingvokulturologiaSi da Targmanmcodneo-
baSi, rac, nawilobriv, aixsneba obieqtis sir-
TuliT da misi semiotikuri mravalferovnebiT.
qarTul mTargmnelobiTi tradiciaSi amas ema-
teba is viTareba, rom xanZlivi periodis ganmav-
lobaSi gamoiyeneboda inglisurenovani filme-
bis rusuli dublaJi, Tanamedrove pirobebSi ki
audio-vizualuri teqstebis Targmna qarTul
enaze aqtualuri amocanaa, romelsac aramarto
gamoyenebiTi, aramed Teoriuli mniSvnelobac
aqvs.
kinoteqstis Tavisebureba da misi aRqmis
problemebi, nawilobriv, aRwerilia cnobili
filosofosebis da semiotikosebis mier, rogo-
ricaa umberto eko, iuri lotmani, roland
barti, Jan mitri da sxv., magram mwirea informa-
cia kinoteqstze, rogorc semiotikuri Targma-
nis Sedegad miRebul meoreul teqstze da misi
roli kulturaTSoris komunikaciaSi. pirvel
rigSi, aRsaniSnia, rom ar arsebobs mdgradi
terminologia Targmnis am saxeobaSi, miuxeda-
vad amisa ukve gamoyofilia sami saxeoba:
kinoteqstis Targmnis semiotikuri problemebi 29

1) audiovizualuri Targmani (yvelaze farTo terminia, vinaidan moi-
cavs teleteqstis yvela nairsaxeobisa da kompiuteruli programebis Tar-
gmnas);
2) multimediuri Targmani (animaciuri filmebis Targmna);
3) kinoteqstis Targmna.
kinoteqstis Targmna gansxvavebuli formiT aris SesaZlebeli. s.kuz-
miCiovi gamoyofs kinoteqstis Targmnis Semdeg variants:
1) dublaJi (Targmnis yvelaze rTuli saxeoba, romelic naTarmni da
wyaro replikebis maqsimalur Sexamebas moiTxovs);
2) subtitrebi (naTargmni replikebi mocemulia kadris qveda nawil-
Si);
3) fsevdodublaJi (anu kadris miRma naTargmnis teqstis gaJRereba);
4) Targmani-palimfsesti, romelic audiovizualur teqstSi arsebu-
li subtitrebis Targmnas warmoadgens (kuzmiCiovi 2012:28).
yvela zemoCamoTvlili kinoteqstis Targmnis saxeobis Camoyalibeba da-
kavSirebulia kinoindustriis ganviTarebasTan: munji kino da teqstSi in-
tertitrebis gamoyeneba, xmovani filmebis Seqmna, saSinao kinodarbazebis Seq-
mna da sxv. sainteresoa, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva prioritetia am
sakiTxSi. evropuli yveynebSi umravles SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba dublaJi an
fsevdo dublaJi, mravalenovan evropul qveynebSi, sadac ramodenime saxel-
mwifo enaa, ZiriTadad, subtitrebi gamoiyeneba (magaliTad, SveicariaSi, dani-
aSi da sxv.). saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi rusuli dub-
laJi gamoiyeneboda, amitom, rodesac dublirebuli filmebi Seicvala sub-
titrebiani variantebiT, es mowonebuli ar iyo mayureblebis mier, amitomac,
kinoteqstis Targmna erTerTi aqtiurad ganviTarebad Targmans warmoadgens
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi.
samizne teqsti, romelic iqmneba sxva kulturis matareblisTvis, ganic-
dis pragmatul adaptacias, raTa moxdes gadamisamarTeba im fonuri informa-
ciisa, romelic, savaraudod, ucnobia axali mkiTxvelisTvis. magram ra tran-
sformacias ganicdis semiotikuri Targmnis Sedegad Seqmnili kinoteqsti, vin
da rogor amzadebs axal mayurebels ucxo kulturis realiebis aRqmisTvis,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove filmebi imdenad
datvirTulia simboluri qveteqstebiT, rom imave kulturis rigiT mayure-
bels uWirs misi gaSifrva. amavdroulad unda gvaxsovdes, rom audiovizua-
lur teqsts garkveuli Taviseburebani axasiaTebs, kerZod, xSir SemTxvevaSi
is dialogs warmoadgens, datvirTulia sasaubro-sametyvelo konstruqcie-
biT, mTargmnelis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uzualuri normebi warmoadge-
nen. meore mxriv, kinoteqstis gmirebi sxvadasxva socialur fenas miekuTvne-
bian, amitomac maTi saubari genderuli, socialuri, asakobrivi faqtorebis
anareklia, rac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos samizne teqstSi. zogjer gmire-
bis sametyvelo daxasiaTebas kuTxuri gamonaTqvamebic ki axlavs, an gansakuT-
rebuli stili, rogorc maTi ganaTlebisa da ganviTarebis maCvenebeli.
30 nino aroSiZe

aranaklebi problemebi dgas mTargmnelis winaSe, rodesac is istori-
ul filmebs Targmnis, magaliTad, „robin huds“, romelSic bevri istoriz-
mi da arqaizmia gamoyenebuli. mTargmnelobiTi ostatoba da yuradReba ase-
Ti detalebis mimarT gansakuTrebulad iCens Tavs erTi da igive filmis
sxvadasxva dublaJis dros, amitomac aseTi masala Rirebulia audiovizua-
luri Targmnis swavlebis dros.
stilisturi niuansebi, gmirebis sametyvelo daxasiaTebis garda, xSi-
rad gamoiyeneba komikuri efeqtis Sesaqmnelad, magram, samwuxarod, isini
xSir SemTxvevaSi mTargmnelis yuradRebis miRma rCebian, rogorc es moxda
amerikul filmSi „cixe haerSi“. amave filmSi aqtualuria kinoteqstis sa-
Tauris zusti gadmocema, radganac saTauri teqstis Zlier niSans warmoad-
gens da unda gamoxatavdes teqstis mTavar azrs. amitom rusul kinogaqira-
vebaSi xSiria saTauris Secvlis SemTxvevebi e.w. lokalizacia, rom poten-
ciaur mayurebels ufro realuri warmodgena hqondes filmis Sinaarsze,
magaliTad, reJisiori roni xovardis filmi "Cinderella Man", romelic
agebulia mokrive jeims bredokis biografiaze, gaxda "Нокдаун" („nokdau-
ni“), qarTul sinamdvileSi ki orive saTauri iyo gamoyenebuli.
samwuxarod, zogjer saTauris Secvla gaugebari rCeba, ase filmi
"Fair game" gaxda cnobili rogorc «Игра без правил», qarTulSi ki isev
orive saTauri gxvdeba. zogierTi kinohitis saTauris istoria saocaria,
magaliTad, 1988 wlis kinohiti “Die Hard’ sami saTauriT iyo gadaTargmni-
li:
«Умри тяжело, но достойно» (Targmna l. volodarskim);
«Неистребимый» (Targmna a. gavrilovma);
«Крепкий орешек» (amJamad cnobilia am saTauriT).
sainteresoa, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da kulturaSi saTauris adapta-
ciam gansxvavebuli forma miiRo, fineTSi is iyo adaptirebuli, rogorc
"Через мой труп", poloneTSi cnobilia rogorc "Стеклянная западня" ger-
maniaSi - "Умри медленно", espaneTSi ki - "Хрустальные джунгли". ungreT-
Si ki rusuli filmi, romelic aleqsei tolstois romanis mixedviT iyo ga-
daRebuli («Хождение по мукам»), iyo gadaTargmnili rogorc „golgoTa-
ze asvla“.
kinoteqstis mTargmnelis winaSe dgas mTeli rigi amocana: amoikiTxos
sxvadasxva semiotikuri niSnebis mier gadmocemuli informacia da axali
kulturis warmomadgenlebis poziciidan gamomdinare gadaTargmnos kinoteq-
stis yvela niSandoblivi niSani (saTauri, molaparake saxelebi, precedentu-
li teqstebi, gmirebis replikebi, mniSvnelovani simboloebi da sxv.). gansa-
kuTrebul yuradRebas animaciuri filmebis Targmna moiTxovs, vinaidan am
teqstebis mimRebi auditoria, ZiriTadad, bavSvebia.
kinoteqstis semiotikis fuZemdeblebi arian: s. eizenSteini, u. eko, p.
pazolini da sxv. pazolinis azriT, kinoteqstis ena semiotikuri Tvalsaz-
risiT ar gamoirCeva Cveulebrivi enisagan, magram i.lotmani statiaSi „ki-
nos semiotika da kinoesTetikis problemebi“ aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri ki-
kinoteqstis Targmnis semiotikuri problemebi 31

noteqsti warmoadgens mTel rig rTul Setyobinebas, romelsac avtori ug-
zavnis mayureblebs. es Setyobinebebi SeiZleba iyos dayofili patara erTe-
ulebad, romlebic kinoenis specifikas warmoadgenen. kinos buneba Txrobi-
Tia, amitom - komunikaciuri, komunikacia ki SeiZleba iyos aRwerili da gaa-
nalizebuli semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT (lotmani).
literatura
szarkovska 2009: Szarkowska A. The Power of Film Translation. Translation

Journal. Apr. 2005,
kuzmiCevi 2012: Кузьмичев С.А. Перевод кинофильмов как отдельный вид
перевода //Вестник Московского государственного лингвистического
Университета. М.,
lotmani 1992: Лотман Ю.М. Семиотика культуры и понятие текста.
Избранные статьи. Т. 1. Таллинн.
Nino Aroshidze
Semiotic Problems of Translating Cinematographic Text
The complex cinematographic text represents an interesting type of the

creolized text that employs several sign systems: music, movement, costumes,
interior, verbal system, etc. In the 20th century it has become one of the most
dominant types of the text, and yet it needs further detailed linguocultural
research with consideration of its complexity and semiotic diversity.
Translators of these texts face numerous tasks: read the information
transferred through various semiotic signs and translate the most powerful and
meaningful components of the text (title, meaningful names, precedent texts,
characters’ speech, and significant symbols, etc.) from the perspective of a
representative of a different culture.
asmaT arZenaZe,
medea imnaZe
sazRvao komunikaciis
simboluri universumi
sazRvao komunikacia profesiuli komuni-

kaciis erT-erT rTul semiotikur sivrces
warmoadgens, es ar aris gasakviri, radganac
mezRvaurebis urTierToba yalibdeboda sauku-
neebis ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva qveynisa da
kulturis zegavleniT. Tanamedrove profesiu-
li komunikaciis simboluri universumi, rome-
lic gavrcelebulia saqarTveloSi, mraval fe-
nas warmoadgens da masSi Sexamebulia verbalu-
ri da araverbaluri niSnebi, naklebad markire-
buli da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT markire-
buli erTeulebi.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom sazRvao saq-
mianobis aRmniSvneli araverbaluri simboloe-
bia Semdegi nivTebi / gamosaxulebebi / naxatebi:
Ruza, gemi, Sturvali, ialqani, talRa,
zRva, Tolia, Suqura da sxv.
maT ar gaaჩniaT erovnul-kulturuli
specifika da gamoiyeneba praqtikulad yvelgan.
qvemoT mocemulia saqarTvelos, ukrainis, ru-
seTis sazRvao umaRlesi saswavleblebis em-
blemebi, romelzec gamoyenebulia yvela zemoT
aRniSnuli simbolo: baTumis saxelmwifo saz-
Rvao akademiis, odesis erovnuli sazRvao aka-
demiis da sxv.
sazRvao komunikaciis simboluri universumi 33

sazRvao araverbaluri simboloebi universaluria, maT ar gaaჩniaT

erovnuli markireba, aqvT mxolod profesiuli.
sazRvao komunikaciis simboluro universumi warmoadgens saerTaSo-
riso profesiuli komunikaciis specifikur sivrces, romelic moiTxovs
yvelasTvis gasageb enobriv da profesiul kods. mezRvaurTa urTierTobaSi
ukve didi xania gabatonda inglisuri ena, magram miuxedavad imisa, rom oc-
dameerTe saukuneSi Tanamedrove gemebi aRWurvilia samecniero-teqnikuri
revoluciis saukeTeso miRwevebiT, jer kidev aqtiurad gamoiyeneba speci-
fikuri sazRvao niSnebis krebuli.
sazRvao komunikaciaSi sakmaod didi xania gamoiyeneba informaciis gada-
ceba feradi droSebiT. adre sxvadasxva qveyanaSi es droSebi gansxvavebuli
iyo, xolo meჩvidmete saukunis meore naxevarSi moxda maTi unificireba, ro-
melic sakmaod xangrZlivi procesi iyo. Tavis droze sxva qveynis sazRvao ko-
dis gagebas ara erTi jaSuSi da mezRvauri Seewira.
1653 wels did britaneTSi gamoiSva sazRvao signalebis pirveli kre-
buli. kodirebul sistemaSi mniSvneloba eniWeboda ara marto droSas, ara-
med misi gamofenis adgils, ialqnebis kombinacias da sxv. 1780 wels miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, datovebuli iyo mxolod aTi sasignalo
droSa da maTi kombinaciebi (Howe signal book). 1800 wels kapitanma poxemma
(Popham) Seadgina „sazRvao leqsikoni“, romelSic ori aTasi simbolo iyo
axsnili, maT iyenebdnen samxedroebi. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi f. ma-
riatmam Seadgina msgavsi signalebis kodeqsi savaWro flotisTvis, magram
es sistema mxolod britaneTSi gamoiyeneboda. 1857 wels analogiuri sis-
tema SemuSavda saerTaSoriso gamoyenebisTvis da Tvrameti sasignalo dro-
Sidan Sedgeboda. is aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda inglisSi, amerikaSi, kanadasa
da safrangeTSi. xolo 1887 wels savaWro flotis signalTa krebulis sa-
fuZvelze SemuSavda „signalTa saerTaSoriso kodebi“ (The International
Code of Signals; INTERCO), romelic miRebuli iyo yvela sazRvao qveyana-
Si. is ZalaSi Sevida 1901 wels da mogvianebiT (1931 wels) Seicvala. bolo
revizia Sedga 1969 wels, TiToeuli droSa konkretul asos aRniSnavs,
amavdroulad - winadadebasac, agreTve moyvanilia morzes anbanis Sesatyvi-
34 asmaT arZenaZe, medea imnaZe

sebi, magaliTad:
У меня спущен водолаз,
I have a diver
держитесь в стороне от
A•— ALFA down; keep well
меня и следуйте малым
clear at slow speed.
ходом.
I am taking in,
Я гружу, или выгружаю,
B— discharging, or
BRAVO или имею на борту
••• carrying dangerous
опасный груз.
cargo.
C— CHARLI «Yes» or
Положитеьный ответ.
•—• E «affirmative».
I am maneuvering Держитесь в стороне от

D —•• DELTA with difficulty; keep меня, я управляюсь с
clear. трудом.
I am altering my
E• ECHO Поворачиваю вправо
course to starboard.
I am disabled;
FOXTRO Я не управляюсь,
F ••—• communicate with
T держите связь со мной.
me.
G—
GOLF I require a pilot. Мне нужен лоцман.
—•
I have a pilot on У меня есть на борту

H •••• HOTEL
board. лоцман.
I am altering my
I •• INDIA Поворачиваю влево.
course to port.
I am on fire and
have dangerous У меня пожар и я имею
J •— cargo; keep well на борту опасный груз,
JULIET
—— clear of me, or I am держитесь в стороне от
leaking dangerous меня.
cargo.
K— I wish to Я хочу установить связь

KILO
•— communicate with с вами.

you.
You should stop

L •— Остановитенемедленнос
LIMA your vessel
•• воесудно.
immediately.
My vessel is
Мое судно остановлено
M— stopped and making
MIKE и не имеет хода
— no way through the
относительно воды.
water.
NOVEM
N —• No or negative. Отрицательный ответ.
BER
O—
OSCAR Man overboard. Человекзабортом.
——
All personnel return

Всем следует быть на
P •— to ship; the vessel is
PAPA борту, так как судно
—• about to procede to
скоро cнимается
sea.
Мое судно
Ship meets health
Q— незараженное, прошу
QUEBEC regulations; request
—•— предоставить мне
clearance into port.
свободную практику.
R •—• ROMEO None. Принято.
Мои движители
S ••• SIERRA Moving astern.
работают на задний ход.
Держитесь в стороне от
Keep clear;
T— TANGO меня, я произвожу
engaged in trawling.
парное траление.
UNIFOR You are running

U ••— Курс ведет к опасности.
M into danger.
V Мне необходима
VICTOR I require assistance.
•••— помощь.
36 asmaT arZenaZe, medea imnaZe

da sxv.
sazRvao saqmianobas, samwuxarod, xSirad ukavSirdeba ubedureba. gansa-

kuTrebuli yuradReba eniWeboda mezRvaurebis gadarჩenas, amitom SemuSavda
mTeli rigi signali, romlebis meSveobiTac ekipaჟs SeuZlia ubedurebis Sesa-
xeb acnobos sazogadoebas da iTxovos daxmareba. miuxedavad Tanamedrove
teqnologiebisa, sazRvao komunikaciaSi dRemde gamoiyeneba morzes anbani,
wertilebisa da tireebis kombinaciebze agebuli kodi. sainteresoa, rom mez-
RvaurTa sicocxles safrTxe Tu emuqreba, isini agzavnian signals SOS (sami
wertili, sami tire, sami wertili), anu rogorc erTi grZeli xmovani, Tumca
gavrcelebulia azri, rom signali SOS abreviaturiT aris warmodgenili:
«Save our souls» (спасите наши души) или
«Save our ship» (спасите наш корабль).
sazRvao profesiuli komunikaciis simboluri universumi marto ara-
verbaluri niSnebiT ar aris warmodgenili. rogorc e. n. zareckaia aRniSnavs,
profesiul urTierTobaSi enobrivi erTeulebi specifikur konotaciebs iZe-
nen, rac maTs profesiul kods ayalibebs.
sazRvao komunikaciis saerTaSoriso xasiaTma ganapiroba is garemoeba,
rom qarTuli profesiuli sivrcis am nawilSi Zalian bevri erTeuli makrouni-
versaluria. amis garda, istoriuli mizezebis gamo xangrZlivi periodis gan-
mavlobaSi qarTuli sazRvao sivrce uSualod rusul sazRvao sivrcis nawils
warmoadgenda, amitomac rusuli enisa da kulturis zegavleniT ჩamoyalibda
frazariumis didi nawili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli sazRvao semiotikuri sivrce sakmaod mra-
valferovania. jer kidev sulxan-saba orbelianis sityvis konaSi aris moy-
vanili bevri qarTuli sazRvao termini, magram nawili daviwyebas mieca,
radgan ar gamoiyeneboda. amis garda, sazRvao saqme swrafad viTardeboda
samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis pirobebSi. amas daemata mezRvaurTa he-
gemoniis Secvla (jer am sferoSi holandielebi pirvelobdnen, Semdeg ki -
espanelebTan brZolis Sedegad - ingliselebi). ar aris gasakviri, rom saz-
Rvao simboluri universumi Sedgeba ramdenime simboluri fenisgan, romel-
Ta Seswavla did interess warmoadgens warmatebuli profesiuli saqmiano-
bisTvis.
literatura:
Е.Н. Деловое общение. Семиотика речевой коммуникации. М., 2002.

Международный Свод Сигналов (МСС-1965).

Asmat Ardzenadze
Medea Imnadze
Symbolic Universe of the Maritime Communication
Maritime communication represents one of the most complex semiotic

fields of the professional communication. The reason is the history of hundreds
of years of building the communication between the sailors who represent
different countries and cultures. The symbolic universe of the modern
professional communication, common in Georgia, represents different layers and
contains verbal and nonverbal signs, less marked and marked units from the
cultural point of view.
Despite the fact that in the 21st Century, modern vessels are equipped with
the latest findings of the scientific and technological development, specific
maritime signs are still being used. Maritime profession unfortunately is
accompanied with the accidents, thus one of the most important aspects is saving
the lives of the sailors. Different ways of communication were developed in
order to let the vessel inform the public about the accident and request help (SOS
signal).
Professional success in given profession requires thorough study of the
symbolic universe of the Maritime communication.
zeinab axvlediani
Tanamedrove
leqsikografia
da semiotika
erTa komunikaciis, kulturisa da Ti-

Toeuli eris miRma arsebuli fonuri samya-
ros Secnobis erTaderT saSualebad, enis
srulfasovani codnis safuZvelze ganxor-
cielebuli warmatebuli Targmani gvevline-
ba, romlis drosac mTargmnelis erT-erT yve-
laze Rirebul damxmare saSualebas leqsiko-
ni warmoadgens. adekvatur-srulyofil Tar-
gmanze moTxovnilebis gazrdam ki enis swavle-
bis meTodebis cvlileba-daxvewa ganapiroba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxo enis SeswavlaSi
vizualuri da audiosemiotikuri saSualebe-
bis roli mniSvnelovnad didia, enis daufle-
bis mTavar saSualebad mainc lingvisturi se-
miotika gvevlineba.
sociumis moRvaweobis nebismier sfe-
roSi mimdinare cvlileba maSinve hpovebs
lingvistur anarekls da Cndeba uamravi axa-
li ekonomikuri Tu kulturologiuri uni-
versalia. maTi semiotikuri da semantikuri
aRwera-dafiqsireba leqsikografTa muxlCa-
uxrel Sromasa da sistematur kvlevebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. pirvel rigSi, unda aRvniS-
noT, rom leqsikonebi eris kulturis, eT-
nosis religiuri, politikuri, filoso-
fiuri, mecnierul-teqnikuri azrovnebis,
sazogadoebaSi warmoqmnili urTierTobis
produqtia. igi erTaderTi saSualebaa, ro-
melsac adamiani Targmanis, am urTulesi da
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis mqone procesis
dros daxmarebisTvis mimarTavs. Targmani ki
enobrivi gaugebrobis gaqarwylebis, anu sit-
Tanamedrove leqsikografia da semiotika 39

yvis semantikuri mniSvnelobis gagebinebis garda, kulturuli barieris ga-
dalaxvis, sityvis miRma arsebuli uzarmazari fonuri samyaros Secnobis
erTaderTi saSualebaa, romlis realizaciasac adamiani xSir SemTxvevaSi
leqsikonebis saSualebiT axorcielebs.
saerTod, leqsikoni iqmneba adresatis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad,
aqtualuri lingvisturi koncefciisaTvis, radgan movlenebi, romlebic
xdeba sazogadoebaSi, fiqsirdeba enaSi leqsikis koreqciis, sintaqsisa da
sityvaTa formirebebis elementebis saxiT. swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom
leqsikografiuli Semoqmedeba mudam ganaxlebad naSromad unda gvevli-
nebodes.
leqsikoni enobrivi koleqtivis leqsikuri maragis Sesaxeb srul da
amomwurav informacias unda iZleodes, romlis miwodeba mimRebi enobrivi
koleqtivisTvis farTod gaSlili sityva-statiis formiT unda xorcielde-
bodes. igi unda warmoadgendes ara marto ama Tu im enaSi arsebul leqsikur
marags, aramed detaluradac gadmogvcemdes TiToeuli sityvis warmoSobis
istoriasa da maTi gamoyenebis uzarmazar speqtrs. srulyofili leqsikoni
sociumSi arsebul yvela sferos, maT Soris: literaturas, religias, isto-
rias, kanons da a.S. arsebuli leqsikuri maragis semiotikur aRweras unda em-
saxurebodes. leqsikonuri forma unda warmoadgendes enciklopedias, rom-
lis ZiriTad princips rogorc enobrivi elementebis struqturaTa Tavisebu-
rebebis dafiqsireba, aseve sityvis miRma arsebuli konceptualuri samyaros
gaTvaliswineba warmoadgens.
Cveni interesis sferos Turqul-qarTuli leqsikografiuli mdgomare-
oba da arsebuli naklovanebebi warmoadgens. dRes, Tanamedrove globaliza-
ciis pirobebSi, roca msoflios wamyvan qveynebTan urTierTobebzea damyare-
buli Cveni qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri winsvla, roca gare samyarosTan
urTierTobisas kulturul gaugebrobze fardis axdis erTaderT saSuale-
bad Targmani da misi xerxemali _ leqsikonebi gvevlineba, qarTuli leqsi-
kografiis orenovani naSromebi metwilad sayofacxovrebo leqsikis mqone da
dabali xarisxis leqsikonebiT Semoifargleba.
saqarTveloSi arsebul leqsikonTa umravlesoba sityvis mxolod ze-
dapirul, erTi-or sinonimur ganmartebas sjerdeba, TiTqmis ar gvaqvs moce-
muli sityvis konteqsturi mniSvneloba, variantuli Sesatyvisebi, mraval-
mniSvnelovneba, swori TargmanisTvis aucilebeli polisemiuri sityvis
konteqsturad moyvanili ganmartebebi, romelic sityvis gamoyenebis mza ma-
galiTs iZleva. Tanamedrove leqsikonSi mocemulia sityvis mxolod erTi
an ori ZiriTadi mniSvneloba, romelic moklebulia yovelgvar sailustra-
cio masalas, sityvis Sesaxeb elementarul morfologiur informacias da
a.S. mTargmneli Targmans mxolod enobrivi elementebis codna-gamoyenebiT
ki ar unda axorcielebdes, aramed mkiTxvelze adekvatur-emociuri STabeW-
dilebis mosaxdenad is unda flobdes da afiqsirebdes informacias wyaro
enis enobrivi koleqtivis miRma arsebuli fonuri samyaros Sesaxeb, swored
amitomac did danakliss warmoadgens Turqul-qarTuli lingvokulturo-
40 zeinab axvlediani

logiuri leqsikonis ararseboba, romelic leqsikografiis ganviTarebis
umaRles safexurs warmoadgens. lingvokulturologiuri leqsikonebi
Segviqmnian warmodgenas enis konceptualur samyaroze, im uzarmazar kul-
turologiur sivrcesa sulier faseulobebze, romlebic mocemuli enis
enobriv koleqtivTanaa Sesisxlxorcebuli. msgavsi leqsikonebi metad da-
exmareba mTargmnels, raTa misma naTargnma teqstma wyaro teqstis msgavsi
zegavlena moaxdinos mkiTxvelze, radganac Targmanis adresati sxva kul-
turisa da gansxvavebuli fonuri codnis matarebelia.
msoflioSi dRevandlamde aTasobiT programa Seiqmna da dRemde mimdi-
nareobs Seqmnis procesi. gansakuTrebiT didia leqsikonebis da teqstebis
eleqtronul sistemaSi gadayvanis moTxovnileba. onlain leqsikonebis ga-
moyeneba, iseTi mZime da Sromatevadi samuSaos ganxorcielebisas, rogori-
caa Targmani, uzarmazari SeRavaTia. dRes, roca 21-e saukune kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis inovaciebiTa da swrafi safexureobrivi ganviTarebiT xasi-
aTdeba, seriozuli muSaoba midis onlain leqsikonis saWiroebisamebr gamo-
yenebis uzrunvelsayofad. onlain leqsikoni aris kompiuteruli programa,
Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebs morgebuli vebaplikacia, romelic ganTavsebu-
lia internetSi da TargmniTi Sromis swrafad ganxorcielebisa da dapi-
rispirebul enaze Sesatyvisebis advilad moZiebis brwyinvale saSualebas
iZleva.
aseTi leqsikonebi moipoveba magaliTad Turqul-rusul leqsikogra-
fiaSi, romelsac qarTuli sazogadoeba, Turqul-qarTuli analogis arar-
sebobis gamo, SeZlebisdagvarad iyenebs. Turqul-rusuli onlain leqsiko-
nis sityva statiaSi sakmaod vrceli saxiTaa mocemuli polisemiuri sit-
yvis rogorc konteqsturi, aseve Sesityvebebis, idiomebis, andazebis saxiT
mocemuli ganmartebebi.
samwuxarod, rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTul-Turquli leqsikografia
msgavsi leqsikonebiT ver daikvexnis. arsebuli CamorCenis dasaZlevad enaT-
mecnierebisa da teqnologebis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT aucileblad unda
daiwyos Turqul-qarTul eleqtronul leqsikonebze muSaoba. yvelaze
mniSvnelovan faqtors monacemTa gramatikul-semantikuri damuSaveba war-
moadgens, radganac, sityvis fleqsiuri formebis damoukideblad aRqma da
Sesabamisi analizis gakeTeba kompiuteris SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. maga-
liTad: eleqtronuli leqsikonis Sesaqmnelad, sityvis gadayvanasTan er-
Tad, aucilebelia misi gramatikuli da semantikuri cvlilebebis gaTva-
liswineba: sityvis warmoSoba, brunva, uRlebebi, xmovanTa amovardnis Sem-
Txvevebi, sityvis sinonimuri da antonimuri aRwera, konteqsturi ganmarte-
bebi da a.S. calkeuli sityvis mniSvneloba xSir SemTxvevaSi winadadebaSi
mis konteqstur ganmartebas ar emTxveva, amitom sityvis gamoyenebis speq-
tri rac SeiZleba farTod unda aRiweros, radgan kompiuteri mxolod fiq-
sirebuli masalis mixedviT SeZlebs arsebul moTxovnaze adekvatur reagi-
rebas.
zemoCamoTvlili leqsikografiuli problemebi, arsebuli CamorCena,
Tanamedrove leqsikografia da semiotika 41

rasakvirvelia, rogorc kargi qarTveli mTargmnelebis mwir raodenobas, ase-
ve xarisxiani Targmanis naklebobas ganapirobebs. am tipis leqsikonTa ararse-
boba uaryofiTad aisaxeba saqarTvelo-TurqeTis kulturul-ekonomikur ur-
TierTobebze, radgan kargad ganviTarebuli leqsikografia, warmatebuli
Targmanisa da or qveyanas Soris kulturul-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
gaRrmavebis winapirobaa.
Zeinab Akhvlediani
Modern Lexicography and Semiotics
The modern era is distinguished by lexicographical news and the new levels
of development. The XXI century civilization is mostly associated with the
development of technology, an increasing demand for online translation of texts
and dictionaries, the main part of which belongs to the data grammatical and
semantic processing, because without the inflectional forms of a word a perception
and an appropriate analysis are beyond the computer capabilities. Occurring in the
society events are reflected in the language in the form of a vocabulary correction
and as elements of syntax and word formation. The language is constantly updated
with new words; many modern cultural and economic universals appear in it.
Besides a superficial interpretation, the lingvoculturological value of a word should
be clearly expressed as well. The lingvoculturological dictionaries would give an
idea about a conceptual world of a language, its ethno-cultural space, and allow us
to truly decode and correctly reflect the ethno-cultural and social stereotypes,
which are related to a linguistic group of a certain language. From this point of
view the existing Georgian-Turkish dictionaries undergo a serious crisis: they
almost never give us a contextual meaning of a given word, its variant word
combinations, collocations, polysemantics. A correct translation requires
contextual definitions of a polysemous word, that give the ready-made examples of
a word usage. A modern dictionary gives only one or two main meanings of a
word, which lacks any illustrative material or elementary morphological
information about a word, etc. The Georgian-Turkish thesaurus with a
comprehensive stock of the language lexical units would allow us to comprehend
and accept the opposing languages from the two points of view _ both a semantic
one and a huge background world, existing beyond a word, and representing the
linguistic and spiritual world of a nation.
malxaz balaZe
sinanulisa da monaniebis
problema
akaki wereTlis prozaSi
me-19 saukunis qarTul literaturaSi

aqtiurad ganixileboda sinanulisa da mona-
niebis problema. am mxriv gamorCeulia akaki
wereTelis Semoqmedeba. mas yavs mTeli gale-
rea mxatvruli saxeebisa, romelTac SeiZle-
ba vuwodoT marTlmadidebeli `monanie cod-
vilebi~. swored `codvilTa sinanuli~ aris
is saerTo problema, romelic asistemebs
garkveul mxatvrul saxeebs akaki wereTlis
SemoqmedebaSi.
moTxroba `raWis erisTavi rostomi~
pirobiTad SeiZleba or nawilad davyoT.
pirvel nawilSi gadmocemulia vnebaaSlil-
Ta da gulisTqmas ayolilTa saqmianoba.
`rostom erisTavi mis droSi gamoCenili da
saxelovani kaci iyo~. SuriT aRvsilma dide-
bulebma erTguli jafara CamoaSores – Tva-
lebi daaTxrevines. Semdeg rostom erisTav-
sac mefe solomon pirvelTan bezReba dauw-
yes. verafers ver miaRwies, `sanam brali ar
SeemCna erisTavs mefis orgulobisa~. maSinve
Camoayvanina geguTSi, daaTxrevina Tvalebi da
gadasca mis mosisxar mters, papuna were-
Tels – ra gindodes, is uyavio!
wereTelma, rogorc filistimelebma
samson Zlieri, waayvanina saCxeres da Casva
`modinaxes~ cixeSi. iq Tumca wisqvilis qvas
ar abrunebinebda tyves, magram nakleb Seu-
racxyofas ki mainc ar ayenebda. rogorc gan-
Tqmuli mgalobeli, mihyavda xolme lxinSi
sinanulisa da monaniebis problema akaki wereTlis prozaSi 43

da amRerebda da xSirad Turme dascinoda xolme sajarod: `rostom eris-
Tavo! xom gaxsovs, WalebSi rom Camomixti da xvadabunebi damixanio? axla
me gixdi samagieros da Sens gulsa vfarcxavo.~ da astydeboda xolme stum-
rebSi sicil-xarxari~
moTxrobis pirvel nawilSi personaJTa moqmedeba Zveli aRqmis adamian-
Ta saqciels hgavs – mxolod `kbili kbilisa wil da Tuali Tualisa wil~.
naCvenebia adamianTa sisastike, samagieros migebis survili, Suri da Rvar-
Zli, siZulvili da daundobloba.
moTxrobis meore nawilSi naCvenebia sulierebis gzaze SemdgarTa si-
nanuli da aRsareba. aRdgoma dRes Sexvdnen erTmaneTs ori brma, jafar ja-
fariZe da rostom erisTavi. es ukanaskneli eubneba jafaras: `Sen Seni ici
da me ki swored maSin aRmadgina mkvdreTiT ufalma, roca ubedureba momiv-
lina da Tvalebi damTxares! manamdi me yvelafers vumzerdi da veraras vxe-
davdi! yurs vugdebdi da ara mesmoda ra! medidurobiT gaborotebuli,
Turme jojoxeTis mona viyavi da axla qristes vemsaxurebi! da vugalobT
mas SvebiTa da sixaruliT!~
– jafara?! daibobRina erisTavma: – mec wavxdi, Senc wagaxdine...qris-
te aRdga, gixarodes!
Caekvrnen erTmaneTs gul-mkerdSi ori brma moxuci, gadaaWdes yeli
yels da aqviTindnen.~ (rCeuli..1989, 401)
rogorc vxedavT, rostomis pirovnebaSi udidesi gardatexaa momxdari.
igi sul sxva adamiania – sulierad sufTa da maRali, vidre winaT. Tvalebis
daTxras RvTis wyalobad Tvlis. akaki wereTeli pirdapir saxarebiseul Se-
gonebas aTqmevinebs personaJs: `yvelafers vumzerdi da veraras vxedavdi,
yurs vugdebdi da ara mesmoda ra.~ faqtiurad am sityvebiT erisTavi xazs
usvams adamianTa gonebrivi Zilis mdgomareobas. saxarebis mixedviT, qriste
vidre swavlebas daiwyebda, xSirad ase mimarTavda garSemomyofT: `visac
aqvs yurni smenad, isminos~. (maTe 11, 15). amitomac ambobs pavle mociquli:
`gaiRviZe, mZinarev, aRdeg mkvdreTiT, da gaganaTlebs Sen qriste.~ (pavle,
efeselTa 5, 14).
erisTavi mkacr Sefasebas aZlevs Tavis adrindel yofas. pativmoyvare-
oba iyo erT-erTi mizezi sulieri dacemisa. akaki aqac misdevs saxarebiseul
mcnebebsa da Segonebebs. swored nawarmoebis meore naxevarSi vxedavT ros-
tomsa da jafaras rogorc momanie gmirebs. marTalia, aRsarebas jafara am-
bobs, magram rostomis Rriali – `jafara, mec wavxdi, Senc wagaxdine!~ da
misi Semoxveva yofil mosisxar mterze udidesi sinanulis gamomxatvelia.
unda iTqvas, rom akaki ar aris momxre adamianSi gardamavali, etapob-
rivi cvalebadobisa. masTan pirovnebis fericvaleba ucabedad xdeba. myisie-
rad kvdeba Zveli da ibadeba axali. marTalia personaJebs gaazrebis dro
qondaT, magram akaki literaturul dros iyenebs da amitom ucabedi gamo-
dis maTi Sexvedra. fericvalebisaTvis saWiroa yvelaze Zlieri saSualeba,
konkretulad – `totaluri sikvdili~ (экзистенциализм , 1966, 112). es
is mdgomareobaa, romelic gonebiT ar aixsneba da romelsac ewodeba: àbso-
44 malxaz balaZe

luturi ucodinroba, an sxvagvarad, cnobierebis ararseboba, romelic ver
gaxdeba Teoriul-SemecnebiTi kvlevis obieqti~ (iqve, 1966, 113). haidege-
ris mixedviT, am dros xdeba udidesi Secnoba (iqve, 1966, 113). iaspersic mi-
iCnevs, rom `yofiereba ganicdeba diskursiuli gonebis `damsxvrevis~, mar-
cxis, sruli `daRupvis~ dros (iqve, 1966, 74). aRmosavleTi am mdgomareo-
bas gamoxatavs terminiT – ùdidesi sicariele~. sokrate ki ityoda: `me vi-
ci, rom araferi ar vici~. egzistencialistebi amboben, rom mxolod piradi
gancdebis SemTxvevaSi, konkretulad ki, zrunvaSi, SiSSi, mowyenilobaSi,
mitovebulobasa da imedgacruebaSi ibadeba axali, romelsac WeSmariti yo-
fiereba qvia. saxarebiseulad, `xelmeored Soba~ ewodeba. axalad dabadebis-
Tvis saWiroa Zelis sikvdili, anu àra~ warsuls. amis Sesaxeb mRvdelmTa-
vari antoni suroJeli ambobs: `TiToeul Cvens midrekilebas TanSobili bo-
roti oreuli sdevs Tan; swored isaa Cveni damonebis erT-erTi gza...Tu
droulad ar ityvi àras~, brZola ar dasruldeba.~ (antoni, 2004, 62).
akaki aqac saxarebiseul Segonebebs zustad miyveba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
am moTxrobaSi Zveli da axali aRqmis bibliuri siuJetia. pirveli naxevarSi
Zveli aRqmis adamianebi gamohyavs, romelTa moqmedeba eyrdnoba princips: `Tua-
li Tualisa wil~. meore naxevarSi ki isini ibadebian xelmeored, axali aRqmis
adamianebad. nawarmoebis meore naxevarSi Cven vxedavT `damdablebulTa amaRle-
bas~. swored simdable (misi gamomwvevi mizezis miuxedavad) angrevs pirovnebis
egos da amaRlebs mas. `vinc amaRldeba damdabldeba da vinc damdabldeba, amaR-
ldeba~. macxovris es Segoneba mxatvrul formaSia moqceuli akakisTan.
mwerali moTxrobis pirveli nawili adamianTa fizikur samyaroSi arse-
bul siamovnebaTa da aqedan gamowveul Sedegebze gvesaubreba. meore nawili ki
sulierze, romelic maradiulia. es Tema odiTganve iyo adamianTa msjelobisa
da dakvirvebis sagani. antikuri da momdevno periodis filosofosebi farTod
msjeloben am problematikaze. heraklites WeSmariti siamovneba eguleboda ara
sxeulebriv siamovnebaSi, aramed ufro amaRlebulSi, gonebriv moRvaweobaSi,
azrovnebaSi (T.kukava, 37).
piTagorelebi qadagebdnen `vnebebis: SiSis, mwuxarebis sixarulisa da
saerTod yovelive gadaWarbebuli eqscesis daZlevis Sesaxeb.~ maTi formu-
lireba aseTi iyo: `bunebas adamianebisTvis ar miucia imaze metad saxifaTo
da damRupveli ram, vidre vnebebiT tkbobaa... RmerTma adamians gonebaze uke-
Tesi ara misca ra. am RvTaebrivi saCuqrisadmi siamovnebaze ufro metad
mtruli ram ar arsebobs~ (kukava, 111)
amave sakiTxs ganixilavs platoni. `timeosSi~ igi ambobs, rom `gadame-
tebuli siamovneba da tanjva iwvevs siSleges~ (platoni, 1994, 273)
Tvalebis daTxris Semdeg rostomi, rogorc misi aRsarebidan Cans, uf-
ro bednieria. Sinagani sixarulisa da netarebis mdgomareoba igrZnoba masSi.
rogorc epikure ambobda: `sulieri tanjva gacilebiT aRemateba sxeuleb-
rivs, radgan sxeulebrivi tanjva wamieri tkivilia, suli ki itanjeba war-
suliTac, awmyoTic da momavliTac. Sesabamisad amisa, sulieri tkboba ufro
Zlieria da aRmatebuli, vidre sxeulebrivi~. epikures azriT, yvelaze myari

da xangrZlivi sulieri siamovneba vlindeba sikeTeSi, SemecnebaSi, WeSmarit
msjelobaSi, megobrobaSi da es aris gza netarebisaken, xolo netarebis
umaRlesi forma aris sulis aRuSfoTveloba, simSvide~. nikoloz baraTaS-
vilma ki lamazi mxatvruli formulireba misca am filosofiur–Teologi-
ur WeSmaritebas:
àra dahqrolon navsa Cemsa qarTa vnebisa,
aramed moec mas sadguri myudroebisa~
(`Cemi locva~)
TvalebdaTxrili rostomi ufro ubeduri unda yofiliyo. misi tanjva

unda daexata mwerals. magram moTxrobis meore nawilSi man udidesi idea Ca-
do, adamianis sicocxlis azrsa da daniSnulebaze miuTiTa. dagvanaxa misi
codviTa da borotebiT aRsavse cxovreba, amave dros miuTiTa gamosavalze
– sinanulsa da monaniebis Zalaze, romelic radikalurad cvlis pirovnebas.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom istoriul qronikaSi `solomon didi imere-
Tis mefe~, romelic redaqtirebulia akaki wereTlis mier aris dokumentu-
ri, zepiragadmocemuli Tanamedrovisa mgalobeli kandelakisa da Cawerili
misi SviliSvilis siko kandelakisagan, rostomi marTlac nanobs Tavis saq-
ciels: ès didi kacebi, TvalebdaTxrili rostomi da misi Svilebi, brwyin-
vale tanisamosebiT da sxvadasxva Zvirfas farCebiT Semkuni, eyarnen Tov-
lSi da mainc mediduroba etyobodaT. xmas ar iRebdnen. mxolod moxuci
rostomi ki aitana sinanulma da warmoTqva: `–ai, ra yofila Cveni cxovreba
da aqamdis ar vicodi!.. yvelgan SfoTi da Zalmomreobaa, yoveli kaci cru
ars da scdeba, mxolod Sen xar utyuari da Seucdomeli, maRalo RmerTo!
cani da qveyanani waxdnen, mxolod sityvani Seni ara. sad me da sad mefe so-
lomon?! mieciT keisars keisrisao. ratom ar vjerdebodi Cems yofaqone-
bas?!~ (wereTeli, 1940, 472–475)
Cans, rom sinamdvileSi marTlac yofila momenti, rodesac Tvaleb-
daTxrili erisTavi Cafiqrebula cxovrebis arsis maradiul sakiTxze. uTu-
od am epizodma misca biZgi akaki wereTels, rom Seeqmna aRniSnul moTxroba-
Si monanie gmiris brwyinvale saxe. asea Tu ise, Cvens mwerlobaSi aseTi gul-
wrfeli monaniebis magaliTebi qmnian `monanie gmirTa~ SesaniSnav galereas.
(es egzistencialisturi nakadia amave dros Cvens literaturaSi.)
akaki wereTels am moTxrobaSi naCvenebi aqvs adamianis ori, diametru-
lad gansxvavebuli yofa adamianebisa – materialuri da sulieri. pirveli
rogorc dacemisa da meore – rogorc amaRlebis gza.
pavle mociquli àdamianSi arCevs or urTierTsawinaaRmdego da dapi-
rispirebul sawyiss: gonebas, anu Sinagan kacs da xorcs. amis Sesabamisad or
rjuls – `rjuli gonebisa~ da `rjuli asoTa~, romelTa brZolac Cans ada-
mianis uklebliv yvela naazrevsa da moqmedebaSi.... igi wers, rom adamiani,
rogorc xorcieli arseba mTlianad moeqca codvis meufebaSi, ris Sedega-
dac avlens sakuTari vnebis rjuls. magram amasTanave adamianSi xorcis gar-
da, aseve bunebrivad, aris `goneba~. (`nus~–berZ.), romelsac ar SuZlia ar
46 malxaz balaZe

aRiaros RvTis rjulis upiratesoba da ar surdes misi aRsruleba. miuxe-
davad amisa, is uRonoa sikeTisaken ltolvaSi. CemSi aris keTilis ndoba,
magram ar vici, rogor aRvasrulo igi, `rameTu Tana mnebavs me sjuls
RmrTisasa SinaganiTa miT kaciTa. da vxedav sxuasa sjulsa asoTa Sina CemTa,
romeli igi wina ganewyvebis sjula mas gonebisa Cemisasa da warmtyuenavs me
sjuliTa miT codvisaiTa , romeli–igi ars asoTa Sina CemTa~(religia,7.22–
23). amdenad, adamianSi ori sawyisia sulieri da xorcieli da xorcieli
warmmarTvelia da ar aZlevs sulier sawyiss qmedebisa da ganviTarebis saSu-
alebas.
Sorapnel glaxasac `rjuli asoTagani~ daZlevs. (moTxroba `namdvili
ambavi~). `straJnikad vmuSaobdi, – mogviTxrobs Tavis ambavs glaxa, – dam-
sjeli razmi rom SemoiRes, me, rogorc Cemda saubedurod, rusulis mcodne,
kazakebis erT gunds mimiCines.~ glaxa grZnobs, sibilwis morevSi SeiZleba
CaeSvas da amis gamo swuxs – àr miama, magram ras vizamdi?.. mec avedevne am
ZaRlTapirebs~.
ise, rogorc rostom erisTavi, glaxac imkis Tavisi moqmedebis Sedegs.
sabediswero misTvis siyvaruli gamodga. glaxas foTeli qali Seuyvarda.
mSoblebis Tanxmobis miuxedavad, qali uarze idga, òqroSi rom Camsvas da
Tval-margalitiT SemWedos, maSinac ar minda qveynis mZarcvelio~. kazakebma
motaceba urCies. daujera da gahyva. kazakebma namusis axda moundomes qals.
`maSin ki mivxvdi, – ganagrZobs glaxa, – rom is ZaRlTapirebi CemTvis ar
cdilobdnen.~ mieSvela glaxa. qali gadaarCina. `maSin gamwarebuli kazakebi
lanZRva–ginebiT momibrundnen, iSiSvles xanjlebi da wamiSines Tav-pirSi.
male davkarge goneba da mere aRara maxsovs ra!~
ilias WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobis~ msgavsad, `namdvil ambavSi~ glaxa
uyveba Tavgadasavals mwerals, akaki wereTels. orive SemTxvevaSi mwerlebi
personaJebad gvevlinebian.
borjomSi Sexvda glaxa mwerals. ase agviwers akaki mis garegnobas: `yur-
CamoTlili, cxvirgaWeWyili, loyebdaCexili da kisermogrexili!.. cudi sana-
xavi ram iyo!..Tanac marjvena xels veRar xmarobda.~
rostom erisTaviviT, mZime sasjeli miiRo glaxam. xSirad `rjuli
gonebisa~ eZaxda, CamoSoreboda uwmindur saqmes, magram rogorc erisTavs,
masac `rjuli asoTa~ win eRobeboda.
aRsarebasaviT mouyveba glaxa akakis Tavis codvian Tavgadasavals. ros-
tomi Tavis dasjil jafaras. orive personaJSi udidesi cvlilebaa momxdari.
fizikurma sasjelma kaTarzisis funqcia Seasrula maTSi. glaxac acnobierebs
ganvlili cxovrebis Secdomebs. igi eubneba mwerals, rom `wuxelis Zili rom
gamityda, gaviTvaliswine, rac Cemi TandaswrebiT momxdara da SiSma amitana . ga-
vusvi locvas xeli, pirjvari gadaviwere samjer da vTqvi:–`wminda giorgi, da-
mifare– meTqi~.
glaxas ganvlili cxovrebis gza SiSs gvris da gamosavals RmerTSi
eZebs – loculobs da mfarvelobas iTxovs, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi Rrma
sinanulSi vardeba. locva aZlevs mas simxneves,sxva sayrdens ar eZebs igi, ar

msjelobs. rogorc Tqmula: `locva aris gonebis aRmafrena RvTisaken, ada-
mianisa da RmerTis SeerTeba, xolo Tavisi qmedebiT–qveynisgan gandgoma, mi-
si RmerTiT Secvla...~(religia, 1992, 66–67).
rostom erisTavi jafar jafariZesTan erTad mReris sagalobels–
`qriste aRsdga!~. es gamoxatulebaa maTi qveynisagan gandgomisa da misi
RmerTiT Secvlisa~. rogorc pavle mocuquli ambobs: èlaparakeT Tqvensave
Tavs fsalmunebiT, sagaloblebiTa da sulieri simRerebiT; ugalobeT da
umRereT Tqveni gulebiT ufals.~ (efeselTa mimarT, 5. 19).
akaki wereTeli saxarebiseul, kanonikur swavlebebs acocxlebs mxat-
vrul saxeebSi: ìTxovdeT da mogecemaT; eZebeT da hpovebT; daakakuneT da
gagiReben~ (maTe 7.7). mfarveloba iTxova glaxam, iTxova da mieca. `mar-
Tlac venacvale mis madlsa da Zalas,–ambobs glaxa,–sizmarSi gamomecxada
wminda giorgi, modi CemTan da me dagifaravo!~.roca gaigebs, rom kaxeTSi
saydaria wmida giorgis saxelzeo, ityvis: ~hm! aba, is yofila swored, ve-
nacvale mis Zlierebas!..da xvalve gavudgebi gzas!..~ daiwera pirjvari da
wavida.
rogorc davinaxeT, rostom erisTavis, jafara jafariZisa da glaxas
monanieba da RvTis gzaze Sedgoma ar momxdara maTi nebiT. gansxvavebiT Tor-
nike erisTavisa , (poema `Tornike erisTavi~) da gandegilisa, (ilia WavWava-
Zis `gandegili~). maTSi mxolod fizikuri sasjelisa da mZime xorcieli
tkivilis Semdeg xdeba gardatexa da Sinagani sulieri Zalebis gamoRviZeba.
aq akaki miyveba isev saxarebiseuli kanonikis principebs – `rasac dasTes,
imasve moimki~. amasTanave es movlenebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc movle-
nili gamocda, romelmac `meored dabadebis~ roli Seasrula gmirTa cxov-
rebaSi. radgan akaki ar cdeba marTlmadidebluri religiis principebs, aq
udaod ikiTxeba wminda werilidan is monakveTi sadac naTqvamia: `sayvarel-
no, nu iucxoebT Tqvenda mimarT gamosacdelad movlenil cecxlovan gansac-
dels, rogorc TqvenTvis uCveulo rasme~ (iak.pirveli petresi 1. 12) rad-
gan `mTavari is ki ar araa, ar viyoT gamocdilni, aramed gansacdelma ar dag-
vamarcxos~ (religia, 1992).
monanie gmirebSi yvelaze metad sulierad amaRlebuli, spetaki da saT-
no saxe, iseTi rogoric SeSvenis sasuliero pirs, aris ioseb kaTalikosi
(istoriuli qronika `solomon pirveli didi imereTis mefe~). Tavis sam-
wyoSi igi cdilobs aRmofxvras Suri, mtroba, gautanloba da daTesos ada-
mianebSi sikeTe da siyvaruli. mas surda, rom solomon pirvelsa da rostom
erisTavs Soris arsebuli gauTavebeli mtrobisaTvis moeRo bolo. TviTon
gaxda Tavdebi da CamoarTva piroba mefes, rom SerigebisaTvis mosul ros-
toms aras avnebda. solomonma piroba daarRvia da Tvalebi daTxara erisTav-
sa da mis Svilebs gaenaTSi. es rom Seityo kaTalikosma, `Seicxada, gadmo-
varda taxtidan, daeca miwaze, waiSina Tav–pirSi xelebi da wver-ulvaSi da-
iglija. Seimosa ZaZiT da gacxarebuli mieWra mefes quTaiss~.
kaTalikosi ukompromisoa amaoebis vnebaTagan Sepyrobili adamianebis
winaSe. igi iuda iskariotels, WeSmaritebis gamcemels uwodebs Tavis Tavs
48 malxaz balaZe

da Tvalebis daTxras iTxovs mefisagan. codviliani qveynis yurebas arCia
iseTive mdgomareobaSi Cavardna,rogorSic aRmoCndnen misi `dacvis sige-
liT~ mobrZanebuli stumrebi.
damatyvevebeli siZlieriT aqvs aRwerili avtors kaTalikosis sinanuli.
ukanasknelad Caatara wirva, `fermixdili Camovida kaTalikosi kaTedridan, Se-
vida sakurTxevelSi, emTxvia trapezs, gamovida, mivida xaxulis RvTismSoblis
xatis win, daiCoqa da tiriliT daemxo. im dRidan aRarc uwiravs, Tavs uRirsad
xdida da iyo marad sinanulSi~.
amdenad, codvisa sinanulis sakiTxi akaki wereTlis msoflmxedvelo-
bisa da mwerluri mizanswrafvis erT–erTi ZiriTadi Tema iyo. am msof-
lmxedvelobiT Seqmnili mxatvruli proza da masSi gamoyvanili mxatvruli
saxeebi qmnian garkveul mimarTulebas, romelic am kuTxiT asistemebs mis
Semoqmedebas.
literatura:
rCeuli.. 1989: – akaki wereTeli, rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, t.2, Tb.
wereTeli, 1940: – ak. wereTeli, saredaqcio SeniSvnebi.
religia, 1992: – rjuli pavle mociqulis moZRvrebaSi, Jurn. religia, N 6.
antoni (suroJeli), 2004: - mRvdelmTavari antoni (suroJeli), Sexvedra
cocxal RmerTTan. Tb.
T.kukava, 1988: – berZnuli filosofiis istoria,, Tb.
platoni, 1994: – platoni, timeosi, Tb.
экзистенциализм, 1966: - современный экзистенциализм, критические
очерки. м.
Malkhaz Baladze
Problem of sin and Repentance in Akaki tsereteli’s prose
Akaki tsereteli pays considerable attention to the problem of sin and

repentance in his creative works. Artistic imajes created in this conteqxt follow
the principle of certain system.
guram baxtaZe
`naperwklis~ saxe-simbolo
ilias SemoqmedebaSi
ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul saxe-simbo-

loTa sistemis saidumloebis Seswavla
kvlavac rCeba litmcodneobis aqtualur
sakvlev problemaTa rigSi. igi gvayenebs faq-
tis winaSe, _ rom ilias literaturuli
memkvidreobis mxatvruli mniSvnelobis siR-
rme mkiTxvelis esTetikuri Semecnebis
srulfasovnebis pirdapirproporciulia.
`vefxstyaosnis~ erT-erT Rirsebad imas mi-
iCneven, rom masSi yvela asakisa da socialu-
ri fenis mkiTxvels SeuZlia naxos Tavisi
msoflxedvis Sesabamisi `sazrdo~. rogorc
Cans, es Sexeduleba asazrdoebs ilias Semoq-
medebiT koncefciasac. saukune-naxevaria
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba qarTuli sali-
teraturo kritikis yuradRebis centrSia
moqceuli, miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevarTa in-
teresi mis mimarT ar neldeba da Tanamedrove
saliteraturo kritika ilias mxatvruli
Tu publicisturi memkvidreobis Sesaxeb
Seqmnili samecniero statiebiT dRiTidRe
mdidrdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi absolu-
turi umravlesoba gvarwmunebs ilias saxis-
metyvelebis universalurobaSi.
gazafxuli, sinaTle, sirinozi, myinvari,
Tergi, aragvi, dRe, Rame da ase Semdeg... epiTe-
tebi: didebuli, dadumebuli ganze gamdgari,
daumonavi, mSfoTvare es iseTi saxe-simboloe-
bia, romelTa funqciuri mniSvnelobis gageba
Cveulebriv mkiTxvels ar gauWirdeba(Tumca
isic cnobilia, Tu rogor Seafasa ilias leqsi
`gazafxuli~ giorgi baraTaSvilma. amasTan, es
faqti cxdyofs, rom iliam Zalian kargad ico-
50 guram baxtaZe

da Tavisi Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis esTetikuri aRqmis SesaZleblobebi.) drom
daamtkica, rom poetis saxismetyveleba swored im princips efuZneboda, rome-
lic samandaudebels xdis mas drosa da sivrceSi. ramdenime aTeuli wlis win,
romelime kritikoss rom eTqva _ ilia `mgzavris werilebSi~ myinvars miiCnevs
idealad da TergTan SedarebiT mas aniWebs upiratesobaso, _ am azrs, vfiq-
robT, bevri momxre ar gamouCndeboda. magram profesor zurab kiknaZis statia
_ `myinvari da Tergi~ mkiTxvels ar utovebs aranair safuZvels, rom mkvlev-
ris Sexeduleba ar gaiziaros: `didebuli, sakvirveli, ganzegamdgari, miuka-
rebeli–esissityvebia, romlebicrudolfotosdasxvaTa (n.sederblomi.m.eli-
ade...) gamokvlevebis Semdeg qrestomaTiuli gaxda wmidis, sakraluris katego-
riis dasaxasiaTeblad, romelic yvelaze reliefurad Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi
gamovlinda, Tumca Cveni mwerali amas ar isaxavda miznad, magram vxedavT, rom
sruli adekvaturobiT gamoxata swored am sityvebis meSveobiT. mas ar gamouye-
nebia Tavad sityva-cneba `wmida,~romelic mis Tanamedrove enaSi ukve zneobrivi
da fizikuri sispetakis konotacias atarebda, es ki wmidis kategoriisTvis
mxolod Tanmxleb i niSania da araarsebiT-imanenturi. TiToeuls zemoTCamoT-
vlil sityvaTagan Tavisi semantikuri istoria aqvs, romelic enis maxsovroba-
Si, vfiqrob, waruSlelad inaxeba~.
myinvarSi, zurab kiknaZis ganmartebiT, gansaxovnebulia ìsev da isev
simSvide, myudroeba, sisrule. kosmosis, samyaros, gansrulebis, Seyenebuli
dro-Jamis suraTi, romelSic gangebis nebaa gamoxatuli. xolo àCrdilSi~
myinvaris Tavze mdgar moxucis (poetis) Sesaxeb z. kiknaZe aRniSnavs _ ès
kaci, `moxucebuli,~romelic atarebs bibliuri `Zveli dReTas~ danielis
wignidan) niSnebs, imgvarad aris amozrdili myinvaris sxeulidan, rom isi-
ni erT organul mTlianobas qmnian. es kaci myinvaris personifikaciaa. sad-
Raa miukarebloba da sicive–myinvari moxucebulis locviT aris gamTbari,
adamianur masStabebSia moaxloebuli. igi ukve metyveli monawilea da ara
Zveleburad dadumebuli Tavis didebulebaSi. iq (`mgzavris werileb-
Si~)myinvaris safarvels miRma myofobs saSineli saidumlos Sinaarsi. aqsa-
idumlos damfaravi farda TiTqos gadaweulia da axla kaci acxadebs imas,
rasac myinvari da Tergi mdumared inaxavda. es moxucebuli TiTqos myinvaris
amosunTqvaa, magram es amonasunTqic sekularuli Sinaarsis Semcveli aRmoC-
nda.is istoriis sunTqvaa, magram es kaci, moxucebuli, swored imis ZaliT
asrulebs Tavis misias,rom transcendetul, metafizikur realobas ekuT-
vnis im azriT, rom ar aris CaTreuli istoriaSi. igi Wvrets istoriul
process misi dasawyisidan dasasrulamde. man unda icodes istoriis Sede-
gic. es Sedegi cisartyelaa, romelic moxucebulis monologisa da bolos,
locvis Semdeg gamoCndeba. àCrdilis~ (kiknaZe2015,128-132-139.)
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis, kerZod, `bazaleTis tbis~ saxe-simbo-
loTa axsnas isaxavs miznad nana gonjilaSvilis statia _ `magram, qar-
Tvelno, sad aris gmiri...~ bazaleTis tbis saxismetyvelebisaTvis~ _ (`li-
teraturuli Ziebani~, 2002, N-22) sadac avtori cnobili kritikosebis Se-
xedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, miuTiTebs ilias mier gamoyenebuli saxe-
`naperwklis~ saxe-simbolo ilias SemoqmedebaSi 51

simboloebis siaxloves bibliasTan da maT universalurobas.
sakamaTo araa, rom bazaleTis tbis ZiriT dawyebuli myinvarze mdgomi mo-
xucis aCrdilamde, ilias mxatvrul saxeTa sistema maradiuli da TviTganax-
lebadia. misi umTavresi mizani da daniSnuleba gadmocemulia frazebiT: àwmyo
Tu ara gvwyalobs, momavali Cvenia~. `cis daniSnuli~ poeti swored maSin moev-
lina Tavis xalxs, roca `qveyana sulier-inteleqtualuri dakninebis, TiTqmis
katastrofis winaSea. warsuli cxovreba isegadavida, rom misgan namcecebic ar
SemorCa, yvelaferi Tavidan aris dasawyebi... roca Zveli moubruneblad dakar-
gulia, mis adgilze, figuralurad rom vTqvaT, mxolodRa naxanZrali Cans~
(kiknaZe2015:15;108.) am realobis Secvla mxolod da mxolod moseseul rwme-
nas SeeZlo. raTa sabolood ar Camqraliyo sicocxlis imedi. `naTeli maTi b-
nelad gardaiqces sayofelsa maTsa, xolo naTeli imaTi daSrtes maTzeda~
(Zveli aRTqma, iobi, Tavi meTvramete).
aRniSnuli empiriis gacnobiereba umTavresi sakiTxi, momdevno amocana
ki am Cixidan gamosvlisaTvis saWiro gzis danaxva iyo. swered es misia aiRo
sakuTar Tavze wminda ilia marTalma. bibliuri moses msgavsad miiRo ufli-
sagan iliam es misia da amitomac ganacxada: `me ca mniSnavs da eri mzrdis~.
aq isev da isev did mecniers _ zurab kiknaZes moviSveliebT (kiknaZe 2015:
139).
ilia WavWavaZis Semmoqmedebis saxismetyvelebaSi gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas imsaxurebs `naperwklis~ saxe-simbolo, romelic aseve Zveli aR-
Tqmidan iRebs saTaves. elodeba poeti _ ilia uflis miniSnebas `naper-
wkals~, mis gareSe igi Cveulebrivi mokvdavia. `maSin cidan naperwkali, Tu
aRmifeTqs gulSi cecxlsa. maSin vimRer, mxolod maSin, movswmend ersa tan-
jvis cremlsa~. `naperwklis~ saxe-simbolo ilias samive programul Txzu-
lebaSi gvxvdeba: `poeti~(1860), `mgzavris werilebi~ (1861), àCrdi-
li~(1859-1872w.w.) gadaWriT ver vityviT, magram Cveni varaudiT, sxva
TxzulebebSi arsad gamouyenebia avtors aRniSnuli saxe-simbolo, rac imas
unda migvaniSnebdes, rom igi gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiTaa am sityvis mimarT
ganwyobili. amasve amtkicebs cifrsamis sakraluroba.
Tavisi moRvaweobis umTavres miznad iliam erSi momavlis rwmenis gaR-
viveba daisaxa. _ `da is TiToeuli naperwkali, romelic ar SeiZleba rom
yovels kacSi ara Jolavdes, erT did cecxlad Sevagrovo Cemis qveynis gaci-
ebulis gulis gasaTboblad~. rwnenis, mJolavi naperwkali warmoadgens
iliasaTvis im saZirkvels, romelsac unda daefuZnos momavali. samSobloSi
momavali ilia Cqarobs, raTa miuswros mas, vidre sabolood ar Caqra igi.
poema àCrdili~, romelic ilias saprogramo Txzulebadaa aRiarebu-
li, yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs avtoris erovnul koncefcias. am nawarmo-
ebSi ilia sagangebo yuradRebas amaxvilebs Cveni qveynis yvela mtkivneul
detalze; mankierebebze, romlebic Seqmnili mZime realobis mizezad miaCnia
mas. myinvarze mdgomi moxuci gulistkiviliT dascqers `jagiT aRvsil, ve-
ranad qmnil~ saqarTvelos. savalaloa suraTi: samSoblosagan gandgomil
qarTvelobas umweod da unugeSod daugdiaT igi. SvilTa siaviT dawylule-
52 guram baxtaZe

buli, gmobili qveyana, viTa oboli ucxo kalTis qveS Sefarebula.
-`raRa dahbadavs TqvenSi did grZnobas~? svams kiTxvas avtori da man kar-
gad icis rom pasuxi rwmenaSia. ilia kritikulad afasebs eris nihilizmis mwa-
re Sedegs, magram uflis `daniSnuli~ poetis misia umZimesi viTarebidan gamo-
savali gzebis Ziebaa. erTaderTi Zala rac eris sulieri da xorcieli gadarCe-
nis imeds iZleoda isev da isev rwmenaa:
`xolo aqac ki, vrdomilT Sorisa,
RvTis naperwkali zogjera hkrTebis,
qvynis warxdomas guli zogisa,
SeebrZvis da ar emorCilebis;~
rodemde unda iyos xalxi ùimedo, Sewuxebuli~? sadamde SeiZleba
gagrZeldes ùqmisa drtvinviT, gulis wviTa mware cremlis Rvra~?! -manam,
sanam ar irwmunebs `wamebuli samSoblos aRdgenas~. urwmunoebis eWvis da
tanjvis cremli ususurobis niSania. am viTarebaSi vis Seswevs Zala Seewina-
aRmdegos mZime sinamdviles? amdagvari provocireba eris sulieri simtki-
cis aRdgenisaken mimarTuli mowodeba iyo, rasac daefuZna samocianelTa
erovnuli programa: ar SeveguoT sinamdviles, gavaRviZoT minavlebuli
rwmenis naperwkali, aseTi amocana daisaxa TergdaleulTa Taobam.
dasasrul gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom adamiani ilias Semoqmedebis mTavari
sazrunavia. marTalia, ukompromiso brZolas ucxadebs igi adamianSi gamov-
lenil yovelgvar sisustes; samarcxvino boZze akravs `luarsabebs~ da `da-
Tikoebs~. magram sabolood vercerT maTgans ver imetebs da mkiTxvels mia-
niSnebs, rom sikeTisa da rwmenis naperwkali imaT gulebSic `hJolavs~. sa-
Wiroa drouli Segroveba amnaperwklebisa. gavixsenoT momakvdavi daTikosa
da misi mkvlelis _ gabrielis dialogi `glaxis naambobidan~: `gaxsovs ma-
Sin rom gixari: sanTel-sakmeveli Tavis gzas ar dahkargavs-meTqi. -aki arc
dahkarga. -Sen iyav myinvarTan rom gadagvarCine? _ vkiTxe gaocebulma.~
araswori cxovrebis wesebi, siZulvili, SurisZieba, sabolood aqrobs gab-
rielis, pepias, daTikos, kakos, zaqrosa da sxvaTa gulebSi ZlivsRa mJolav
naperwkals. `boroteulTanaTelic Caqreba da aRar ielvebs misi cecxlis
naperwkali~(ZveliaRTqma, iobi, TavimeTvramete).
amrigad, naperwkali erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saxea iliasTan. aseve, ilias
mxatvrul saxe-simboloTa gasaRebi maT sisadavesa da siRrmeSia erTdroulad
saZebari. TiTqos araferia gansakuTrebuli maTSi, magram vlindeba, rom yvela
epoqa Sesabamisad waikiTxavs mas. am wakiTxvas da gaazrebas aRqmis iliaseuli
esTetikuri koncefcia xdis SesaZlebels.
literatura:
kiknaZe 2016: cecxli da burusi qarTuliwignismxardaWerisfondi `mem-

kvidreoba~Tb.;
literaturuli Ziebani~: N-22. 2002 Tb: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ gsdl/cgi-
bin/library.exe?
`naperwklis~ saxe-simbolo ilias SemoqmedebaSi 53

Zveli aRTqma, iobi, TavimeTvramete: http://www/ortodoxy.ge/
tserili/biblia/iobi/iobi-18.htm.
Guram Bakhtadze
The Sparkas a Character-Symbol inIlia Chavchavadze’s Works
In Ilia Chavchavade’s program masterpiece ~The Traveller’s Diaries

(~MgzavrisTserilebi”) a particular attention is paid to character-symbols of the
Glacierand the Tergi.Alongside them there is no less interesting character of the
Spark. In Ilia’s opinion the Spark of faith represents the foundation for future.
The Spark, as a symbol of faith and hope, gives grounds for various discoveries
and explanations. The given paper deals with an artistic and psychological
function of the above mentioned character-symbol in Ilia’s literary heritage.
xaTuna beriZe,
marine giorgaZe
medeas semiotikuri
Targmani
l. ulickaias romanSi
l. ulickaias poststruqturalistur
teqstSi `medea da misi Svilebi~ avtoris in-
tenciis racionaluri gaazrebisaTvis yvela-
ze relevanturia postkoloniuri Teoriis
paradigma, romelsac anTropologia ganmar-
tavs, rogorc erT dros kolonizebuli ere-
bisa da teritoriebisadmi damokidebulebas
da piriqiT, kolonizebulis damokidebule-
bas kolonizatorisadmi. anTropologTa aR-
niSnuli paradigmis garda, empiriuli kvle-
vebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda postkoloni-
uri literaturisa da postkoloniuri Tar-
gmanis / translaciis paradigmebi.
The paper studies the acclaimed novel
~Medea and her Children” by the Russian
writer L. Ulitskaya in the postcolonial context
postkoloniuri literatura, rogorc
literaturuli fenomeni, gacilebiT metia,
vidre mxolod literatura yofili kolo-
niis Sesaxeb, anda mxatvruli teqsti, rome-
lic yofili koloniis moqalaqem dawera.
andre lefevri sakuTar naSromSi `Tar-
gmani, xelaxla wera da mxatvruli saxeliT
manipulireba~ (1992). `gadaweras~ an `xela-
xal weras~ (`reraiTings~) uwodebs movle-
nas, roca erTi kulturis damaxasiaTebeli
mTavari tradiciebi `gadaiTargmneba~ meore-
ze: gadawerilia is, visi identobac Tavad
avtorma damakninebel elferSi warmoaCina.
For some, and this circle includes the soviet
period scholars as well, the concept of colonialism
is equivalent to slave trading
medeas semiotikuri Targmani l. ulickaias romanSi 55

postkoloniuri translaciis paradigma
termini `Targmanis~ rogorc Translation-is definiciisaTvis postko-
lonialuri Targmanis Teoretikosebs sxvadasxva konceptualuri mosazre-
bebi aqvT; terminis metaforuli aqtivizeba da misi gageba individualuria
da damokidebulia avtoris mier Targmanis, rogorc Translation-is definici-
is gaazrebaze. Tumca, Targmanis metaforulobis Sesaxeb Teoretikosebis
Soris arsebobs konsensusic: aristoteles `poetikaSi~ gansazRvrulia,
rom `metafora sagans aniWebs saxelwodebas, romelic sxva raimes ekuTvnis.
transferi, anu saxelTa gadacema-gadanacvleba analogiis safuZvelze xde-
ba, saxeobidan saxeobaze, sagnidan saxeobaze an saxeobidan saganze (rikiori
1978:13; parkeri 1987:36).
gifitcisaTvis Targmani aris sagareo politikis metafora, anu me-
tafora, romelic sagareo politikis aRmniSvnelia, swored ise, rogorc
aristotele ayalibebs sagareo politikis raobas metaforis definiciaSi.
geifitci miiCnevs, rom renesansis ritorikul termini metaforisaTvis
(translatio translatio) stilisturi xerxia, romelic mkafio asaxavs ko-
lonialistur Zalmomreobas, mis mier sakuTari wesrigis damyarebas adgi-
lobriv kulturul `qaosze~, filosofos rikioris mosazrebiT, `metafo-
ra aris is ritorikuli procesi, rodesac diskurss Zaldatanebis saSua-
leba aqvs literaturaze, raTa man arsebuli realobis saxecvlileba (re-
diskripcia, sityvasityviT: `xelaxali aRwera~) moaxdinos~ (1978:7). pos-
tkolinializmis Teoretikosebs ritorikuli procesi da Zaldataneba re-
diskripciis mizniT esmiT rogorc politikuri fenomeni.
Targmanis yvelaze didi metafora Teoretikos homi babas ekuTvnis; es
metafora arc Targmnil teqstebs da arc maT funqciebs ar Seexeba, aramed
kulturis interartikulacias multikulturalizmis liberaluri tra-
diciebis radikalurad gansxvavebuli pirobebiT. baba eTanxmeba valter ben-
jamins, romelic wers, rom kulturis yvela forma garkveulwilad kav-
SirSia, radgan kultura aris signifikatoruli, anu simboluri aqtivoba.
misTvis kulturis artikulacia SesaZlebelia ara Sinaarsobrivi msgavse-
bis gamo (kulturebs eqvivalenturi Tematika ara aqvT) aramed yvela kul-
tura ayalibebs sakuTar simbolos da adgens Tematikas, interpelaciuri
praqtikiT~ (baba 1990:209-10). baba metaforis struqturisagan sesxulobs
cnebas `displacement of liminality~ (sazRvrebs Sorisis adgilmonacvleoba)
rac mas kulturis praqtikisa da prioritetebis gansxvavebulad, Seusaba-
mod formulirebis saSualebas aZlevs.
andre lefevri sakuTar naSromSi `Targmani, xelaxla wera da mxat-
vruli saxeliT manipulireba~ (1992). `gadaweras~ an `xelaxal weras~
(`reraiTings~) uwodebs movlenas, roca erTi kulturis damaxasiaTebeli
mTavari tradiciebi `gadaiTargmneba~ meoreze: gadawerilia is, visi iden-
tobac Tavad avtorma damakninebel elferSi warmoaCina.
56 xaTuna beriZe, marine giorgaZe

postkoloniuri literaturis paradigma
(post)koloniuri situacia ar aris lingvisturi Tu kulturuli in-
teraqciis raime gansakuTrebuli, unikaluri modusi, Tumca, mas aqvs ganmas-
xvavebeli da damaxasiaTebeli Strixi: urTierTobebi kristalizebulia da
aqcentirebulia. bevri iseTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba, sadac ZalTa Tana-
fardoba da Zalauflebis pyroba ar aris ganmsazRvreli elementi, gansa-
kuTrebiT iseT kulturaTa Soris, romlebic metnaklebad `msgavsia~, anu
saerTo aqvT. an ZalTa Tanafardoba mkveTrad da dramatulad gadawonili
arc erT mxares ar aris.
postkoloniuri literatura, rogorc literaturuli fenomeni, gaci-
lebiT metia, vidre mxolod literatura yofili koloniis Sesaxeb, anda
mxatvruli teqsti, romelic yofili koloniis moqalaqem dawera.
mxatvruli Targmani postkoloniuri literaturisa da kulturuli
umciresobis literaturis analogiuria, radgan swored maTsaviT, inter-
kulturuli weris formaa (timoJko, 35).
amdenad, postkoloniuri translaciisa da postkoloniuri litera-
turis paradigmebs axasiaTebT analogiuri niSnebi. garda zemoTCamoTvli-
lisa, maTi kidev erTi saerTo Tvisobrivi niSania miTiuri aluziebi. Tu li-
teraturul teqstSi moxmobilia aluzia iseTi miTidan, romelic kultu-
rul umciresobas ekuTvnis, mas Seexeba, an mis wiaRSia warmoSobili, am
miTs, SesaZloa, iseve dasWirdes ganmartebebis darTva an sqolio, raTa
mkiTxvels miTis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia miewodos, swored ise, ro-
gorc es TargmanSi xdeba saWiro, sadac es miTiuri aluziebi, Cveulebisa-
mebr, ganmartebulia xolme).
`medea da misi Svilebis~ analizi postkoloniur paradigmaSi
ulickaias romani postkoloniurad miCneul literaturaSi, e. saidis
termins Tu visesxebT, kidev erTi orientaluri zRaparia; gansxvavebiT im
rusulenovani literaturisagan, rasac amave paradigmas mivakuTvnebT1 da
rac kavkasiasa da kerZod saqarTvelos Seexeba aRniSnuli teqsti agebulia
miTiur aluziaze.
The novel by Ulistkaya is one more Oriental tale in the stack of the
postcolonial narratives, which implicately or explicately deal with the
Caucasus (Russia’s Orient) and specifically Georgia. In different from the
Russian literature, which we can attribute to the same paradigm, the text by
Ulistskaya develops on the matrix of the mythical allusions.
saanalizo teqstSi sayuradReboa miTiuri medeas kulturuli iden-
tobis translacia da antikuri samyarodan misi migracia avtoriseul su-
bieqtur realobaSi.
Establishing the associative connection with the mythical heroine, the
author transforms Medea into someone who is a remote remiscence of the
anticuity. She is culturally translated and migrated into the modern world created
1
(ix. sanis, s. leitonis, h. remis kvlevebi)

by Ulitskaya, living a life engineered by the author’s vision. The clashes between
the personaly of the mythical Medea, intelligent, beautiful, divine and the
mdabali siZunwe
tradiciuli miTis sivrcidan mTavari personaJi inacvlebs realis-
tur droSi; es migracia mis pirovnebas sasikeTos verafers matebs, piriqiT.
Tu miTologiuri medea siyvarulis gamo uSurvelad gaiRebs oqros saw-
miss, ulickaias medea imdenad Zunwia, rom SeuZlia mSvidad uTxras uari
stumar bavSvs sakvebis damatebaze: `Широта ее натуры забавным образом
сочеталась у нее со скупостью, порции ее всегда были чуть меньше, чем
хотелось бы, но она могла спокойно отказать ребенку в добавке.~
medea, rogorc miTiuri persona, mravali wlis Semdeg, brundeba, ufro
swored, mas avtori abrunebs didi, miTiuri samyarodan Tanamedrove sociu-
mis yofiT realobaSi. romanis saTauri: `medea da misi Svilebi~ mkiTxvelSi
klasikur ZvelberZnul miTTan kognituri asociacias qmnis, riTic masSi
pirvel refleqsias iwvevs.
Medea, as a mythical heroine, returns from the elevated ancient world of
myths to find herself a mediocre woman, kept in the turmoil of the social life. The
title itself: ”Medea and her Children” is an instant cognitive association with the
classical Greek myth, being the first reflexion of a reader.
amdenad, ulickaia saTaurSive axdens medeas kanonikuri miTis implika-
cias: Итак, «читательские ожидания» в данном случае связаны с
древнегреческим мифом о Медее. Однако с первых же страниц романа
становится ясно, что этим «ожиданиям» не суждено сбыться. (babiCi, 133)
`medea da misi Svilebis~ sublimaciuri diskursi

diskursi, rogorc e. saidi miiCnevs, aris regulirebuli sistema, ro-
melSic codnas konkretul sazRvrebSi viyenebT. rasakvirvelia, diskursSi
codnis sazRvrulad gamoyenebis miuxedavad, avtoris avtonomia ganusaz-
Rvrelia, mas SeuZlia gascdes diskursis dadgenil sazRvrebsa da normebs
sakuTar narativSi. an, diskursis sazRvrul paradigmaSi sakuTari, subieq-
turi msoflaRqmis rakursiT warmoaCinos ambavi. bunebrivia, Tu davZenT,
rom subieqtivizmi angaJirebuli damokidebulebis paradigmatuli niSania.
aanalizebs ra angaJirebis cnebas, postkolonializmis Teoria miuTiTebs,
rom yoveli kolonisturi qveynis narativi imTaviTve ideologiurad moti-
virebuli da angaJirebulia: vinaidan kolonizators sWirdeba koloniza-
ciis argumenti, igi diskursis manipulaciiT Txzavs da propagandistuli
praqtikiT cdilobs daamkvidros diqotomia: superiori-inferiori; (mag.:
ganmanaTlebeli _ CamorCenili qveyana, subalterni) imijebis aseTi verti-
kali aris is xelsayreli ideologiuri instrumenti, romelsac koloniza-
tori mimarTavs sakuTari rolis gasamarTleblad. fokos SromebSi aRniS-
nulia, rom Zalaufleba komunikaciis yvela formaSi iWreba, ris gamoc, rea-
lurad ar arsebobs neitraluri an politikisagan Tavisufali dialogi.

ulickaias Txzuleba gvacnobs heliosis SviliSvilis mcire anarekls,
TiTqosda gakeTilSobilebuls, tolerants, rogorc miTosuri avbediTi ar-
sebis keTilSobil antipods. ulickaia miTiuri medeasagan distancirebuli
subalternis imijs qmnis da swored amiT cxadyofs, rom maT pozicias iziarebs,
vinc miTiuri arsis àdamianuri Tvisebebis~ planSi gaazrebas cdilobs. miTiu-
ri arsebis genderuli markireba `qalad~ i. babiCis naSromSic gvxvdeba: `Это,
по-сути, анти-Медея, какой может стать любая женщина, живущая в Высшей
воле, а не в своеволии, как мифологическая Медея~ (135).
aseTad xedavs ulickaseul medeas mkvlevari da swored amitom ganic-
dis miTosuri medea identobis translacias, ganZarcvas da ulickaiaseul,
naxevrad kolx medeaSi gardasaxvas. medea, romlis arsic miTiur samyaros
ekuTvnis, avtoris cnobierebaSi sublimirebulia rigiT mokvdavad. sazoga-
dod, medeas fenomenis Secnobis araerTi mosurnis msjeloba niSandebulia
medeas sublimaciis mcdelobiT: rogorc wesi, Semfaseblebs aqvT winaswar
Camoyalibebuli genderuli ganwyoba medeasadmi: medea maTTvis qalia. wesi-
samebr, medeas genderuli Semfaseblebis msjeloba, maTive Tvalsawieris
farglebSi, medeas miTiur arss anacvlebs miwierSi, vinaidan medeaze msje-
loba am rakursSi ufro eadvilebaT. aseTi narativis invariantebia: samSob-
los moRalate qali, grZneuli, jadoqari (da ara, vTqvaT, mkurnali), qali,
romelmac uRalata (naklebi aqcentiT im faqtorze, rom masac uRalates),
Svilebis mkvleli da SurismaZiebeli (aq medeas `qomagebi~ evripides xuT
talantad mosyidvis ambavsac ixseneben) bunebrivia, medeaze am paradigmaSi
msjeloba gulubryvilobis tolfasia. miTiuri samyaros xdomilebebisa da
personaliebis analizisas Cven ver gadavinacvlebT miTiur samyaroSi, xolo
miTis personaJTa Cveneul samyaroSi gadmonacvlebiT maT vwyvetT sakuTar
konteqsts da maT mier `Cadenili~ yoveli qmedebis Cveneuli codniT aRqmasa
da dogmaturi sazomebiT gaazrebas vcdilobT. es erTerTi qaosia medeasTan
mimarTebaSi da zogadad miTTan mimarTebaSi. adamianur-miwieri axsnis Ziebi-
sas, gvaviwydeba, rom Cven, miTidan, rogorc erTi ganzomilebidan, personaJ-
Ta migracias vaxdenT meoreSi, anu realurSi da am procesSi Zaladobrivad
vcdilobT irealuris Sefasebas realisturi kriteriumebiT.
braundi (gv 33) miuTiTebs: `...Zveli samyaro Tavisi miTebis racionali-
zacias amjobinebda. dikearqosi am midgomas mokled ase ayalibebs: `gonivru-
li gansjiT zRaprulisaTvis zedmetobis mocilebis Sedegad misi mniSvne-
loba bunebrivamde daiyvaneba~. oqros sawmisis racionaluri axsnis mcde-
lobebi iseTive mravalferovania, rogorc aradamajerebeli da ukiduresad
gaubraloebuli.~ (34 braundi).
deridas terminebs Tu visesxebT, ulickaia axdens dublikacias da di-
feranss, anu erTerTi medea, rogorc dublirebuli, xdeba ùcxo~: `Все в
героини Улицкой – полная противоположность древнегреческой Медеи~.

(Ю. В. Бабич, 1332)
ramdenad aris avtoris cnobierebaSi medea sublimirebuli rigiT mok-
vdavad imave mizezebiT, ra mizezebiTac dRemde cdilobdnen medeas gamiwie-
rebas misi genderulad angaJirebuli kritikosebi? amis garkveva SeiZleba
invariantebis SepirispirebiTi SeswavliT, ulickaisTan ki sublimacias ga-
nicdis yvela invarianti. paradoqsuli diqotomiebiT TamaSSi avtoriseuli
intencia medeas warmoSobiT manipulirebaa: darRveulia sivrcis qronoto-
pi: Tu miTosuri kolxi medeasaTvis saberZneTi is qveyanaa, romelmac yve-
laferi waarTva, avtoris ironiiT, is medeas samSoblod iqca:
I diqotomia:
samSoblos moRalate qali _ samSoblodanaa migrirebuli;
damakninebeli konotaciebis Semcveli leqsikiTaa medea daxasiaTebu-
li, rogorc yirimis adgilobrivi peizaJis nawili:
`Для местных жителей Медея Мендес давно уже была частью
пейзажа. Если не сидела она в белой раме регистратурного окна, то
непременно маячила ее темная фигура либо в Восточных холмах, либо на
каменистых склонах гор к западу от Поселка~.
romaniseul medeas kanonikur miTTan Rrma kavSirs avtori aluziebiT
amyarebs:
`Таврические греки, ровесники Медеи, либо вымерли, либо были
выселены, а она осталась в Крыму, как сама считала, по Божьей милости,
но отчасти благодаря своей вдовьей испанской фамилии, которую
унаследовала от покойного мужа, веселого еврея-дантиста, человека с
мелкими, но заметными недостатками и большими, но глубоко скрытыми
достоинствами~.
miTis mixedviT, tavrebis mefe persevsi, aietis Zma gaxldaT, amdenad,
qronotopi `Таврические~ _ kidev erTi aluziaa romanis medeas miTosur
medeasTan:
`kolxebs SeuZliaT Tavis mowoneba miTiuri kavSirebiT, romlebic
mTel SavizRvispireTs moicavda. CrdiloeTiT, rogorc ambobdnen, kirke co-
lad gahyva sarmatTa mefes....yirimSi aietis Zma persevsi tavrebis3 mefe iyo.
iTvleboda, rom qalaqi pantikapeoni aietis Zem daaarsa. amaze udavod iyo
2
http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-
bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&S21STN=1
&S21REF=10&S21FMT=fullwebr&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0
&S21P03=A=&S21COLORTERMS=1&S21STR=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B
8%D1%87%20%D0%AE$
ПІВДЕННИЙ АРХІВ PIVDENNIY ARKHIV (Збірник наукових праць.
Філологічні науки)
(Collected papers on Philology) Випуск L Херсон 2011 Видавництво ХДУ
3
Taurus _ xari, _ iasonis mier uRelSi Sebmuli cecxlismfqveveli xarebi, rom-
lebic erTerTi miTis Tanaxmad tavrisis qersonesosidan iyvnen da sawmisis mcvele-
bad iTvlebodnen.

moTxrobili amJamad dakargul farTo komentarSi, romelic bosforisa da
kolxeTis mefeTa warmomavlobasa da saqmeebis Sesaxeb iyo dawerili pompe-
us trogusis mier. (gv. 48, saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi, kolxeTisa da amier-
kavkasiis iberiis istoria Zv. w. 550 ax. w. 562 wlebi, devid braundi).
sarkazmiT savse tonalobiTaa daxasiaTebuli medeas ebraeli meuRlec:
rogorc avtori wers, misi Rirsebebi Rrmadaa dafaruli (adamianisaTvis Se-
umCnevelia) xolo wvrilmani naklovanebebi TvalSi gvxvdeba...
II diqotomia:
kolxeTis mefis aietis asuli _ skandaluri baTumeli qalis qorwi-
nebamde ukanonod Casaxuli Svili: `А может быть, многоплодие его сына
шло от тощей рыжей невестки Матильды, привезенной им из Батума,
вошедшей в дом скандально непорожней~.
amerikeli mkvlevari m. Caildsi yuradRebas amaxvilebs medeas qarTve-
li dedis daxasiaTebaze: ‘Further, Medea’s Georgian mother is described as
kind, but unworldly and close-minded’ (M. Childes, 2012) 4 am diqotomias ki-
dev ufro aRrmavebs matildas portretis iseTi Strixebi, rogoricaa gu-
lubryvilo da gonebaSezRuduli;
sagulisxmoa, rom romanSi erT antiqarTul arasaxarbielo Strixs me-
ore emateba: erovnebiT qarTveli sofias qarTvel Svilebs ulickaia gonje-
bad xatavs. dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli gaixsenebs, rom es uSno gogonebi baTu-
melebia, medeas dedis dis, qarTveli sofias qaliSvilebi: `образовавшийся
со временем из розничной торговли восточными сладостями, в частности
пахлавой, тесто для которой так ловко растягивали ее проворные
некрасивые дочери~.
ra RirsebebiT SeiZleba gamoirCeva ulickaias mxatvruli teqsti? mi-
Tiuri medeas ambavs ramdenime Tema kravs, iseTi cnebebis urTierTdapiris-
pirebiT, rogoric siyvaruli, siZulvili, erTguleba, Ralati da tragedia.
ulickaiam ki Seqmna miTiuri personaJebis subkulturul-mikrokoloniu-
ri panTeoni. misi fsevdo-globalisturi paTosis myife SreebSi, miTiuri
vnebebis sapirispirod, mkafiod ismis eqs-kolonizatoris xma da warmodge-
nilia miTis parodireba.
III diqotomia:
samefo guluxvoba _ mdabali siZunwe
tradiciuli miTis sivrcidan mTavari personaJi inacvlebs realis-
tur droSi; es migracia mis pirovnebas sasikeTos verafers matebs, piriqiT.
Tu miTologiuri medea siyvarulis gamo uSurvelad gaiRebs oqros saw-
miss, ulickaias medea imdenad Zunwia, rom SeuZlia mSvidad uTxras uari
stumar bavSvs sakvebis damatebaze: `Широта ее натуры забавным образом
4
Classical Allusions and Imperial Desire: Problems of Identity in Georgian and Russian
Literature, University of Washington, Mary Evelynne Childs, 2012

сочеталась у нее со скупостью, порции ее всегда были чуть меньше, чем
хотелось бы, но она могла спокойно отказать ребенку в добавке.~
IV diqotomia:
kolxeTi axalgazrda, ulamazesi mefis asuli _ usaxuri, xandazmu-
li qali
ulickaia wers: `Когда она в белом хирургическом халате с застежкой
сзади сидела в крашеной раме регистрационного окна поселковой
больнички, то выглядела словно какой-то неизвестный портрет Гойи~.
medea ar aris warmoSobiT espaneli, is espanur gvars `mendess~ ata-
rebs, magram gvari meuRlisaa. amdenad, ra asociaciuri jaWvi SeiZleba gaC-
ndes mkiTxvelis gonebaSi? dafiqrdes medeas warmomavlobaze da gaixsenos,
rom igi espaneli ar aris da amdenad nakleb savaraudoa, aragoneli mxat-
vris STagoneba gamxdariyo.... es asociacia, uneblieT, goias, Semoqmedebidan
`qalis~, `qalbatonis `Portrait of Doña Isabel de Porcel -is ulamazes por-
tretebs amoativtivebs da paradoqsul-odiozur kontrasts qmnis medeas
portretis ulickaiseul StrixebTan: `морщинистую шею~, `ясно-
коричневыми и сухими, и темная кожа лица тоже была в мелких сухих
складках~ .
ulickaiasaTvis goias naxatTan medeas mimsgavseba sxva araferia, Tu
ara konfliqti konstatirebulsa da implicirebuls Soris; konstatire-
bulia medeas garegnuli iersaxe _ silamaze da misi msgavseba goias por-
tretTan, mag.: выглядела словно какой-то неизвестный портрет Гойи. xolo
implicirebuli reprezentacia iqmneba medeas garegnuli iersaxis Semdgomi
daxasiaTebisas: kerZod, avtori medeas saxes adarebs lamazi `cxenis si-
faTs~: Ее лицо напоминало красивую лошадиную морду. unda aRiniSnos,
rom zoosemiotikis Sinaarsobrivi gageba Tavsebadia mxolod erovnul-
kulturuli sistemis SigniT arsebul maT Tvisobriv gagebasTan. qarTul,
frangul, amerikul zoosemiotikur sistemaSi cxenis saxe ar aris gaigive-
buli silamazesTan. xolo TviT rusul sityvas _ мордa uaryofiTi kono-
tacia aqvs: Sdr.: neitraluri konotaciis leqsikuri erTeuli лицо. Tu
Tavdapirvelad mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi medea asocirdeba goias mxatvrul
tiloebTan, es xati momdevno pasaJSi ingreva da medeas garegnobis parodias
viRebT. medeas, rogorc usaxuri qalis reprezentacia implicirebulidan
konstatirebulSi inacvlebs: В отрочестве она много страдала от своей
внешности: рыжие волосы, чрезмерный рост и чрезмерный рот; она
стеснялась больших рук и мужского размера обуви, который носила.
romanis avtori diqotomiebs agebs ori gziT: igi an parodirebas mimar-
Tavs, an paradoqss efuZneba da romanis personaJi miTiuri personaJisagan
sruliad sapirispirodaa niSandebuli, magaliTad, miTiuri medeas silama-
ze da miwieri medeas usaxuri xatis reprezentacia.

V diqotomia:
miTiuri SurismaZiebeli _ ùcxo~ qvrivi
romanSi avtori Savis, rogorc glovis simbolikas, aigivebs samosTan, ro-
melic SeiZleba moixdino, an gixdebodes da amitom ataro, riTic iribadaa mi-
niSnebuli glovis gaufasureba, an medeas TvalTmaqcuri, yalbi erTguleba
tradiciisadmi: `Овдовела она давно и больше не выходила замуж, храня
верность образу вдовы в черных одеждах, который очень ей пришелся~.
ulickaias medeas samgloviaro Tavsaburic àrarusulad~ (`не по-
русски~) axuravs: `Черная шаль не по-русски и не по-деревенски обвивала
ей голову и была завязана двумя длинными узлами, один из которых
плоско лежал на правом виске~. literaturul teqstSi medeas ucxo war-
momavloba araerTxelaa sagangebod aRniSnuli, rac romanis stils, mxat-
vrulobasa da miT ufro informaciul mxares arafers matebs; medeas, ro-
gorc ùcxos~ xazgasmiT avtori sakuTari ideologiuri mizanmimarTebis
damkvidrebas cdilobs.
kritikosebi sul ufro meti yuradRebiT ekidebian ideologiis ze-
gavlenas literaturis Seqmnasa da auditoriis mier mis miRebaze. multiva-
lentur enas da polisemantur komunikacias subversiuli zemoqmedebis
unari aqvT. aseTi komunikacia ganapirobebs, rogorc cnobilia, kulturu-
li stereotipebis Camoyalibeba-damkvidrebas. postkoloniuri literatu-
risa da postkoloniuri Targmanis / translaciis paradigmebis mkvlevrebi
aRniSnaven, rom kolonizatorisaTvis kolonizebuli warmoadgens ùcxos~.
gifitcisaTvis ùcxos~ cneba asocirdeboda amerikul sazogadoebaSi indi-
elebis, meqsikelebis, ebraelebisa da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis yofasTan,
radgan isini jiutad cdilobdnen im ZirZveli tradiciebisa da Cvevebis Se-
narCunebas, rac Zveli samSoblodan mohyvebodaT; maTgan gansxvavebiT, e.w.
`meinstrimi~, anu TeTri da Savkaniani amerikelebi integracionalistur fi-
losofias iziarebdnen. xolo s. leitonisaTvis, h. remisa da s. jounsisaT-
vis saqarTveloa ruseTis orienti. leitoni wers, da uxvadac mohyavs empi-
riuli masala, rom Tu evropisaTvis azia iyo orientaluri, ucxo samyaro,
ruseTma kavkasia aRiqva sakuTar orientalur teritoriad...
termini ùcxo~ iqca zogadad aracivilizebulisa da orientaluri
samyaros warmomadgenlis aRmniSvnelad; cxadia, ùcxos~ es konceptualu-
ri gageba imperiuli suliskveTebiT daamkvidres: ùcxo~ aris is inferio-
ri, romelzec superioris kulturis, ganaTlebisa da politikis eqspansia
unda moxdes, xolo aseTi eqspansiis gasamarTleblad ùcxooba~ (otherness)
mza argumentia.
VI diqotomia:
medea mkurnali da grZneuli _ medea eSmakTan wilnayari:
ulickaias Txroba medeas Sesaxeb qmnis niSanTa (da ara simboloTa) uw-
yvet asociaciaTa vels antikur miTTan: sityva medicinis etimologias mi-
Tiuri medeas saxelTan mivyavarT, radgan mzis RmerTis, heliosis SviliS-

vils balaxisa Tu Sxamisagan wamlis miReba SeeZlo. medeas (da kirkes),
kolxeTsa da argonavtebTan dakavSirebul yvela miTSi grZneulebis, ja-
dosnobis saidumlos floba, samkurnalo balaxis cnoba da maTgan wamlis
damzadeba xelewifeba:
`kolxeTi gansakuTrebuli safrTxisa da simdidreTa Semcvel qveyna-
daa warmodgenili. am simdidreTagan ki oqros sawmisi mefis umniSvnelovane-
si kuTvnilebaa, aq magia zeimobs. es miwa Zvirfasia hekatesaTvis, romelic
zogjer aietis Tanamecxedred gvevlineba. amave dros, es aris aietis mamis,
heliosis samSoblo. amrigad, es mzis qveyanac iyo da mTvarisac. am SesaniSnav
qveyanaSi medeasa da kirkesnairebs ucxo magiuri mcenareebis, maT Soris pro-
meTes sisxlidan amozrdili balaxis Segroveba da maTi amoqmedeba SeeZloT.
kolxeTis saxeli magiis, gansakuTrebiT ki jadoqrobis asociacias iwvevda,
upiratesad _ aietis ojaxis mimarT, rom isini jadosnobas misdevdnen da
ara marto medea da kirke, aramed TviT hekatec. es Zirxvneulobis Semgrove-
beli qveyana iyo: jadosnoba kidev erTi saerTo niSan-Tviseba iyo, rac kol-
xeTs egviptesTan akavSirebda~. (gv. 31, braundi).
amdenad, medeasTan mimarTebiT arc erTi miTi ar miuTiTebs mis satanuro-
baze. romanSi ki medeas araamqveyniuri, miTiuri warmomavloba miniSnebulia
drois ganzomilebisa da aRqmis speqtrSi: ulickaias nawarmoebSi arsebobs me-
deas dro, da swored igi miuTiTebs araorazrovnad im diqotomiaze, rac avto-
ris intenciiT, miwier medeas ganasxvavebs miTiuri medeasagan. mivyveT romanSi
arsebul ramdenime qronotops:
1. 1906 weli, medea 6 wlisaa _ ulickaias cdilobs romans mistiku-
ri teqstis Janrobrivi elementebi SesZinos. erTerT aseT elementad unda
miviCnioT eqvsi wlis medeas mier kudianis beWdis povna. axla mas miTosur
arsebasTan mxolod saxeli ki aRar aerTianebs, aramed jadoqrobis unaric:
`начиная от первого июля девятьсот шестого года, когда маленькой
девочкой посреди заброшенной дороги возле Ак-Мечети она обнаружила
ведьмино кольцо из девятнадцати некрупных, совершенно одинаковых по
размеру грибов с бледновато-зелеными шляпками, местной разновидности
белого~.
2. 1916 wels medea 16 wlisaa _ Teqvsmeti wlis medeas dabadebis dRe-
ze zRvam aqvamarinis Tvliani beWedi `saCuqrad~ gamouriya: simboluri dat-
virTva aqvs zRvis mier oqros beWdis gamoriyvasac, rogorc avtori wers:
`Венцом же ее находок, не имеющих пищевой ценности, был плоский
золотой перстень с помутившимся аквамарином, выброшенный к ее ногам
утихающим после шторма морем на маленьком пляже возле Коктебеля
двадцатого августа шестнадцатого года, в день ее шестнадцатилетия~.
medea beWeds mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi atarebs, magram es dro misTvis
imdenad mcire monakveTs warmoadgens, rom beWedi TiTidan ar mouxsnia:
Кольцо это носила она и по сей день, оно глубоко вросло в палец и
лет тридцать уже и не снималось.
3. 26 wlis medea 1926 wels _ medea sizmrad xedavs sam arsebas: mamas

da dedas da samiode wlis `vardisferTavian~ gogonas:
`На этом самом месте, в тени дикой оливы, посаженной над могилой
Харлампия, в двадцать шестом году, в октябрьские дни, задремав среди
дня на лавочке, Медея увидела троих: Матильду в нимбе рыжих волос, не
собранных в пучок, как при жизни, а празднично стоявших над ее головой,
с голенькой розовоголовой девочкой на руках, но не новорожденной, а
почему-то трехлетней, и отца, седоволосого, с совершенно белой бородой и
выглядевшего гораздо старше, чем помнила его Медея~.
miwieri medeas reprezentaciisaTvis avtori irCevs cifr èqvss~, ro-
melic medeas cxovrebis yvela mniSvnelovani movlenis qronotopia da rome-
lic romanis qargas idumali miniSnebasaviT mihyveba. kidev erTi magaliTia
drois momdevno qronotopi:
`Своими подошвами она чувствовала благосклонность здешних мест,
ни на какие другие края не променяла бы этой приходящей в упадок земли
и выезжала из Крыма за всю свою жизнь дважды, в общей сложности на
шесть недель~.
eqvsis, rogorc drois dispersirebuli qronotopis recefcia mkiT-
xvelis cnobierebas `mimarTavs~ miTosuri medeas am cifrTan identifici-
rebis, satanurTan asocirebisa da parodirebis mizniT.
VII diqotomia:
vnebaTaRelvis simbolo _ vnebebisagan daclili moxuci.
Tu miTiuri medea vnebaTaRelvis simboloa, miwieri medea vnebagamoc-
lili arsebaa. igi siyvarulisa da Svilierebis unars moklebulia. es aris
sterilizebuli medea:
miwieri medeas portretis paradoqsul-parodirebuli reprezentaci-
is kidev erTi nimuSia ulickaias medeas kmayofileba im ambiT, rom Tavad vne-
biani siyvarulis stiqiisadmi sruliad brma iyo:
`Медея не знала, что Бутонов уже уехал, и с огорчением думала, что
опять ей придется видеть чужие ночные дела, свидания, обманы.— Как
хорошо, что сама я была совершенно слепа к этой стихии, когда это
касалось меня. И тридцать лет прошло уже, слава Богу, с того лета~…
avtorma gverdi ver auara miTiuri iasonis Ralatis Temasac: avtori
sakuTar interteqstur narativSi droisa da sivrcis qronotopebis gada-
nacvlebis xerxs iyenebs, riTac ironiis efeqts qmnis, miTiuri tragizmis
eqo droSi gadmoinacvlebs da medeas daqvrivebis Semdeg wamoeweva: Ralati
gacilebiT mdabali da Seuracxmyofelia: miwieri medea gardacvlili meuR-
lisa da sakuTari dis romanisa da maTi saerTo Svilis Sesaxeb mxolod
post faqtum Seityobs. ulickaseuli amorfuli, ususuri medea miTiuri,
sastiki SurisZiebiT saxelganTqmuli medeas ironiuli diqotomiaa. Tu miT-
Si iasonis Ralats medea SurisZiebiT upasuxebs, mamxilebeli werilis wa-
kiTxvis Semdeg, medeas iqamde ucnobi kaeSani Semoawveba:
`Медея читала письмо стоя, очень медленно, прочла дважды. Потом села

в кресло. Неведомая никогда душевная тьма накатилась на нее~.
avtoris nebiT, medea miTiuri samyarodan migrirebulia postkoloni-
ur droSi, romelSic igi prototipuli gmiris usaxuri subalternia; mede-
as istoria xelaxla gadawerilia, identoba dakargulia, miTiuri samoseli
SemoZarcvulia da ironiuli implikaciebis samizned qceulia.
ulickaias romanSi srulidan dakargulia miTis poetika, sanacvlod
ki postkoloniuri ritorika ismis: rogorc baxtini wers, polemika, pa-
rodia da ironia Cveulebriv klasificirebulia swored rogorc ritori-
kis komponenti da araviTar SemTxvevaSi rogorc poetikis, warmoadgens ra
dialoguri stilis yvelaze maxvil, markirebul manifestacias.
udavoa, rom diqotomiebiT TamaSi ulickaias romanSi gaazrebuli da mi-
zanmimarTulia, Txrobis es meTodi epizoduri da sporadulia, Tumca maTi in-
tegracia sabolood ayalibebs postkolonialuri ritorikis Tavisebur sa-
xes: ironiis esTetikas. erTerTi ironiis esTetikaa diqotomiad ‘sisufTave _
fexisadgili’ kidev erTi SemTxvevad unda miviCnioT: sindisis sisufTave is cne-
baa, romelic asocirebulia fexisadgilTan da mis sisufTavesTan:
`Георгий поднялся на самый верх теткиных угодий, где, как сторожевая
башня, еще покойным Мендесом была водружена деревянная будка уборной,
вошел в нее и, сев без малейшей надобности на отскобленное добела деревянное
сиденье, огляделся. Стояло ведерко с золой, поломанный ковшик при нем,
висела на стене выцветшая картонка с инструкцией по пользованию уборной,
написанная еще Мендесом, со свойственным ему простодушным остроумием.
Заканчивалась она словами: уходя, оглянись, чиста ли твоя совесть~…
ironiis esTetikis erTerTi radikaluri nimuSia samyaros is xedva,

romelsac ulickaia gvTavazobs. ramdenadac diqotomiuri cnebebia fexi-
sadgili da samyaros saukeTeso xedi, imdenad iwvevs mkiTxvelSi protes-
tis grZnobas maTi asocireba: samyaros saukeTeso xedi medeas `sortiri-
dan~ iSleba:
`Среди племянников давно уже было установлено: лучший на свете
вид открывается из Медеиного сортира~.
swored es msoflaRqma aqcevs simulaciad ulickaias `tolerantul~
Rirebulebebs da amZafrebs SegrZnebas, rom mTeli romani mkiTxvelis cnobi-
erebasTan TamaSia, sadac miTisa da Zveli aRTqmis diqotomiasac ki vxvde-
biT: argonavtebis miTis siuJetSi moulodnelad SemoWrilia ulickaias
kidev erTi aluzia Zveli aRTqmidan: kalaTaSi Cawvenili da mdinares mice-
muli moses povna faraonis asulis mier:
«В корзине выплыло дитя, без имени, в песке прибрежном лежит, и,
белые одежды надевши, фараона дочь спешит судьбе его помочь~.
miTisa da Zveli aRTqmis diqotomia, romelsac avtori gvTavazobs, re-
ligiis deklasifikacia da religiis miTis prizmaSi ganxilvis precedentia.
uamravi reminescenciuri epizodis gamo, Tavad nawarmoebs SeiZleba Tavidan
bolomde precedentuli teqsti ewodos. nawarmoebSi kidev ufro mZafrdeba

paradoqsul asociaciaTa Widili, xdeba miTisa da religiis urTierTaRreva
da zRvrebis waSla _ zRvrebisa, romelic arsebobs erTi mxriv, religias,
rogorc moralis mqadagebel, konceptualur-filosofiur ganzomilebasa
da meore mxriv, miTosur kosmogoniasa da panTeizms Soris; religiaca da
miTic liminalur sivrceSi inacvlebs, qreba maTi gansxvavebuli TavisTava-
doba, iqmneba alternatiuli xedva, gaurkveveli kulturuli faseulobebi-
Ta da literaturuli RirebulebiT:
`Попалась рыбка на уду, по берегу хвостом забила, я все забыла, все
забыла, я имя вспомнить не могу, и я на этом берегу песок сквозь пальцы
просыпаю, под жарким солнцем засыпаю и, просыпаясь, снова жду. Чего я
жду, сама не знаю».
TamaSis dekodireba arcTu rTulia: saWiroa mxolod kodirebuli, me-
talingvisturi informaciis analizi, riTic romanis lingvisturi infor-
maciisTvis sapirispiro, paradoqsul konceptebsa da xatebs miviRebT, sadac
mSvenieri maxinjia, grZneuli _ sataniseuli, siyvarulisTvis Tavganwiru-
li qmedeba _ ususurebiT aris Canacvlebuli; mefuri siuxve _ mdabali
siZunwiT. ase lagdeba Tanmimdevrulad is diqotomiebi, romelTa fasadze
warmoCenili avtoris Rirebulebebi sagangebod SeTxzuli cru miTi da
sublimaciis simulaciaa. erTaderTi, rac simulirebuli ar aris, esaa evri-
pides tragediis centraluri xazi _ ucxoeli (barbarosi _ naxevrad
barbarosi) coli, romelsac uRalates.
rogor SegviZlia wavikiTxoT `medea da misi Svilebi?~ romanSi dekon-
struirebulia miTi, simulirebulia medeas sublimacia: romanis epilogSi
ulickaia wers, rom medeas STamomavlebis mravaleTnikuri ojaxi, sabWoTa
epoqis Semdeg, eqspansiis gezs dasavleTiT iRebs, da rom maTi genealogiuri
xe kide ufro daitota. avtori saubrobs aramxolod eTnikur, aramed ra-
sobriv gamravalferovnebaze. romanis zedapiruli analizisas, swored to-
lerantis es simulirebuli sublimacia uqmnis araerT mkvlevars im STa-
beWdilebas da saerTaSoriso aRiarebas sZens avtors, TiTqosda ulickaias
mkiTxvelisaTvis marTlac waredginos miTiuri, barbarosi, grZneuli da
RalatTan gaigivebuli medeas nacvlad, mravaleTnikurobis Semwynareblis
SaravandediT mosili, keTilSobili arseba: r. mafi im motiviT akritikebs
q. edlems5, rom man sakuTar filologiur SromaSi Tanamedrove rus mweral
qalTa Sesaxeb ulickaias romani `gamotova~, ar gaiTvaliswina ra, rom mi-
si romani ojaxs, feminizms, dedobasa da qalsa da mamakacs Soris urTier-
Tobis traqtatia (Rebecca A. Muff, 2008:47):
Ìn her work, Adlam has also ignored the novels Medea and Her Children
(1996), which one might certainly consider a full-length treatise on family,
5
qerol edlemi (Carol Adlam) eqseteris universitetis rusuli enis leqtoria,
1996 w. Sesrulebuli misi sadisertacio naSromia Contemporary Russian women
writers, misive avtorobiT gamoica 2005 w. `qalebi rusul literaturaSi glasnostis Semdeg
(Women in Russian Literature after Glasnost. London: Legenda, 2005).

femininity, motherhood, and male-female relations~.
ramdenadac ulickaias romani dekonstruirebis principiT Seiqmna, xolo
Tavad es principi parodirebas emyareba, rasakvirvelia, romanis metalingvis-
turi funqciis dekodirebis gasaRebic swored aq devs: postmodernistma av-
torma masSi miTis sakuTari, parodirebuli interpretacia SemogvTavaza da ara
raime `traqtati~. tolerantobis parodireba ki axdens avtoris, rogorc Sem-
wynareblobis mqadageblis niRbis destruqcias.
ulickaias romanis postkoloniuri ritorika.
tolerantobis parodirebisadmi kritikul ganwyobas warmoSobs is,
rom sagrZnobi xdeba Tavad avtoris Rrma ironia medeas ojaxis mravaleTni-
kurobisadmi. rasakvirvelia, avtori Tavisufalia sakuTari kredo im Suq-
CrdilSi warmoaCinos, romelSic faruli darCeba misi arsi; Tumca, sinanu-
lis, nostalgiis, sevdanarevi Txrobis substratSi aRreuli xma mainc gas-
cems mas: naratori gviambobs, rom mas da mis meuRles, momaval zafxuls sa-
Tanado Tanxis Segroveba da SviliSvilis wayvana surT medeas biZis, gior-
gis ojaxSi. SviliSvilis, romelic warmoSobiT `haiteli, Savi amerikelis
rZlisgan~ hyavT:
Мой муж мечтает, что в будущем году, если будут деньги, мы
привезем сюда нашу маленькую внучку, родившуюся от нашей старшей
невестки, черной американки родом с Гаити.
SeuZlebelia ar SevniSnoT, raoden sagangebod aris xazgasmuli rasis
aRmniSvneli kanis feri. Cndeba kiTxva: ramdenad neitraluria rasobrivi
identobis amgvari specifikacia? ramdenad antirasistulia es aqcenti, yu-
radRebis es gamaxvileba kanis ferze da ùcxos~ reprezentacia? _ fraza
`от черной американки~ xom rasistulad markirebuli lingvistikuri
presupoziciaa. romanis zeda plastze `ganfenili~ fsevdotolerantuli
paTosi, TviT kanis ferebis `damateba~, rCeba romanis fasadur Rirebulebe-
bad, Tumca Txroba imgvaradaa konstruirebuli, rom morgebulia dasavlu-
ri sociumis koleqtiur warmosaxvas am RirebulebaTa Sesaxeb...
ulickaias romanSi derogaciuli signifikantebis siWarbe igrZnoba;
isini, romanis mTels matricazea mimofantuli, Tumca, erT mTlian, koloni-
ur kompoziciaSi aerTianebs qalaqebs, qveynebs, erebs, calkeul personaJeb-
sa da maT identobas.
ganvixiloT derogaciulad significirebuli qronotopebi:
(1) Бутонов пожаловался, что назавтра ему надо ехать в дурацкую
поездку — в никому не нужный город Кишинев.
(2) Дальше шел канонический текст «идише маме»: я всю жизнь на тебя
положила, а ты, неблагодарный… этот проклятый Израиль, от него у нас всю
жизнь неприятности… эта проклятая Америка, чтоб она провалилась
derogaciis markerebs: àrafris maqnis kiSiniovsa~ da `wyeul isra-
els~ da `wyeul, dasaqcev amerikas~ Tu ganvazogadebT, cxadia, yovelgvari
narativi avtoris tolerantobis Sesaxeb naCqarevia da nawarmoebis kriti-
kuli gauazreblobisaken migviTiTebs.

amasve aRniSnavs marTebulad amerikeli mkvlevari, m. Caildsi, wers ra,
rom romanSi, bevri uaryofiTi Strixia personaJTa dasaxasiaTeblad, Tumca am
Strixebs avtori moxerxebulad niRbavs, zerele tonalobiT, uaryofiT ambeb-
sac obieqturi mTxrobeliviT gviambobs, magram aseTi detalebi erTmaneTs ema-
teba da araTu ar gvagrZnobinebs sxva eTnosisadmi im dadebiT damokidebulebas,
rac sabWoTa qveynebis xalxTa Soris arsebobda, aramed Cirqs scxebs mas:
`While these negative traits are narrated in a cursory fashion, scattered in
the novel like breezy tidbits of history, they build upon each other, and rather
than creating a sense of positive tolerance for ethnic differences that existed in
pre-Soviet and Soviet Russia, seem to denigrate them~.
medeas deda warmoSobiT baTumidanaa, rac amerikel mkvlevars afiqre-
binebs, rom igi qarTvelia, (citata), magram arc saxeli da arc gvari _ ma-
tilda ciruli _ ar mowmobs mis eTnikur qarTvelobas.
Впрочем, тайны попали в надежные руки и сохранялись, насколько это от
Медеи зависело, довольно тщательно, по крайней мере первая из имеющихся.
Она содержалась в письме, на имя Матильды Цырули, которое было
помечено февралем тысяча восемьсот девяносто второго года.
Tumca, avtors ver davwamebT, rom qarTul-gvar-saxelebSi ver erkveva:

Пришло письмо из Батума, написано оно было на очень плохом
русском языке и подписано грузинским именем Манана. Медея
предполагала, что Манана была женой старшего брата Матильды, которого
звали, кажется, Сидором. Письмо, с выправленной орфографией,
следующее:
«Матильда дорогая подруга, на той неделе еще говорили, что они
утопли, твой Тересий и братья Кармаки. А позавчера в Кобулетах вынесло
его на берег. Узнавали его свидетели Вартанян и Курсуа-фуражка.
Похоронили и Царствие Небесное, больше ничего не могу сказать. Когда
ты сбежала, он стал еще злей, побил дядю Платона, с Никосом всегда
дрался. Тебя Бог отпустил. У меня очень болят ноги. Ту зиму почти не
могла ходить. Исидор мне помогает. Ему будет большая награда. Венчайся
сразу теперь. Любовь мою тебе посылаю и Бог с тобой. Манана».
vinme manana, (rogorc medea varaudobda, matildas ufrosi Zmis meuR-
le), romlis werilic matildasadmi 1892 wliT dauTariRebia avtors, ma-
tildas Sesaxeb samarcxvino faqts aaSkaravebs; mSoblebis gardacvalebis
Semdeg, medea poulobs am werils da da-Zmas umalavs, raTa mSoblis `Rirse-
ba daicvas~:
Медея нашла это письмо спустя несколько лет после смерти
родителей и скрыла его от братьев и сестер.
xolo ramdenime xnis Semdeg, medea, `Tavgadasavlebis moyvarul~ san-
droCkas `pedagogiuri mizniT~ uyveba matildas ambavs, raTa am ukanasknelma
`misi mware sve-bedi ar gaiziaros~:
Когда юная Сандрочка начала свои первые похождения, Медея

рассказала ей эту историю с какой-то смутной педагогической целью. Она
как будто пыталась заклясть Сандрочкину судьбу, предупредить неудачи и
трудный поиск участи, через который, как следовало из этого письма,
прошла их мать Матильда.
Tavad medea, romelmac ar icoda ra iyo Tavdaviwyeba, kaprizi, survi-
lic ki, xanSiSesuli ki dedis qcevas qarafSutobad miiCnevs:
Медея была глубоко убеждена, что легкомыслие приводит к
несчастью, и никак не догадывалась, что легкомыслие с равным успехом
может привести и к счастью, и вообще никуда не привести.
miTiurma medeam pirovnebis sastiki deprivacia ganicada ulickaias
romanSi... portretis mgznebareba, siyvarulis unari da upatiebloba Rala-
tisa _ radgan romans marTlac aqvs ori fena, ori Sre da ori ganzomile-
ba; koreeli siZis arseboba simboloa aRmosavleTiT, amomavali mzis qveyne-
bisken eqspansiis, rac ZiriTadad sabWoTa droSi xdeboda; xolo dasavluri
eqspansia da amerikeli rZali _ es postsabWoTa drois Sexsenebaa. romels
aniWebs upiratesobas Tavad avtori? daskvna albaT misi fsevdo-neitralu-
ri binaruli opoziciiT `warsuli da arawarsuliT~ _ unda gamovitanoT:
Это удивительно приятное чувство — принадлежать к семье Медеи, к
такой большой семье, что всех ее членов даже не знаешь в лицо и они
теряются в перспективе бывшего, небывшего и будущего. `warsulisa da
arawarsulis~ diqotomia xdomilebis droiT aRqmasac avtoriseuli subieq-
tivizmiT aRbeWdavs: misTvis `warsuli~ medeas winaprebis signifikantia,
àrawarsuli~ _ miTosuri droisa, romelic realurad ver daakavSirebs maT
ulickaias medeas STamomavlebTan; rogori interpretaciac ar unda davuZeb-
noT reprezentirebul diqotomias, aRreulia ararealuri da realuri dro-
ebi, miTosuri da postmiTosuri personaJebi da maTi prototipebi, postko-
lonialuria diskursi, romelSic medeas, rogorc kolxi miTiuri personaJis
qarTvelTa Sesaxeb da parodirebulia dasavluri faseulobebi.
dabolos, ulickaias romanSi ismis eqo puSkinis `baxCisarais Sadrev-
nidan~, poemidan, romelic mogviTxrobs qarTveli zaremas tragikuli mig-
raciaze haremSi... gvaxsenebs Tu ara baxCisarais baRis aluzia im pirvel li-
teraturul teqsts, romelSic qarTveli qali ideologiurad koloniza-
torul SuqCrdilSia warmoCenili?
`Помнишь ли, Еленочка, каков был Восточный Крым при татарах! А
Внутренний! Какие в Бахчисарае были сады, а сейчас по дороге в
Бахчисарай ни деревца, все свели, все уничтожили~.
cnobili naSromis: `rusuli literatura da imperia~ avtori, ingli-
seli mecnieri s. leitoni wers:
`saqarTvelos aziad qcevis kidev erTi meTodi iyo qarTveli qalis
amogleja misi Tanamedrove socialuri konteqstidan da misi gadayvana uc-
xo miwaze, haremSi, islamur warsulSi. amis yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSia za-
rema, xan gireis haremidan, romelsac puSkinis yirimuli poemis, `baxCisara-

is Sadrevani~ (leitoni, 196: 1994)6
msgavsad leitonis mier gaanalizebuli personaJebisa, romelTac mkvle-
vari ùuflebod da Seuracxyofilebad~ (leitoni, 197:1994) miiCnevs,
ulickaias postkoloniur narativSic, miTosuri samyarodan amoglejili da
avtoris simulaciaSi migrirebuli medeac uuflebo da parodirebulia.
daskvna:
literatura asaxavda da asaxavs ideologiur kolonializms. ulicka-
ias interkulturuli Txzuleba `medea da misi Svilebi~ m. timoJkos ter-
minebs Tu mivmarTavT, ulickaias asimilaciuri kanibalizmis sofistikaciu-
ri formaa (timoJko, 35).
literatura:
Ю. В. Бабич, 133, РЕИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ АНТИЧНОГО МИФА В
СТРУКТУРЕ РОМАНА Л. УЛИЦКОЙ «МЕДЕЯ И ЕЕ ДЕТИ» irbis-
nbuv.gov.ua/.../cgiirbis_64.exe?
Миф как принцип создания художественной реальности в литературном
тексте: на материале романа Л. Улицкой ‘Медея и ее дети’7
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi, kolxeTisa da amierkavkasiis iberiis istoria
Zv. w. 550 ax. w. 562 wlebi) devid braundi).
Classical Allusions and Imperial Desire: Problems of Identity in Georgian and
Russian Literature. Mary Evelynne Childs. A dissertation submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
University of Washington 2012.
CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN WOMEN WRITERS: REJECTING DEFINI-
TION IN LITERARY REBELLION A Senior Honors Thesis by RE-
BECCA A. MUFF, Submitted to the Office of Honors Programs Texas
A&M University In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the UNI-
VERSITY UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH FELLOWS April 2008
SUSAN LAYTON, RUSSIAN LITERATURE AND EMPIRE Conquest of the
Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
PRESS, 1994
6
leitonis citata inglisur enaze: Ànother means of orientalization was to remove the
Georgian woman from her contemporary social context and place her in the Islamic past
or in a harem in another land. The most famous example is Zarema, the concubine of
Khan Girei in Pushkin's Crimean poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai."
7
http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-
bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&S21STN=1
&S21REF=10&S21FMT=fullwebr&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0
&S21P03=A=&S21COLORTERMS=1&S21STR=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B
8%D1%87%20%D0%AE$
ПІВДЕННИЙ АРХІВ PIVDENNIY ARKHIV (Збірник наукових праць.
Філологічні науки) (Collected papers on Philology) Випуск L Херсон 2011
Видавництво ХДУ

Khatuna Beridze
Marine Giorgadze
Medea’s semiotic Translation in L.Ulitskaya’s Novel

“Medea and her Children”
The paper studies the novel by the Russian author L. Ulitskaya through the
postcolonial lens.
The author implicates the canonized myth about Medea in the title of the
novel: ~Medea and her Children”. 8 The title builds an instant cognitive association
with the classical Greek myth, being the first reaction of a reader.
The analysis of the novel focuses how Ulitskaya’s novel introduces a petty
reflection of the granddaughter of Helios and represents an antipode to the
mythical creature. Based on the examination, the paper argues that the novel by
Ulistkaya is one more Oriental tale in the stack of the postcolonial narratives,
which implicitly or explicitly deal with the Caucasus (Russia’s Orient) and
specifically Georgia. In different from the rest of the Russian literature reflecting
Georgia, which we can attribute to the same paradigm, the text by Ulitskaya
develops on the matrix of the mythical allusions. Establishing the associative
connection with the mythical heroine, the author transforms Medea, daughter of
the Colchi king Aiet into Medea Sinoply Mendez, who is a remote reminiscence
of the antiquity. She is culturally translated and migrated into the modern world
created by Ulitskaya, living a life engineered with the author’s vision.
The findings of the study are arranged to show clearly how the novel
constantly clashes the mythical Medea, intelligent, beautiful, divine and the
human Medea, who is mean enough to refuse food to children. This dichotomy
transforms the latter into a far cry of the Medea who comes from the land of the
golden fleece.
The comparative approach to the study of the Russian novel reflects on the
manipulations of the language use, through which Medea, as a mythical heroine,
descends from the elevated ancient world of myths to find herself a mediocre
woman, kept in the turmoil of the social life. Ulitskaya creates a subaltern myth
of the mythical Medea, sharing the approach of those who study her as a human
creature. Ulitskaya then gender-marks Medea as a ‘woman’ and migrates her
from her homeland into Crimea, thus translating her Colchis origin into the
ambiguous one. Medea, the child born to the royal family, is misrepresented as
an illegally born child to a notorious woman from Batumi (Georgia).
8
Медея и ее дети, Улицкая Л.Е, 1996
xaTuna bolqvaZe
kultura da semiotika
termin `kulturas~ mravalricxovani

gansazRvreba gansazRvreba aqvs, Tumca is, ro-
melic arsebobs mecnierebaSi, saSualebas
gvaZlevs, aRvniSnoT mTavari. kultura-es
adamianis arsebiTi daxasiaTebaa, romelic da-
kavSirebulia Tavisi adamianuri TvisebebiT
garemomcveli samyaros mizanmimarTul gar-
daqmnasTan, swored am procesSi iqmneba sagne-
bisa da simboloebis xelovnuri samyro da
aseve kavSiri da urTierToba adamianebs So-
ris. mSobliuri ena mWidrod da mravalmxriv
aris dakavSirebuli sazogadoebaSi adamianis
cxovrebis mraval mxaresTan. es debuleba sa-
marTliania xalxisa da yvela enis mimarT. ada-
mianis cxovrebis mravali aspeqti imiT gani-
sazRvreba, rom is sazogadoebis wevria. amgva-
ri aspeqtebis erToblioba kulturas warmo-
adgens. aRniSnaven, rom kultura aris is, ra-
sac adamiani iTvisebs, rogorc sazogadoebis
wevri. ase danaxuli kultura moicavs adami-
anTa cxovrebisa da qcevis farTo sferos,
romlis aSkarad gamoxatul da umniSvnelova-
nes nawils ena Seadgens (gamyreliZe:2008-
463).kultura aris mravali semiotikuri na-
erTi da erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amaTgan ver-
baluri sistemaa. ena warmoadgens kulturis
iaraRs. bevri mecnieris naSromi, aRniSnul sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Seicavs Teoriul cod-
nas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor inaxeba enaSi kul-
tura, samyaros aRqmis elementebi da rogor
xdeba maTi formireba enaSi komunikaciis pro-
cesSi.sazogadoeba da kultura erTmaneTs gu-
kultura da semiotika 73

lisxmoben. ena SeiZleba ganviTardes mxolod ama Tu im struqturis mqone so-
cialur jgufebSi; amave dros, adamianTa sazogadoebis nebismieri forma, ro-
melic odnav mainc hgavs dRemde cnobil socialur formebs, SeiZleba Senar-
Cunebul iqnes mxolod saerTo enis mqone adamianebs Soris. adamianTa sazoga-
doebaSi qcevis udidesi nawili, is, rac kulturis sferos ganekuTvneba, gada-
icema sazogadod ara imitaciis gziT, aramed enis saSualebiT.
bolo periodSi termini kultura da masTan dakavSirebuli yvela sa-
kiTxi yvelaze ufro aqtualuri gaxda lingvodidaqtikuri naSromebisTvis.
kulturuli fonis mravalferovneba iZulebuls xdis swavlulebsa da me-
Todistebs, dafiqrdnen savsebiT aqtualuri sakiTxebis gadaWraze. kerZod
ki, rogor moaxdinon droze reagireba da efeqturi kulturaTSorisi komu-
nikaciis damyareba? rogor SeZlon sxva kulturis arsis wvdoma ise, rom
amasTanave SeinarCunon da ar daiviwyon TavianTi sakuTari? sxva kulturisa
da enis Seswavlis dros, rogor wamoswion wina planze sakuTari patrio-
tizmi? rogor aRudgnen win diskriminacias da piriqiT, gamoavlinon tole-
rantoba da empaTiuroba? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevarebi da
swavlulebi erTxmad Tanxmdebian, rom wamyvani adgili kulturaTSoris di-
alogs (kulturaTa dialogs) uWiravs.
yovelTvis problemuri iyo is sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia kul-
turis Seswavla iseTive obieqturi principiT, rogoric _ fizikuri sxeu-
lebis. bevri semiotikosi uars ambobs sakuTar sferos mecniereba uwodos, vi-
naidan Tvlis, rom SeuZlebelia mniSvneladi sistemebis Seswavla obieqturo-
bis sruli dacviT. adaminebi mudam dayvelgan mniSvnelobebis ZiebaSi arian.
amaSi maT exmarebaT niSnebis SemuSavebis, gagebis da gamoyenebis unari. niSnebi
exmarebian adaminebs mniSvnelobebiT Seavson is ufskruli, romelic arsebobs
adamianis cnobierebasa da gare samyaros Soris. es adamianebs uqmnis gangrZoba-
dobis, miznisa da cxovrebis azris gancdas. Sesabamisad, niSnebis SemuSaveba-
gamoyenebis unari exmareba maT, efeqturad gaumklavdnen adamianuri yofiere-
bis iseT umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebs, rogorebicaa:mizanSewonili qceva, dageg-
mva, socialuroba da dakomunikacia. kultura am unaris pirdapiri Sedegia.
kultura aris gaziarebuli mniSvnelobebis erToblioba, romelic sistema-
zea dafuZnebuli, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens sxvadasxva saxis niSnis kom-
pleqsur sistemas, romlebic winaswargansazRvradi gziT reprezentaciis
paternebad yalibdebian da rasac adamianebi iyeneben Setyobinebis mosamza-
deblad da erTmaneTSi gasacvlelad. Teoriuli semiotikis mizania, niSne-
bis warmoSobis, bunebis da Tvisebebis Seswavla, raTa gamoikvlios maTi
funqciebi da gamoyenebis gzebi maTi kulturuli konteqstis farglebSi.
semiotikis ZiriTadi mizania iseve, rogorc Caswvdes tvinis unars, Seq-
mnas da gaigos niSnebi, aseve gaigos aqtivoba, romlebsac damiani axorcielebs
am unaris meSveobiT. unars semioziss uwodeben, aqtivobas ki _ reprezen-
tacias. semiozisi neirobiologiuri procesia, romelic safuZvlad udevs
niSnebis Seqmna-gagebas. niSnebSi igulisxmeba yvelaferi, martivi fsiqo-
logiuri signalebidan kompleqsuri simbolizmiT dtvirTul niSnebamde.
74 xaTuna bolqvaZe

reprezentacia aris niSnebis mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba samyaros Seswav-
lis, klasifikaciis da gagebis mizniT.
teqsti yovelTvis iyo da rCeba yvelaze ufro moTxovnad kategoriad
mTel rig mecnierebaSi sakvlevi kuTxiT. teqstis, rogorc lingvisturi
kvlevebis obieqtis, fenomeni sakmaod mravalxrivi da araerTmniSvnelova-
nia. aRniSnuli kategoriis samecniero codnis sxvadasxva veqtorSi inter-
pretaciisasaqcenti yovelTvis keTdeboda misi arsis yvela SesaZlo aspeq-
tze, vinaidan teqsti warmoadgens niSans (rTul enobriv niSans), statikuri
sistemis nawils, dinamikur erTeuls (teqstis Seqmnis, teqstis Seswavlisa
da teqstis aRqmis kuTxiT), komponents, kulturis gamovlinebas, kulTu-
raTSorisi komunikaciis saSualebas, socialur fenomens, disciplinaTSo-
ris obieqts, erT kodirebul da mraval kodirebul sivrces (tare-
va2014:99).teqsti ganixileba, rogorc struqtura-semantikuri, komunika-
ciuri erTeuli, rogorc sistema, Semoqmedeba, rogorc komunikaciur-kog-
nitiuri modeli, rogorc sistema-struqturuli, informaciul-funqcio-
naluri gamovlineba. lingvokulturulogiaSi, teqstis Seswavla tradi-
ciulad xdeba lingvistur mimdonareobebsa da mimarTulebebTan mWidro
urTierTobaSi (tareva2014:100).
magaliTisTvis warmogidgenT koncept oms, romelic sxvadasxva kultu-
raSi sxvadasxva verbaluri niSniTaa warmodgenili. òms~, rogorc koncepts,
sakmaod rTuli struqtura aqvs, is SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc erTi,
makrouniversaluri koncepti da aseve, mikrouniversaliis doneze is Tavis-
TavSi itevs, mcire, sxvadasxva oms, koncepts. mas aseve gaaCnia sxvadasxva tipi,
saxe, strategia, masStabi da a.S. Tavisi istoriidan gamomdinare qarTveli
eris cnobierebasa da qarTuli samyaros enobriv suraTSi TavisTavad SeiWra
da sakuTari mkafio adgili daikava konceptma òmma~. qarTvelma erma yovel-
Tvis icoda sicocxlis fasi, icoda brZola da Tavisuflebisa da samSoblos
dasacavd arasodes erideboda oms.omi qarTvelisTvis vaJkacoba, Tavdadeba,
sicocxlis wyurvilia: `Tavs ar moiklavs qarTveli ara,is SeiZleba brZola-
Si mokvdes...Cven vaJkacoba ZvelTagan mogvsdevs,yvelam gaigos, yvela ico-
des!Cven SeiZleba brZolaSi movkvdeT,magram arc maSin vtovebT sicocxles!~
(lado asaTiani `saqarTveloSi~).
qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi sityva òmi~ Semdegnairadaa
ganmartebuli: 1. SeiaraRebuli brZola saxelmwifoebs Soris ekonomikuri,
an politikuri miznebis misaRwevad; 2. brZola, Setakeba, SeWideba, Cxubi; 3.
Seurigebeli moqmedeba, energiulad galaSqreba visime an risame winaaRmdeg.
lado asaTianTan-~Tavs ar moiklavs qarTveli ara,is SeiZleba brZolaSi
mokvdes...~;omi vaJasTan-àrwivi vnaxe daWrili yvav-yornebs eomeboda,ewada
beCavs adgoma, magram veRara dgeboda~;omi akakisTan-`maS, raRad minda si-
cocxle me, awmyo-gamwarebulsa, Tu visac vetrfi, vinc miyvars, vxedav mas
aoxrebulsa...omi iliasTan-~exlac omia, xolo sisxlis Rvrisa ki ara, of-
lis Rvrisa, omi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, wynari.~
omze saubrisas, dauSvebelia gverdi avuaroT simbolikas, romelic
kultura da semiotika 75

erTgvar xatadac ki SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli, romelic metyvelebs qarTve-
lis vaJkacobasa da Tavdadebaze samSoblos, Tavisi qveynis dasacavad. am sim-
bolikiserT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia `qarTvlis deda~, qarTveli moqan-
dake elguja amaSukelis monumenturi qandakeba TbilisSi. `qarTvlis deda~
aris qarTuli erovnuli xasiaTis simbolo: qandakebas cal xelSi Rvinis
Tasi uWiravs moyvareTaTvis, xolo meoreSi-ki xmali mterTaTvis. aseve
mniSvnelovani niSania wiTeli yayaCo, romelic warmoadgens 2008 wlis ru-
seT-saqarTvelos omis simbolikas.
amrigad, mocemuli magaliTebis mokle mimoxilvis safuZvelze SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, rom koncept òms~ mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs qarTuli samya-
ros enobriv suraTSi da is sxvadasxva enobrivi niSniTaa warmodgenili.
kulturuli klasifikaciebi imdenad Rrmadaa gamjdari adamianebSi, rom
isini gvevlinebian samyarosa da Cvens Soris mediatorebad. niSani irCevs
imas, Tu ra unda davimaxsovroT im usasrulobidan, rac samyaroSi arse-
bobs. Tumca, aseve, Cven vqmniT axal niSnebs, raTa miviRoT axali codna
da movaxdinoT Zveli codnis modifikacia. Cven vibadebiT ukve arsebuli
mniSvneladi sistemis farglebSi, romelic gansazRvravs, imas, Tu rogor
aRviqvamT samyaros.
bibliografia:
aleqseeva Алексеева. И.С, -Текст и перевод. Вопросы теории;///

saerTaSoriso ucxoenovani ganaTleba: Межкультурное иноязычное
образование;
tareva Тарева Е. Г. Коммуникативный подход: в поисках лингводида-
ктических инноваций // Педагогическое образование и наука;
gamyreliZe Tamaz-Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi~;
tician tabiZe-òmis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi~-moskovi, 1915-
http://wikisource.org/wiki/;
ilia WavWavaZe-`ra giTxraT, riT gagaxaroT?~-1887 w. 31 dekemberi-
http://www.orthodoxy.ge/tserilebi/ilia/ra_gitkhrat.htm;
statia `kulturis semiotika~- http://documents.tips/documents/-
5572137c497959fc0b9266b9.html;
76 xaTuna bolqvaZe

Bolqvadze Khatuna
Culture and Semiotics
Culture always used to be the subject of interest for the nations. Many
aspects of human life are determined by the fact that he/she is the member of
society. Combination of such aspects makes a culture. It is admitted that culture
is something adopted by a person as a member of society. Culture is
compounded by different semiotic aspects and language is very important among
them it can be said that language is a weapon of culture. Recently, the term
culture and all the issues related to it became actual for Lingual-didactic studies.
Cultural diversity make scholars and Methodists think about solving the most
problematic aspects in this sphere.
The present article focuses on text as a verbal sign and mirror of a culture.
Text is discussed as structure-semantic, communicative unit, as a system,
cognitive model and informational-functional manifestation. We discuss culture
specific concept ~War” as an example which is presented by different verbal
signs in different cultures. In this article we focus on the place of the culture
specific concept ~War” in Georgian language and culture.
Sign chooses what should we remember from those varies things around us
which we face every day in the world. However, we also create new signs in
order to get new knowledge and modify an old one as well. We are born in a
world with already existing meaning, where all signs have their notion and
exactly the fact determines how we perceive the world.
oTar gogoliSvili
ramdenime saarqivo
dokumenti berZnebis
Sesaxeb baTumis olqSi
berZenTa raodenobrivi zrda aWaraSi
sagrZnoblad daiwyo ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-
1878 wlebis omisa da aWaris saqarTvelos-
Tan dabrunebis Semdeg.
minda sazogadoebas mivawodo oTxi sa-
intereso dokumenti, romelic exeba berZne-
bis cxovrebas baTumSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsa-
niSnavia 1885 wlis baTumis olqis samxedro
gubernatoris werili mTavarmmarTeblis
kancelariisadmi. werilSi vkiTxulobT:
`Tqvens maRalkeTilSobilebas vacnobeb, rom
berZnebis didi jgufi Camovida baTumSi kon-
stantinepolidan, isini cxovroben amJamad
Ria cis qveS. mxolod ramdenime ojaxma SeZ-
lo baTumSi mcxovreb berZnebTan dabinaveba,
sxvebs ki es ar SeuZliaT. Cveni warmomadgen-
lebi cdilobdnen moexerxebinaT maTi gan-
Tavseba sxvadasxva adgilas, magram es jgufi
sakmaod mozrdilia da ver vaxerxebT yvelas
ganTavsebas. Tanac, gamoirkva, rom baTumSi Ca-
mosuli berZnebis umetesoba aris sxvadasxva
specialobis warmomadgeneli, isini saubro-
ben maT enaze, mxolod ramdenimem icis rusu-
li ena. amasTan, minda mogaxsenoT, rom Camo-
suli berZnebi ar iqcevian gamomwvevad, ar ag-
resiuloben, Tumca adgilobriv mosaxleo-
basTan ar Sedian kontaqtSi. isic minda aR-
vniSno, rom baTumeli berZnebi gamoxataven
survils, rom xelisuflebam SeZlos maTi
TanamoZmeebis dabinaveba. baTumis olqis xe-
lisuflebas ar aqvs saSualeba qalaqSi gamo-
naxos maTTvis Sesabamisi sacxovreblebi,
Tumca berZnebi uars acxadeben (sankt-peter-
78 oTar gogoliSvili
burgis saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, fondi 1213, aRwera 14, saqme 445,
furc. 123-126).
baTumis olqis samxedro gubernatoris 1885 wlis aprilis werils
mohyva. imave wlis maisSi kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis kancelariidan sapasuxo
werili, romelsac xels awers mTavarmarTeblis TanaSemse. werilSi aRniSnu-
lia: `berZnebi iseTive marTlmadideblebi arian, rogorc rusebi, maT didi
daxmareba gagviwies Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da rusuli iaraRis gamar-
jvebaSi, Tanac baTumSi mcxovrebi berZnebi gamoxataven Tanadgomas ruseTis
xelisuflebisadmi. gTxovT, rogorme moaxerxoT berZnebis ganTavseba ro-
gorc qalaqSi, aseve mTeli olqis teritoriaze. Cven viciT, rom TqvenTan
aris auTvisebeli didi teritoria rogorc zRvispireTSi, aseve soflad. ami-
tom izruneT, rom es xalxi gaasaxloT aseT auTvisebel teritoriaze da We-
uwyoT xeli rom maT SeZlon sacxovrebeli pirobebis mowyoba. es waadgeba mo-
mavalSi Cvens xelisuflebas, radgan gaCndeba CvenTvis dasayrdeni xalxi.
Tumca gavalebT, rom aseve SeiswavleT maTi warsuli, politikuri otienta-
cia da Tu raime sawinaaRmdego gamoCndeba, imoqmedeT saxelisuflebo intere-
sebidan gamomdinare. ecadeT, rom es sakiTxi gadawyvitoT saxelmwifoebri-
vad...werili mTavrdeba Semdegi sityvebiT: `baTumSi Camosuli berZnebi unda
daasaxloT olqis teritoriaze da CaayenoT sazxelmwifos samsaxur-
Si~(sankt-peterburgis saxelmwifoistoriuliarqivi, fondi 1213, aRwera
14, saqme 445, furc. 137-140). vfiqrob, rom Zalian saintereso dokumentia.
aseve sainteresoa 1891 wliT daTariRebuli dokumenti, romelic
ekuTvnis baTumis olqis samxedro gubernators da igi gagzavnilia aseve
kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis saxelze. dokumentSi saubaria mrewvelobis gan-
viTarebis Sesaxeb baTumis olqSi da daxasiaTebulia TiToeuli sawarmo, ma-
Ti saqmianoba, mosamsaxureTa Semadgenloba da politikuri Sexedulebebi.
CamonaTvalSi saubaria berZeni saqmosnis- sideredisis Sesaxeb. mas 1889
wels dauarsebia sanavTobe firma, flobda xis yuTebisa da Tunuqis sanavTe
bidonebis damamzadebel qarxnebs da sam sanavTobe rezervuars. siderediss
axlo urTierToba hqonda baTumis olqis xelisuflebasTan, is daaxloebu-
li iyo qalaqis xelmZRvanelobasTan, afinansebda berZen xmosnebs, romel-
Tac surdaT monawileoba mieRoT qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis saqmianobaSi.
sideredisi Caeba mZlavr konkurenciaSi baTumSi dafuZnebul sam gigantTan:
rotSildTan, nobelTan da manTaSevTan, gansakuTrebiT daeZaba mas mdgomare-
oba rotSildis firmasTan. rotSildi cdilobda xelSi Caegdo sideredi-
sis qarxnebi, konkurencia didi iyo. dokumentis mixedviT sideredisis sa-
warmos mosamsaxureTa umravlesoba berZnebi iyvnen, aseve sainteresoa, rom
baTumSi Camosuli berZnebis absolituri umravlesoba saqmdeboda sidere-
disis qarxnebSi. siderediss baTumSi gaxsnili hqonda mis sawarmoebTan si-
axloves ufaso TavSesafari. dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom Camosuli berZne-
bi am TavSesafarSi cxovrobdnen, ewyobodnen qarxnebSi muSebad da maT Zali-
an uwyobda xels sideredisi.
dokumentSi vkiTxulobT, rom berZnebi dRisiT qarxnebSi muSaobdnen, sa-
Tamos ki eweodnen sxvadasxva saqmianobas, iyvnen TerZebi, xelosnobdnen. 1897
wlisaTvis baTumSi da mis SemogarenSi berZnebs auSenebiaT 30-mde sacxovrebe-
ramdenime saarqivo dokumenti berZnebis Sesaxeb baTumis olqSi 79

li saxli, ori abano da ramdenime maRazia(sankt-peterburgis saxelmwifo is-
toriuli arqivi, fondi 1213, aRwera 14, saqme 445, furc. 168-172).
amave dokumentSi daxasiaTebulia berZeni Tambaqos mrewveli lazaros
biniat-oRli, saubaria mis mier agebul Tambaqos fabrikaze, daxasiaTebulia
muSebi, romelTa umravlesoba berZnebi iyvnen. biniat-oRli qvelmoqmedeba-
sac eweoda. mas baTumSi augia berZnebisaTvis saerTo sacxovrebeli, Seuke-
Tebia berZnuli taZari, romelic atarebs wminda nikolozis saxels. biniat-
oRli exmareboda berZnul samrevlo skolas finansebiT da sxva. dolumen-
tSi aseve saubaria berZeni saqmosnebis kandidisis Sesaxeb, romelsac aseve
hqonia Tambaqos fabrika. 1898 wels, golumentis mixedviT, didi dapirispi-
reba moxda biniat-oRlsa da kandidis Soris da es dapirispireba Turme ga-
dazrdila am ori fabrikis muSebs Soris fizikur Sexla-SemoxlaSi, saqmeSi
policia Careula, zogierTi kidevac daupatimrebia, magram Semdgom ra ur-
TierToba damyarda am or Tambaqos magnats Soris, ar Cans dokumentidan. al-
baT, isini bolomde konkurentebad darCnen(sankt-peterburgis saxelmwifo
istoriuli arqivi, fondi 1214, aRwera 14, saqme 987, furc. 99-102).
aseve sayuradReboa 1902 wlis dokumenti, romelic exeba baTumis ol-
qis sazogadoebriv politikur mdgomareobas, daxasiaTebuli baTumSi arse-
buli viTareba, revoluciuri moZraoba naTqvamia, rom 1902 wlis antisam-
Tavrobo gamosvlebSi sxvebTan erTad aqtiurobda berZeni erovnebis xalxi,
daxasiaTebuli maTi aqtiurobebi, kerZod, 1902 wlis 18 ianvars berZnebs mi-
tingi mouwyviaT baTumis centralur moedanze da daugmavT mTavrobis anti-
xalxuri saqmianoba, aqtiuri revolucionerebi: dimitriadi da mavropulo-
si daupatimrebiaT.
aseve sainteresoa 1905 wlis dokumenti, romelic exeba proklamaci-
ebs kerZod, 1905 wlis maisSi baTumSi gamoakres proklamaciebi sxvadasxva
enaze, maT Soris berZnul enazec. berZnul proklamaciaSi iyo mowodeba ber-
Zeni mosaxleobisadmi, rom ebrZolaT carizmis winaaRmdeg da mieRwiaT Tavi-
suf- lebisaTvis. aseve iyo mowodeba boikotisaken, rom mosamsaxureebi ar
gamosuliyvnen samuSaoze, daexuraT maRaziebi, ar damorCilebodnen xeli-
suflebas da a.S.(sankt-peterburgis saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, fondi
1214, aRwera 14, saqme 987, furc. 121-132).
gamoyenebuli wyaro:
sankt-peterburgis saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, fondebi 1213, 1214, aR-

wera 14, saqmeebi 445, 987.
Otar Gogolishvili
Some Archival Documents about the Greeks in Batumi District
The article is about the arrival of the Greeks in different periods, namely, in
the following years: 1885, 1891, 1902, and 1905. In this respect, the article deals
with the Military governor’s letters to the head of the Caucasus region and
provides analysis of the related documentation.
irine goSxeTeliani
sivrce da dro
yovlismomcvel ideaSi
samyaros aRqma da warmodgenebi, asaxu-

li adamianis cnobierebasa da rwmenaSi, er-
Tgvari sazomia misi arsebobisa sivrceSi,
romelsac Cven kosmiuri yofa SegviZlia vu-
wodoT. sivrce Cven irgvliv yvelgan aris
sityvebs Soris, romlebsac warmovTqvamT Tu
vwerT, musikaSi, ferebSi, sagnebs Soris, moZ-
raobebSi, roca xdeba Cveni sxeulis gadaad-
gileba, droSi, romelSic kacobrioba Tavis
istorias qmnis. jer iyo samyaros Semecneba,
Semdeg- warmodgena am samyaros Sesaxeb. yve-
la eri Taviseburad asaxavda am Seucnobels.
magaliTad, warmarTma qarTvelebma samyaro
sferoebad dayves, romelsac sknelebi uwo-
des. zeda samyaros zeskneli ewoda, rome-
lic dasaxlebuli iyo RmerTebiT; miwas ewo-
da skneli, sadac adamianebi da cxovelebi
cxovrobdnen; miwisqveSeTs _ qveskneli,
gardacvlilTa samyaro, romelic idumale-
biT iyo moculi. sknelis pirdapir, samyaros
centrSi maTi warmosaxviT mdebareobda wina
samyaro, anu winaskneli, ukan ki _ ukanas-
kneli. rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelebs samya-
ros kosmiuri aRqma hqondaT, romelSic Ti-
Toeuli skneli mowesrigebul mikrosamya-
ros warmoadgenda. es warmosaxva qarTul
enaSic aisaxa, radgan SemorCenil sityvebs:
ukanaskneli, qveskneli, zeca (zeskneli) igi-
ve semantika aqvT.
sicocxle kosmiuri movlenaa, romelic
mudmivia rogorc kosmosi, is usasruloa, is
sivrce da dro yovlismomcvel ideaSi 81

sivrcesa da droSi Tanadroulad arsebobs. sivrce, rogorc semiotikuri fe-
nomeni, sxva kategoriebis gareSe ar arsebobs, is urTierTkavSirSia drosTan,
bunebasTan, movlenebTan, sagnebsa da adamianebTan.
sivrcisa da drois yovlismomcveli idea gansazRvravs adamianis damo-
kidebulebas samyaros arsisadmi, romelic asaxulia kulturaSi. metafora-
Si, arqetipebSi, miTebSi, legendebSi, zRaprebSi, idiomebSi, andazebSi, tra-
diciebSi, xelovnebaSi da bolos, yoveldRiurobaSi kosmogonizmi gansaz-
Rvravda adamianis yvela sulier Rirebulebas da rwmenas. magaliTisaTvis
aviRoT sityva `gardacvaleba~, romelic orive semiotikur cnebas moicavs,
adamiani gadainacvlebs erTi droidan da sivrcidan meoreSi, xdeba misi meta-
morfoza. inglisurSi passed away-aseve gulisxmobs erTi sivrcidan meore-
Si mogzaurobas -Cvengan Sors. manana xidaSeli aRniSnavs, rom `sivrcisa da
drois Taviseburi gaazrebis gamo, dro, erTdroulad Seqcevadic iyo da Se-
uqcevadic, diaqronulica da sinqronulic~(xidaSeli 2002).
Cveni mizania, warmovaCinoT rogor aisaxeba droisa da sivrcis urTi-
erTkavSiri enasa da kulturaSi, ganvsazRvroT maTi gavlena Cvens yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaze.
dro da sivrce ori yvelaze arsebiTi da ganuyofeli konceptualuri
mniSvnelobis mqone konceptia, romelic enaSi hpovebs asaxvas.
mag. 1. He stood before me
2. Monday is before Tuesday
3. He had left the party before Ann came
4. He said something important before going away
5. ~Papa,” said his beautiful daughter in the same tone as before, "we
shall come”
rogorc vxedavT, erTi da igive windebuli/zmniszeda SeiZleba gamoviye-
noT rogorc sivrcul, ise drois deiqsisad. temporaluri cnebebis sivrcu-
li gamoxatuleba farTod aris gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva enaSi.
meoce saukunis bolos lingvistebma daiwyes msoflio enebis Seswavla,
imisTvis, rom daedginaT sivrcis transformireba (gadatana) droSi damaxa-
siaTebelia mxolod evropuli an indoevropuli enebis ojaxisTvis, Tu es
aris universaluri fenomeni da axasiaTebs yvela enas. benJamin li uorfma ho-
fis (amerikeli indielebis erT-erTi ena) enaze dakvirvebiT daaskvna, rom es
cvlileba yvela enisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.
cnebebi, romlebic Cvens gonebaSia ara mxolod inteleqtis maCvenebelia,
aramed isini marTaven Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebas, gviCveneben, Tu rogor aR-
viqvamT samyaros, rogor urTierTobas vamyarebT sxva adamianebTan.
samyaros metaforuli aRqma enaSi kargad gamoixateba im SedarebebSi,
romlebiTac adamiani Tavis egos ukavSirebs garesamyaros. Ideas are food me-
taforaa, romelic SegviZlia gavigoT, rogorc kargi idea, romelic akmayo-
filebs Cvens inteleqtualur madas. es metafora gviCvenebs, rom saWmelsa
da SimSils Soris iseTive urTierTobaa, rogoric ideasa da inteleqts So-
ris.
82 irine goSxeTeliani

dro mifrinavs (time flies) sxva arferia, Tu ara drois sivrcesTan ur-
TierToba, mxolod sivrceSi monacvleobiT SesaZlebelia drois gacnobie-
reba. Cven viciT, rom raRac yovelTvis drois erT ganzomilebaSi da erT
sivrceSi xdeba da rom Cven verasodes davbrundebiT ukan. yvela movlena Tu
nivTi mxolod am drosTan da sivrcesTan aris dakavSirebuli. es konceptu-
aluri drois da sivrcis cneba yvela kulturasa da enaSi gvxvdeba. Cvens
metyvelebaSi aisaxeba is WeSmariteba, rom sivrceSi rogorc geografiul
ganzomilebaSi arsebobs yvela cocxali arseba da obieqti. adamiani iyenebs
Tavisi sxeulis egocentrul koordinacias sxeulebis gansaTavsebelad, ma-
galiTad, mimarTulebas is Tavisi lokaciis mixedviT gansazRvravs:
the house is on your left hand-side, turn right, turn left.
adamiani sivrceSi geografiul lokacias axdens. magaliTad, gzas roca
kiTxuloben veubnebiT `wadiT pirdapir, mouxvieT marjvniv da qvemoT daeS-
viT~.
Cven vambobT, rom arsebobs sami sivrculi dro, romelSic warsuli ga-
mocdilebaa, awmyo SefardebiTia, radgan nebismier SemTxvevaSi is SegviZlia
aRviqvaT rogorc drois da sivrcis swrafi cvlileba, romelic warsulad
iqceva, xolo momavali mxolod Cvens ideaSi, qvecnobierSia.
nikolai berdiaevi (1948) wignSi istoria da esqatologia (apokalifsi)
esqatos (berZ.) ukanaskneli), gamoarCevs sam dros: kosmiurs, istoriuls da
egzistencialurs(realobasTan dakavSirebuls). kosmiuri dro ganxiluli
aqvs rogorc fizikuri dro, da izomeba kalendriT, saaTiT. istoriuli dro
gamoixateba sityvebiT meoce saukune, 45 weli Cvens welTaRricxvamde, dRes,
romelic, SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc gagrZeleba guSindeli dRisa da xval
ki dRevandeli dRis gagrZeleba. kosmiuri da istoriul droebi, n. berdiaevis
azriT, warmavali (fallen time) droebia, radgan momavali STanTqavs awmyos da
gadayavs is warsulSi. Cveni yoveldRiuri arsebobiT Cven saSualebas vaZlevT
dros inerciiT TandaTan Semcirdes da adgili dauTmos xvalindel dRes, ise,
rom zogjer gvaviwydeba Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania dRes movemzadoT ukeTe-
si momavlisTvis. n. berdiaevi realur arsebobas (egzistencialur dros)
uwodebs warmavali inerciuli droisgan gaTavisuflebas, rac kacobriobas
aniWebs sakuTari miznebis SesrulebiT miRebul sixaruls. amas n. berdiaevi
wuTis daWeras uwodebs, radgan am dros kacobrioba aRasrulebs Tavis misi-
as.
lingvistebi zmnis drois da aspeqtis gramatikul kategoriebis gan-
xilvisas nakleb yuradRebas aqceven zmnizedebiT gadmocemul drois cne-
bebs, Tumca isini aranakleb mniSvnelovania.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dro da sivrce erT konceptualur mniSvne-
lobas gamoxatavs, orives mniSvnelovani informaciuli funqcia aqvs da
xSir SemTxvevaSi samyaros enobriv suraTs metaforulad aaxavs.
sivrce da dro yovlismomcvel ideaSi 83

literatura:
axmeteli 2000: axmeteli n. lorTqifaniZe b., qarTuli miTebis samyaro. Tb.

logos presi.
lakof 2003: Lakoff G. Johnsen M. Metaphors We Live
By. London: The university of Chicago press.
fulga 2012: Fulga A. Language and the perception of
Space, Motion and Time. Concordia Working Papers in Applied
Linguistics, 3, gv. 26-37
hasfelmaT 1997: Haspelmath M. From Space to Time. Temporal Adverbials in
the World’s Languages . LINCOM Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 03,
München – Newcastle.
haSbarger 2010: Harshbarger B. Chaos, Complexity and Language Learning.
Language Research Bulletin, 22, ICU, Tokyo
miCener 2004: Mitchener W. G. A. Nowak M. Chaos and language.
xidaSeli m. 2002: xidaSeli m. brZolis kosmogoniuri koncefcia saqarTve-
los uZveles sulier kulturaSi. Jurnali `saqarTvelos siZvele-
ni~, N2, Tbilisi.
Irine Goshkheteliani
Space and Time in All-embracing Idea
Perception and imagination of the universe reflected in the human

consciousness and beliefs is a kind of measurment of his existence in the space,
which we could call the cosmic life. The space is everywhere around us, between
the words we speak or write, in music, colors, the objects, movements, in the
movement of our body, in the time, in which humanity creates its history. Life is a
cosmic phenomenon that is everlasting and exists in space and time. Space is a
semiotic phenomenon that is related with human beings, time, nature, objects and
other categories. First was the cognition of the world and then understanding of the
universe. The all-embracing idea of space and time determines a human approach
to the world’s essence which is reflected in the culture. Cosmogony determines all
spiritual values and beliefs in our everyday life that are reflected in metaphors,
archetypes, myths, legends, fairy tales, idioms, proverbs, traditions, art.
JuJuna gumbariZe
aluzia, rogorc
interteqsturi dialogis
warmarTvis saSualeba
saprezidento sajaro
gamosvlebSi
adamianis gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobi-

erebeli, nebsiTi Tu uneblie azri, idea,
survili, ocneba, warmosaxva, realobis Tu
ararealobis virtualuri Tu aravirtualu-
ri transformacia da metamorfoza Tavise-
burad airekleba da vlindeba adamianis Ti-
Toeul qmedebaSi, saubarsa da qcevaSi. Tu
rogor Seicnobs adamiani samyaros, Tu ro-
gor warmoaCens is sakuTar Tavs sazogadoe-
basTan urTierTobisas, ganurCevlad misi po-
litikuri, religiuri, sociokulturuli
warmomavlobisa, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvs
mas Sida da gare samyarosTan, rogorc intra
ise interpersonalur doneze, swored misi
TiToeuli qmedebis analizis Sedegad SeiZ-
leba davasabuToT. samyaros Secnobac xom
informaciis aRqmis kognituri damuSavebis
etapze mimdinareobs da am dros verbaluri
iqneba teqsti Tu ara verbaluri, misi gaaz-
reba da swori interpretacia enobrivi pi-
rovnebis mentalur SesaZleblobebzea damo-
kidebuli.
xSirad teqstebSi asaxulia naklebad
nacnobi an sruliad ucxo elementebi, rom-
lebic msmenelsa Tu mkiTxvels zogjer exma-
reba teqstis ukeT da efeqturad aRqmaSi,
zogjer ki piriqiT, dabrkolebas da Tavsa-
texs warmoadgens misTvis. rodesac teqstSi
gvxdeba precedentuli saxelebi da citire-
aluzia, rogorc interteqsturi dialogis warmarTvis saSualeba... 85

bebi, aluziebi sxvadasxva wyarodan: literaturidan, miTologiidan, bib-
liidan, istoriidan da a.S. SegviZlia visaubroT swored im fenomenze, ro-
melsac interteqstualurobis saxeliT Seiswavlian mecnierebi. terminebi
interteqsti da interteqstualuroba frangi semiotikosisa da postmo-
dernizmis Teoretikosis _ iulia kristevas saxels ukavSirdeba. swored
man gamoiyena es termini pirvelad literaturis TeoriaSi da Semdgom Sro-
mebSi mis Seswavlas didi yuradReba dauTmo. mas Semdeg interteqstualu-
robis fenomenis mimarT dRemde ar ganelebula mecnierTa interesi.
rodis xdeba teqsti interteqstualuri? sainteresoa r. bartiseuli
Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT, yoveli teqsti maSin iZens interteqstualur
xasiaTs, rodesac masSi sxva teqsti an teqstebi met-naklebad cnobadi for-
miT arian warmodgenili. imisaTvis, rom aseTi teqsti aRviqvaT srulfasov-
nad, saWiroa teqstSi arsebuli interteqstualuri CarTvebi ar davtovoT
Cveni yuradRebis miRma da movaxdinoT gamonaTqvamis adekvaturi
interpretacia. aqve gvaxsendeba d. mengenos mosazreba, romlis mixedvi-

Tac ìnterteqsti, esaa mocemul korpusSi moxmobili fragmentebis erTob-
lioba (citirebebi, aluziebi, parafrazebi...), xolo interteqstualuroba im
implicituri wesebis sistemaa, romlebic am interteqsts warmoqmnian, citi-
rebis manera, romelic diskursis formaciaSi legitimurad iTvleba, im dis-
kursis tipi da Janri, romelsac es diskursi miekuTvneba~ (mengeno 2005 328).
interteqstualuri miniSneba da misi gaTvalisiwineba saSualebas gvaZlevs
ufro Rrmad gavaanalizoT teqsti. iyeneben Tu ara interteqstualur Car-
Tvebs politikur diskursSi? _ pasuxi martivia: - iyeneben da Tanac da sakma-
od intensiuradac.
daviwyoT imiT, rom politikosTa sajaro metyvelebis umetesi nawili
swored rom kargad gacnobierebuli da winaswar dagegmili teqstia mTeli
Tavisi leqsiko-semantikur-pragmatikuli TaviseburebebiT. amiT aixsneba is
garemoeba, rom qveynis wamyvani politikosebi, pirveli pirebi da prezi-
dentebi sajaro gamosvlebSi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben TiToeuli sityvis
SerCevas, radgan kargad ician, rom politikuri gzavnilis gadasacemad da
msmenel sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad, maT mier gamoyenebuli Ti-
Toeuli aluzia strategiuli datvirTvis matarebeli iqneba. amitomac
aris, rom politikuri diskursis ZiriTadi nawili winaswar dagegmilia, mi-
si spontanuroba ki moCvenebiTia. politikosi lingvistis funqciasac iTav-
sebs, mas kargad aqvs gaazrebuli, rom ena is sabrZolo iaraRia, romelic mas
politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebaSi yvelaze ukeT daexmareba. n. vudsis
Tanaxmad, politikuri diskursis ena mizanmimarTulia iqiTken, rom Segviq-
mnas konkretuli Sexeduleba politikur realobaze da vimoqmedoT swored
am Sexedulebis Sesabamisad. mas SeuZlia zewola moaxdinos, daaSinos, daa-
kanonos, daajeros, daaimedos, daarwmunos da sxv. msmeneli (vudsi 2006:
50). amitomac aris, rom politikosebi sazogadoebaze manipulirebis mizniT
TavianT gamosvlebSi xSirad iyeneben mxatvruli gamosaxvis sxvadasxva sa-
Sualebas, gansakuTrebiT ki metaforebsa da aluziebs. isini mimarTaven alu-
86 KJuJuna gumbariZe

ziebs, rogorc erovnuli, ise ucxouri literaturidan, xelovnebidan, is-
toriidan, miTologiidan, bibliidan da a.S.
interteqstuli elementebiT saubari SegviZlia miviCnioT rogorc poli-
tikosTa mxridan ritorikuli maRalfardovnebis xerxi, romelic xazs usvams
politikosis zogad codnasa da inteleqts. rogor warimarTeba interteqstu-
aluri dialogi aluziis gamoyenebiT saprezidento sajaro gamosvlebSi; ra
saxis teqstobriv aluziebs vxvdebiT da ra sixSiriT, ramdenad didia maTi sti-
listuri efeqti da datvirTva? am kiTxvebze
pasuxis gasacemad saanalizod SevarCieT aSS moqmedi prezidentis- ba-

rak husein obamas mier sajaro gamosvlebis dros warmoTqmuli sityva, ris
Sedegadac mivediT Semdeg daskvnamde, rom obama Tavis gamosvlebSi referi-
rebis wyarod metwilad istoriuli faqtebsa da politikosTa gamonaTqva-
mebs iRebs, Tumca is xSirad bibliasac mimarTavs. rodesac vsaubrobT alu-
ziebze bibliidan, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom obama gansakuTrebiT pavle moci-
qulis epistoleebidan iyenebs amonaridebs. ase magaliTad.:
1. ~We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has
come to set aside childish things.” ~When I was a child, I talked like a child, I
reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put childish ways behind me. Now I
know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known.”
`rodesac viyavi yrma, vityodi, rogorc yrma, vfiqrobdi, rogorc yrma,
vmsjelobdi, rogorc yrma; xolo rodesac davkacdi, zurgi vaqcie yovelive
yrmobisdroindels. radganac axla bundovnad vxedavT, rogorc sarkeSi, ma-
Sin ki pirispir vixilavT; axla nawilobriv vici, xolo maSin Sevicnob, ro-
gorc Tavad Sevimecnebi~.
pavle mociqulis epistole korinTelTa mimarT, Tavi me _ 13
~We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but
not in despair; Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed;”
`yvelanairad gvaviwroeben, magram daTrgunvilad ara vgrZnobT Tavs; ga-
mouval dReSi gvagdeben, magram mainc vpoulobT gamosavals. devnilni varT,
magram ara miusafarni; gvamxoben, magram bolos ver gviReben~.
Tu ratom iyenebs barak obama gansakuTrebiT pavle mociqulis qadage-
bidan amonaridebs, SegviZlia avxsnaT im garemoebiT, rom pavle mociqulis
TiToeuli epistole gajerebulia imediTa da rwmeniT ukeTesi momavlisa-
ken. amdenad, obamas strategiuli svlac TvalsaCinoa. is STaagonebs xalxs,
rom amerikas mteri verafers daaklebs, ramdenjerac ar unda ecados Zirs
daanarcxos, daaCoqos da gaanadguros es qveyana, amerika mainc wamodgeba
fexze, welSic gaimarTeba da ufro gaZlierdeba.
aluzia xelovnebis sferodan, kerZod, muziklidan `Swing Time~.

`This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous,
powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis
began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than
they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished.
aluzia, rogorc interteqsturi dialogis warmarTvis saSualeba... 87

But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off
unpleasant decisions – that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick
ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America~.
muzikli Swing Time (teqstis avtori doroTi fildsi, musika jerom
kernis, 1936). muziklis Seqmnis istoria ukavSirdeba amerikaSi didi depresi-
is periods, romelic 1929 wels daiwyo. es is periodia, rodesac pirvelad
daiwyo amerikis ekonomikam dacema. sabazro ekonomikam ganicada kraxi da ame-
rikis ekonomikis momavals Seuqmna araxelsayreli pirobebi ganviTarebisTvis.
iklo produqciis warmoebam, Seferxda mrewveloba, SeCerda industriuli
dargebis ganviTareba, Semcirda samuSao adgilebi da a.S. es iyo periodi, ro-
desac pirvelad amerikis istoriaSi moqalaqeebma daiwyes migracia sxva qvey-
nebSi. es iyo amerikeli xalxisaTvis erTerTi yvelaze mtkivneuli istoriu-
li periodi, romelmac amerikis Zlevamosileba eWvis qveS daayena da xalxs
momavlis imedi gaucrua. muziklis gzavnilic xalxis optimisturad ganwyo-
bas emsaxureboda:
`Nothing’s impossible, I have found. For when my chin is on the ground, I
pick myself up, dust myself off, Start all over again. Don’t lose your confidence
if you slip. Be grateful for a pleasant trip, And pick yourself up; dust yourself
off; Start all over again~.
obama ase moZRvravs xalxs, rom droa fexze wamovdgeT, CamovibertyoT
mtveri da SevudgeT amerikis aRorZinebas. araferia SeuZlebeli, mTavaria
ar daece sulierad, ar dakargo moTmineba, arasodesaa gviani daiwyo Tavidan,
mTavaria mondomeba. ra mizans emsaxureba misi aseTi mowodeba? _ xalxis
sulierad ganmtkicebas da momzadebas axali gamowvevebisaTvis, axali idee-
bis ganxorcilebisTvis, cvlilebebisaTvis mzadyofnas da sxv.
ganvixiloT aluzia istoriidan:
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."
~CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is WeSmariteba, rom adamianebi Seqmnili
arian rogorc Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT RmerTma mianiWa garkveuli xel-
Seuvali uflebebi, rogoricaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken
ltolva; ~
citireba gakeTebulia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis
deklaraciidan. deklaracia aris istoriuli dokumenti, romelSic Crdi-
loeT amerikis britanuli koloniebi didi britaneTisgan damoukideblobas
acxadeben, is erTxmadaa miRebuli meore kontinenturi kongresis mier 1776
wlis 4 ivliss filadelfiaSi (pensilvania). deklaracia gaxda pirveli ofi-
cialuri dokumenti, romelSic koloniebi àmerikis SeerTebul Statebad~
moixsenieba. `Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness~ obama strategiu-
lad akeTebs citirebas damoukideblobis deklaraciidan, riTac xazs usvams
im faqtors, rom dRevandel dRes yvela adamians aqvs ufleba iyos cocxali,
Tavisufali da bednieri ganurCevlad sqesisa, rasisa, warmomavlobisa, reli-
giisa, socialuri statusisa, orientaciisa da poziciisa.
88 KJuJuna gumbariZe

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom aluzia interteqstuli dialogis warmar-
Tvis erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa. igi teqstobrivi diskursis funqciu-
ri elementia, romelic maRali gamomsaxvelobiTi efeqturobiT gamoirCeva.
interteqstuli elementebis CarTva stilistikuri eqspresiulobiT gamo-
irCeva da pragmatikul doneze maT damarwmunebuli da emociuri atmosfe-
ros Seqmna SeuZlia. am dros mosaubris sityva damajerebeli, samarTliani,
dasabuTebuli, argumentirebuli, gavleniani, sarwmuno da sando xdeba msme-
nelisaTvis. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom aSS moqmedi prezidenti gansakuTrebiT
xSirad transsemiotikur interteqstualobas mimarTvas, rac Tavis mxriv
gulismobs CarTuli elementis pirvelwyarod faqtualuri (arafiqciona-
luri) teqstis gamoyenebas.
literatura:
vudsi 2006: Woods, N. Describing discourse: A practical guide to discourse

analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press
kristeva i. 1980: Kristeva, J. (1980) Desire in language: A semiotic approach
to literature and art. Roudies, L. (ed.). Translated by Jardine, A., Gora T. &
Roudiez, L. New York: Columbia University Press, London: Basil
Blackwell.
lebaniZe 2004: lebaniZe, g. komunikaciuri lingvistika. Tbilisi: ena da
kultura
lorinceni 2009: lorinceni s. 2009:Suzie Lauritzen og Malene Fisker
AALBORG UNIVERSITET Power in Discourse
mengeno 2005: Maingueneau, D. « Analyse du discours et ses frontières »
Marges Linguistiques
Zhuzhuna Gumbaridze
Allusion as the Means of Intertextuality in Presidential

Public Speeches
To gain the listeners’ support and respect is certainly the ultimate goal in
political discourse. No strategies serve such a goal better than intertextual means
realized by allusions and citations in public speeches. This study explores the use
of allusions by president Obama and highlights the point that intertextuality is an
effective strategy to arouse the listeners’ sympathy and trust. It is characterized
by a high mode of persuasion and argumentation and has a manipulative
function. The article argues that a political discourse contains a subtle content
with some intertextual features to be recognized and understood by the audience.
nino gurgeniZe
toponimebis emociuri
aspeqtebi frangul da
qarTul enebSi
adamianis cxovreba da cnobiereba mWid-

rodaa dakavSirebuli gare samyarosTan, bu-
nebasTan, garkveul teritoriebTan. adamia-
nis cnobierebaa Suamavali aRsaniSnsa da aR-
mniSvnels Soris, azrovnebaSi ki aRiqmeba da-
saxelebul saganTa uSualo substanciuri
mniSvneloba.
toponimebi Tavisi warmoSobis mraval-
ferovnebiT mravalfunqciur onimebs warmo-
adgens. maTi mTavari funqciaa arsebuli ge-
ografiuli adgilis saxeldeba _ warmoSo-
bis istoriuli wyaros etimologiuri kvle-
vis dros, leqsemaTa kavSiris eTnosTan, re-
ligiasTan da kulturasTan gansazRvra. to-
ponimebi eris Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva da
misi aRqma garkveul, pozitiur an negatiur
zemoqmedebas axdens adamianis fsiqologia-
ze,romelic ganwyobasqmnis. amitomac gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania toponimebis mizan-
mimarTuli gamoyeneba literaturul Semoq-
medebaSi.
literaturaSi toponimebis saSuale-
biT mwerali qalaqis RirSesaniSnaobebs an
istorias gadmogvcems. parizi mkiTxvelis
cnobierebaSi asocirdeba eifelis koSkTan,
luvris muzeumTan, parizis RvTismSoblis -
taZarTan. quTaisi adamianis cnobierebaSi ba-
debs asociaciebs gelaTTan, daviT aRmaSene-
belTan, bagratis taZarTan anuqalaqissaxe-
90 nino gurgeniZe

liTmwerali,gadataniTi xerxiT,gadmogvcemsmokle, ZiriTadinformacias.
toponimebis, konkretulad kioikonimebis gamoyeneba Semoqmeds zusti, kon-
kretuli adgilis Tu faqtis gamosaxatavad exmareba, radgan yovel qveya-
nas Tavisi maxasiaTebeli kultura da tradiciebi gaaCnia. konkretuli Sem-
TxvevisaTvis mis zogad ganmsazRvrelad SesaZlebelia qveynis, qalaqis an re-
gionis saxeldeba gamoviyeniT. magaliTad: burgundia (Bourgogne), am regions
yvela ukavSirebs meRvineobas, radgan cnobilia Rvinis warmoebiT, rogorc
saqarTveloSi kaxeTi asocirdeba venaxebTan, anu oikonimebis saSualebiT,
mwerali qmnis zogad Sexedulebas, Tu sad viTardeba siuJeti da ra tradici-
ebs ukavSirdeba arsebuli faqti, Tu ra mniSvnelovani aspeqtiT gamoirCeva
aRniSnuli teritoria. igi Tavisi SemoqmedebiT sakuTar mimarTebas gamoxa-
tavs arsebuli teritoriisadmi da mkiTxvels uqmnisganwyobas. nebismieri
literaturuli Semoqmedebis daniSnulebaa, Seqmnas Sesabamisi ganwyoba, ra-
Ta zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mkiTxvelis qcevisa Tu gancdis mimdinareobaze. oi-
konimebis saSualebiT goneba qvecnobierad aerTianebs, mobilizacias ukeTebs
yvela arsebul informacias mocemul qalaqsa Tu dasaxlebul punqtze. mwe-
rali erTi saxeldebiT mkiTxvelis gonebaSi mis irgvliv arsebuli informa-
ciis lokalizebas axerxebs.
lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, oikonimebi sxvadasxva mecnierebis sin-
Tezis Sedegad formirdeba, rogorebicaa: literaturaTmcodneoba, filo-
sofia, geografia, istoria da fsiqologia, ris Sedegadac vikvlevT kop-
leqsurad da viRebT saboloo Sedegs. sakuTari saxelebi Tavisebur leqsi-
kur-gramatikul kategorias warmoadgens, romelic SeiZleba sxvadasxva
aspeqtSi gamovikvlioT, yvelaze metad sainteresoa toponimebis kvleva
fsiqolingvistikaSi. adamianis fsiqikis specifikuri Tavisebureba da misi
udidesi monapovari swored isaa, rom cnobierebis aqtivobiT, àRqmuli in-
formacia ganwyobas daumorCilos da emociuri gamoxatuleba misces~(uz-
naZe 1998:90).
mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi unda gavmijnoT mis mier Seqmnili ori `samya-
ro~-warmosaxva:
1. `vizualuri warmosaxva~, romelSic vizualuri garemos, RirSesa-
niSnaobebiT aRqmulis warmosaxva igulisxmeba.
2. `kognituri anu SemecnebiT/Sinagani warmosaxva~, romelSic teri-
toriaze mocemuli eTnosis maxasiaTebeli adaT-wesebi da tradiciebi igu-
lisxmeba.
amrigad, oikonimebis saxiT mwerali mkiTxvels uqmnis konkretul
samyaros, vizualur warmosaxvas. magaliTad: ~C’était le jour de mon arrivée
ici. J’avais pris la diligence de Beaucaire, une bonne vieille patache qui n’a pas
grand chemin à faire avant d’être rendue chez elle, mais qui flâme tout le long de
la route, pour avoir l’air, le soir, d’arriver de très loin. » (dode 1992: 14)- ès is
dRe iyo, rodesac aq Camovedi. Cavjeqi qalaq bokeris diliJansSi. Zveli,
magram kargad movlili etli iyo, romelic arc ise grZel, misken (qalTan)
mimaval gzas miuyveboda, romelsac CiraRdnebi anaTebda, raTa saRamos ise-
toponimebis emociuri aspeqtebi frangul da qarTul enebSi 91

Ti ieri gqonoda, TiTqos Soridan modiodi~. nawarmoebis nawyvetSi mocemu-
lia lamazi, Tbili saRamo, sadac raRac siaxles elodebi. oikonimi
Beaucaire – qalaqia safrangeTSi, misi etimologiac imaze miuTiTebs, beau
_ lamazida caireoqsitanur enaze (romelzec provansSi laparakoben), rac
`qvakuTxeds~-pierre angulaire niSnavs. erTianobaSi iTargmneba, rogorc `la-
mazi cixe-simagre~. am nawyvetiT a.dode qmnis mkiTxvelis vizualur war-
mosaxvas, radgan safrangeTSi qalaqi bokeri cnobilia istoriisa da xelov-
nebis qalaqad, amitomac mocemuli oikonimis xseneba, gonebaSi silamazesTan,
siyvarulTan asocirdeba. magaliTad: `J'ai aimé l'eau, la lumière, le soleil, les
matins d'été, les ports, la douceur du soir dans les collines et une foule de détails
sans le moindre intérêt , un escalier bleu et blanc flanqué de deux fontaines ........
Nice. Je ne regrette ni d'être venu ni de devoir repartir. J'ai trouvé la vie très belle
et assez longue à mon goût. J'ai eu de la chance. Merci~(jonasoni 2008:42). –
`miyvarda zRva, sinaTle, mze, zafxulis dila, mSvidi saRamo gorakebze,
uintereso umniSvnelo detalebi, TeTrad da cisfrad SeRebili kibeebi,
romlis orive mxare SadrevnebiT iyo garSemortymuli.....nica. ar vnanob
imas, rom aq Camovedi da arc imas, rom aqedan unda gavemgzavro.. aq ganvvle
lamazi da xangrZlivi cxovreba. gamimarTla. gmdlobT~. avtori qalaqze,
ukve Seqmnil mkiTxveliseul warmosaxvas amZafrebs sakuTari gancdebiT,
SedarebebiT. amrigad, oikonimuri erTeulebis gareSe warmodgenili lite-
raturuli Semoqmedeba gamocanas hgavs, romelic aRqmas moklebulia da Se-
uZlebelia adamianSi arsebuli kognituri Semecneba gaaRviZos.
aleqsande yazbegi `xevisberigoCaSi~ gamoyenebuli oikonimiT qmnis zo-
gad Sexedulebas, gadmoscems xasiaTs adaT-wesebs. magaliTad: ìqnebodaRa-
miscxrasaaTi, rodesacsofelsyanobs miuaxlovdnenmxedrebi,sulymawvile-
bi, narCevidaerTi-erTmaneTzedlazaTianebiiyvnen. isinimidiodnenmxiaru-
lad, simReriTdaTofissroliT. aSkaradetyobodaT, romesenisamtrodarmi-
emgzavrebodnen, radganacarcsifrTxileetyobodaTdaarcisebevrniiyvnen,
romaseguladaddapirdapirSesuliyvnenxevissofelSi -saqarTvelos isto-
riul-geografiuli mxare, romelic kavkasionis CrdiloeT ferdobze mdeba-
reobs, romelicTavisTavadmTels, ZneladasaRebs, simagreswarmoadgens~
(yazbegi 2007:16). mikrotoponim xevis moxseniebiT mwerali mkiTxvelis
cnobierebaSi, kogniturad acocxlebs im xasiaTs, ganwyobas, tradiciebs,
mocemuli eTnosis adaT-wesebs (ra Tqma unda, mkiTxveli kargad unda icnob-
des im qveynis istorias an im eris warmomadgeneli unda iyos). am SemTxveva-
Si mwerali qmnis kognitur, Sinagan warmosaxvas. informaciis miRebisas
Tavdapirvelad onims aRviqvamT da warmovisaxavT, Semdeg ki oikonimis ir-
gvliv arsebul informacias pirdapir an asociaciurad vukavSirebT. yvela
es mocemuli informacia, TiToeuli adamianis, pasiuri azrovnebis nawilia,
mkiTxvelTaTvis rogorc informaciuli wyaro, is cnobilia, magram nawar-
moebis kiTxvis procesSi pasiuri azrovneba aqtiur azrovnebad gadaiqce-
va, rac warmosaxvisa da asociaciis safuZvels iZleva. nawarmoebis Seqmnis
dros saintereso amocana isaa, rom ukve arsebuli, an zogjer ararsebuli
92 nino gurgeniZe

sakuTari saxeli SesaZloa mkiTxvelis warmosaxvisa da ganwyobis mizezi
gaxdes. toponimiis sxvadasxva onimis gamoyenebiT mkiTxveli mwerlis mier
Seqmnili samyaros uSualo Tanamonawile xdeba(uznaZe 1998:216).
amrigad,toponimTa sistemebs, mniSvnelobaTa simravleebi qmnian. TiTo-
eul saxeldebasTanaa dakavSirebuli materialuri anu logikuri da warmo-
saxviTi anu simboluri cnebebi. isini asaxaven eris, yofad da sulier speci-
fikas. yoveli mwerali Taviseburad qmnis da ayalibebs cnebebs mniSvnelobis
miniWebis Sesabamisad. Sedgenili cnebebi, saerTo enobriv mniSvnelobas iZens
da maTi ekvivalenti onimebis saxiTwarmogvidgeba. mwerlebs erTi da imave
denotatis sxvadasxvagvari gamoxatvis saSualeba aqvT. toponimebs, ro-
gorc literaturuli onomastikis Semadgenel nawils, mxatvruli nawar-
moebis kvanZs, mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs literaturul Semoqmedeba-
Si. erTi mxriv, is avtoris mier naxseneb saxeldebas ganazogadebs, Cvens
cnobierebaSi xelaxali gancdis SesaZleblobas iZleva, rac sxva dros da
sxva adgilas SeiZleba adamianis gancdis sagani iyos. meore mxriv, Tavisi is-
toriuli faqtebiTa Tu epoqaluri TaviseburebebiT qmnis realurad arse-
bul informacias, rac mkiTxvels nawarmoebis Rrmad aRqmasa da SemecnebaSi
uwyobs xels.
literatura:
dozati 1979: Dauzat A .La toponymie française, Editions « IAC », Paris.

dode 1992: Daudet. A. Lettres de mon moulin, livre de poche, France.
ermoloviCi 2001: Ермолович Д.И. Имена собственные на стыке языков и
культур, Р.Валент, Москва.
TofCiSvili2010: TofCiSvili r. saxelebis eTnologia da istoria;gamom-
cemloba universali, Tbilisi;
mindaZe 2009: mindaZei,fsiqolingvistika,gamomcemloba arete, Tbilisi;
spore 1979: Spore. P. Études toponymiques II, Roanne, Horvath.
uznaZe 1988:uznaZe d., zogadi fsiqologia, aRmaSenebeli, Tbilisi.
feleri 1977: Feller J. La Toponymie wallonne. Méthode de la toponymie,
Bull, Paris.
yazbegi2004: aleqsandre yazbegi. (or nawilad) literaturismatiane, ba-
kur sulakauris gamomcemloba, Tbilisi;
jonasoni 1994: Jonasson K. Le nom propre, constructions et interprétations,
Duculot, Lavain-la-Neuve.
toponimebis emociuri aspeqtebi frangul da qarTul enebSi 93

Nino Gurgenidze
The Emotional Aspects of Toponyms in French and Georgian Languages
Human life and consciousness are closely related to the outside world,
nature and certain areas. The human consciousness is an intermediary between a
signifier and signified, the mind perceives a direct substantial meaning of the
named objects.
According to diversity of origin, toponyms are multifunctional ~onyms”.
Their main function is to define the name of an existing geographical area in the
process of etymologically analyzing a historical source of its origin, as well as
the relationship between lexemes and ethnicity, religion and culture.Toponyms
give important information about the establishment and development of a nation,
and its perception has a certain positive or negative impact on human
psychology. Each language uses its own means to describe the universe that is
reflected in terms of the language expressiveness, which gives a paragmatic and
cognitive value to a lexeme’s expressiveness, as well as distinctive mental and
emotional coloring.
Tamila daviTaZe
filip roTi — àvtori~ da

`mTxrobeli~
mTxroblisa da avtoris kategoriebze

dakvirvebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli zo-
gadTeoriuli koncefciebis analizi cxad-
yofs, rom literaturaTmcodneobis umTav-
resi problema avtoris `xmas~ ukavSirdeba.
Tanamedrove amerikel mwerals, filip
roTs, rogorc àvtors~ da `mTxrobels,~
gmirTa subieqturi gancdebi Zalze sainte-
resod aqvs gadmocemuli, misTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli weris maneriTa da uCveulo Temati-
kiT, rac gamoarCevs mas sxva mwerlebisgan.
misi personaJebi alegoriuli xasiaTisani
arian da zogadad Tanamedrove adamianis sa-
xes warmoadgenen; protagonisti gmirebis
Txroba imdenad gadajaWvulia avtoriseul
TxrobasTan, rom rig SemTxvevaSi rTulic ki
aris imis garkveva, Tu vin saubrobs. amgvar
literaturul xerxs mwerali, SesaZloa,
mimarTavs realobis mZafrad gasaazreblad,
sadac erTmaneTs erwymis gamogonili perso-
naJis Txroba da gamomgoneblis naambobi. er-
Ti mxriv, gvaqvs teqstis avtonomiuri ve-
li, xolo meore mxriv, mkiTxveli-inter-
pretatori, romelic aRadgens avtoris
`xmas~ nawarmoebSi, rac exmareba mas gaigos,
Tu ramdenad ereva avtori Tavisi persona-
Jebis metyvelebaSi, sad aris igi, rogorc
neitraluri mTxrobeli, aZlevs Tu ara
Sefasebas movlenebs da ra damokidebuleba
gaaCnia `mTxroblebis~ mimarT.
roTis mkiTxveli darwmunebulia, rom
ara gamogonili personaJis cxovrebas, az-
rebs, fiqrebs, protests ecnoba, aramed TviT
filip roTi – àvtori~ da `mTxrobeli~ 95

avtorisas, radgan roTis romanebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli Tviseba avtobi-
ografiulobaa. igi dResac agrZelebs Cveuli aRmsareblobiT da biografiu-
li elementebis Semcveli formiT weras, romelic Sezavebulia iumorsa da
TviTironiasTan. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, gvaqvs Tu ara Cven, mkiTxvelebs ufleba,
literaturul personaJSi avtori davinaxoT, sadavoa da azrTa sxvadasxvao-
bas iwvevs. ramdenad aisaxa verTerSi goeTe, Jiulien sorelSi stendali, ras-
tiniakSi balzaki, aSenbaxSi Tomas mani, kolfildSi selinjeri? Tu am Tval-
sazrisiT CvenTvis saintereso filip roTze vimsjelebT, SevniSnavT, rom igi
Zalze moxerxebulad irgebs ara erT niRabs, iqneba es naTan cukermani, nil
klugmani, aleqsandre portnoi, devid kepeSi, qolman silki, baki kantopi Tu
sxva misi oreuli, romlebic erTianad avtoris alter ego-s warmoadgenen, ra-
sac upirvelesad, maTi pirvel pirSi Txroba adasturebs, magram TviT avtobi-
ografiuli nawarmoebis, magaliTad, rogoricaa `faqtebi~ (1988) kiTxvisa-
sac, mwerali axerxebs daabnios mkiTxveli, dausxltes, daekargos mas. Txro-
bisas avtori iCens udides sifrTxiles, cvlis namdvili moqmedebis adgils,
drosa da ricxvs, saxelebs. movlenebi da faqtebi warmodgenilia `mTxrob-
lis~ poziciidan. ambavs avtori gadmoscems ra personaJebis saSualebiT,
warmogvidgeba ara mTxrobel-gmirad, aramed Tavad nawarmoebis gmirad.
wina planze ambis `mTqmelis~ `Txrobaa~ wamoweuli.
pirvelad roTis SemoqmedebaSi, aRsarebiTi forma gamoCnda yvelaze
skandalur, SemdgomSi meoce saukunis amerikuli literaturis klasikad
aRiarebul romanSi `portnois sindromi~ (Portnoy’s Complaint 1969), ro-
melsac udidesi rezonansi mohyva. wigni umetesad dawerilia pirvel pirSi,
naTan cukermani misi teqnikuri mTxrobelia. es aris wigni, im adamianis Sesa-
xeb, romelic sakuTari Tavis eTnikuri da seqsualuri identobis ZiebaSia.
Txrobis forma (narativi) damabnevelia, igi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, ro-
gorc fsiqoTerapiis seansze myofi mTavari gmiris aRsareba-monologi, ro-
melsac roTi araerTxel ubrundeba. TiToeuli Tavi warmoadgens gmiris mi-
er warsulisa da misi fantaziebis aRweras, romelic hiperbolizirebulia
avtoris mier da absurdamde dadis. mTavari personaJis Txroba, sadac yve-
laferi subieqturi xedvis kuTxiTaa Semofargluli, pirobiTad SeiZ-
leba mivakuTvnoT `me~ mTxrobelis Txrobis formas. mTavari gmiri, ise-
ve rogorc avtori, daibada da aRizarda niu-iorkis ebraul ubanSi, emigran-
tTa ojaxSi poloneTidan. personaJis ojaxis, misi garemocvis Sesaxeb rac
gvxdeba, faqtiurad avtoris ojaxis da megobrebis gansaxierebaa. avtori ax-
dens 18 wlis asakamde dagrovili STabeWdilebebis mxatvrulad transfor-
mirebas, romelic emTxveva aleqs portnois xedvas.
`portnois sindromis~ Semdeg roTi agrZelebs misi oreulebis Seqmnas,
ufro metic, mTavari personaJi axla ukve mwerlis ampluasac irgebs. misi
momdevno romanebis gmirebi , literatorebi naTan cukermani da devid kepeSi
xdebian, romelTa Sesaxeb Txrobisas erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli namdvili
gamonagonTan. es personaJebi figurireben Semdeg romanebSi: `mkerdi~ (The
Breast, 1972), `Cemi mamakacuri cxovreba~ (My Life As a Man, 1974), `survi-
lis profesori~ (The Professor of Desire, 1977), `literaturuli zangi~ (The
Ghost Writer, 1979), `borkilaxsnili cukermani~(Zhuckerman Unbound, 1981),
96 Tamila daviTaZe

ànatomiis gakveTili~ (The Anatomy Lesson, 1983), `sxva cxovreba~ (The
Counterlife, 1986), `faqtebi~ (The Facts. A Novelist’s Autobiography, 1988),
àdamianuri laqa~ (The Human Stain, 2000), `momakvdavi cxoveli~ (The Dying
Animal, 2001), `moCveneba gadis~ (Exit Ghost, 2007) da sxv. avtoris warmomav-
loba da socialuri statusi emTxveva mTxrobelisas. bolo dros Seqmnil
romanebSi ki naTan cukermanis, devid kepeSis da avtoris asaki, sazogadoebri-
vi statusi da Sexedulebebic ki emTxveva.
avtorisa da mTxrobelis problema ZiriTadia romanSi `borkilaxsni-
li cukermani~. naTan cukermani mTavari da SedarebiT yvelaze axlos mdgomi
alter egoa avtorisa. cukermanma gaiara ra rTuli gza, miiRo udidesi ga-
mocdileba _ iqca momwifebul mwerlad, gamouSva wigni, romelmac didi
warmateba da saxeli mouxveWa, Tumca male gaxda misi naTesavebis da megob-
rebis gansjis sagani. roTs mohyavs citata, romliTac abnevs mkiTxvels:
`dae, naTanma naxos ras niSnavs, iyo cnobili da nu gvisayvedurebs imas, rom
Cven amis Sesaxeb ar vafrTxilebdiT~ (roTi 1981:1), mkiTxvels rom ar hqon-
des warmodgena am sityvebis avtorze, ifiqrebda, rom es realurad arsebu-
li adamianis cxovrebidanaa da ara mTlianad gamogonili personaJis. aq ukve
naTan cukermani, Tavis mxriv, qmnis da imeorebs misi gmiris, gilbert kar-
novskis saxes sakuTari biografiis da gamocdilebis safuZvelze. romanma
karnovskize cukermans iseTive warmateba, saxeli da amavdroulad skandali
moutana, rogoric _ `portnois sindromma~ roTs. marTalia, naTani popu-
larobis zenitSia, magram amavdroulad am didebam mis ojaxs, mis megobrebs
Seuqmna sirTuleebi, isini gaxdnen dacinvis obieqtebi, da naTans uwevda yo-
vel jerze imis axsna, rom gilbert karnovski gamogonili personaJia da
masze Seqmnili romani ar aris avtoris Sesaxeb, Tumca uSedegod. roTs am
siuJetis Seqmna, savaraudod, sakuTarma gamocdilebam ukarnaxa.
romani `borkilaxsnili cukermani~ SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisebur
mwerlur manifestad, romelic mcdelobaa erTmaneTisagan ganasxvao realu-
ri da gamogonili, cxovreba da Semoqmedeba, avtori da mTxrobeli. naTan
cukermani da masTan erTad roTic, cdiloben daamtkicon mwerlis uflebebi
fantaziasa da mxatvrul gamonagonze. problema cukermanTan problemad
rCeba. misTvis gamosavali mxolod isaa, gawyvitos kavSiri, imaTTan, vinc ma-
namde misTvis Zvirfasi iyo da kiTxvaze rodesac gamvleli mas ekiTxeba: `vin
xarT Tqven?~ (roTi 1981:225) is pasuxobs: àravin~(roTi 1981:225).
roTis romanma `faqtebi: mwerlis avtobiografia,~ mkiTxveli kidev er-
Txel Seiyvana SecdomaSi, romelic fiqrobs, rom roTma gadawyvita namdvilad
Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb daweros. am romanis SeqmniT, roTi iribad exmianeba
amerikul tradicias _ SeaerTos fiction da non-fiction. roTis Txroba, erTi Se-
xedviT mkiTxvelis win Slis avtobiografiul suraTs, Tumca male aRmoCndeba,
rom es morigi miTia. wignis bolos mTxrobeli cukermani dabejiTebiT pasuxobs
avtors kiTxvaze wignis Sesaxeb: àr gamoaqveynoT igi, Tqven ukeTesad gamogdiT
wera Cemze, vidre Tqveni cxovrebis Sesaxeb~ (roTi 1989:161). roTi gvarwmu-
nebs, rom marTalia, avtoris Txroba sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Seicavdes
gamogonil elementsac, magram igi aseve amtkicebs, imasac, rom xSirad gamonago-
ni aRemateba dokumentur faqtebs. amdenad, roTTan gamonagoni xSirad ufro
filip roTi – àvtori~ da `mTxrobeli~ 97

sarwmunoa, vidre namdvili faqti, ris gamoc rTuldeba realuris gamijvna ga-
monagonisgan da avtoris Txroba mTxrobelisagan. amgvarad, `faqtebSi~ roTs
gamohyavs iseTi gamogonili personaJi-mTxrobeli, romelic sxvadasxva nawar-
moebSi irgebs xan protagonistis rols, xan _ wignSi wignis personaJis, xanac
ki TviT filip roTis Taviseburi recenzentisa da kritikosisa.
amgvarad, SeviswavleT ra roTis romanebi avtorisa da mTxrobelis
kuTxiT, davaskvniT: Semoqmedebis adreul etapze roTi personaJis, anu
mTxrobelis saxis Sesaqmnelad `sesxulobs~ ojaxur garemos, aRzrdis da
ganaTlebis Taviseburebebs. moaruli personaJebi _ mwerlebi, universite-
tis leqtorebi, naTan cukermani da devid kepeSi, marTalia garkveuli niSne-
biT hgvanan avtors da mis msgavsad gadian im gzas, profesiuli ganviTarebis
da Camoyalibebis etapebs, rac roTma gaiara, mis msgavsad exvevian wignis ga-
mo skandalSi da sabolood aRweven aRiarebas, magram roTis Semdgom etapze
Seqmnil im romanebSi, sadac mocemulia postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli teqstTan TamaSi da mistikuroba, avtori cdilobs mkiTxvelebsa da
kritikosebs daumtkicos, rom ar SeiZleba misi (avtoris) da personaJis
(mTxrobelis) gaigiveba, rac ar unda msgavseba iyos maT Soris. avtobiogra-
fiuli elementebis gamoyenebiT da personaJi-oreulebis SeqmniT roTi ub-
ralod iyenebs mwerlis uflebas mxatvrul gamonagonze, rac Seexeba avto-
ris xmas, Wirs misi gamocnoba, radgan gamokveTili ar aris, Tumca mkiTxve-
li mas yovelTvis grZnobs.
literatura:
efimovi 2014: Филип Рот, журнал `Иностранная литература~, М;

roTi 2013: filip roTi, portnois sindromi, Tbilisi;
roTi 2012: filip roTi, adamianuri laqa, Tbilisi;
roTi 1989: Roth, Ph. The Facts. A Novelist’s Autobiography. – N.Y;
roTi 1981: Roth, Ph. Zuckerman Unbound. – N.Y.
Tamila Davitadze
Philip Roth – the ~Author” and the ~Narrator”
The modern American writer, Philip Roth, as the ~author” and the ~narrator”,
depicts the personal feelings of characters in a very interesting way. The narration led
by the heroes is so closely connected with the narration of the author in his works
that it becomes difficult to differentiate who is who and who leads the conversation.
The author manages to confuse the reader. He shows cautiousness, changes the real
place of the action, time, number, names. The events and facts are shown through the
~narrator’s” perspective. Very often, the author appears as the character of his own
work when depicting the story through his characters. On the bases of some of his
works, we discuss the author’s position: ~author”-~narrator”, according to which the
author tries to prove to the readers and critics, that it is impossible to get it as one and
the same thing, notwithstanding the fact that there might be great similarity between
them. By using biographical elements and creating identical characters Roth uses his
right on the fictional fancy.
nino dvaliZe
samyaros qaosuri
metaforebi
lingvistur WrilSi
samyaro erTi mTliani mowesrigebuli

qaosia aTasgvar prizmaSi gardatexili; ver-
mosayoli yvelaferi, metaforebiT aRsavse
usasruloba, romelic yvelganaa ganfenili
da miCumaTebuli xmaurobs....samyaros enobri-
vi xati, misi uamravi gamovlinebiT, gansakuT-
rebiT mimzidvelia da iseTive garTulebuli
siadvilea, rogoradac ubraloa da genialu-
ri Tavad gadalaxuli sirTule.... qaosi ber-
Znul miTologiaSi carieli sivrcea, rome-
lic Zveli berZnebis warmodgeniT samyaros
Seqmnamde arsebobda. qaosisagan warmoiSvnen
gea, erebosi, erosi, tartarosi, nikti dasxva.
orfelebis warmodge-niT qaosi qronosis (ma-
radisobis) Svilia. maT qaosi warmodgenili
hqondaT ufskrulad, romelSic sibnele, Rame
da nisli binadrobda. droTa ganmavlobaSi
moZraobis Sedegad nislebma kvercxis saxe mi-
iRo, Semdeg orad gaiyo, erTisgan warmoiSva
ca, xolo meorisagan dedamiwa.
simboluria kvercxi sicocxlis orad
gaxleCa cad da dedamiwad, mas erTi mxare bne-
li aqvs: (sikvdili, boroteba, qaosi), meore
ki naTeli (axali sicocxlis dabadeba, sikeTe,
harmonia).....da aris am or sawyiss Soris gax-
larTuli adamiani, dasabamidan! iq sadac Cveu-
lebrivi,ubralo adamiani cxovrebiseul sa-
fexurebs am or sawyisTan brZolad aRiqvams,
poeti axerxebs Tavis warmosaxvaSi am brZo-
lis mxatvrul xatad formirebas da samyaros
samyaros qaosuri metaforebi lingvistur WrilSi 99

qaoss zogjer netarebad da harmoniad warmogvidgens....poetTan uiRblo siyva-
ruliT gamowveuli tkivili da sevdac ki netarebaa, radgan, misTvis yovlis-
momcveli siyvarulia mTavari, siyvaruli, rogorc samyaros mamoZravebeli
Zala -Tavisi yvelanairi gamovlinebiT, RvTiuri Tu adamianuri ,Tavisi sisus-
teebiT, siZlieriT, SecdomebiTa Tu swori, dadebiTi mxareebiT...rac mTavaria,
adamianma usiyvarulod ar unda icxovros da martosulad ar igrZnos Tavi am
qaosur samyaroSi...
amgvarad, orfelebis warmodgeniT qaosi qronosis (maradisobis) Svi-
lia. Tanamedrove ganmartebiT ki igi uwesrigobas da arev-darevasac niSnavs.
daismis SekiTxva; qaosi uwesrigobaa Tu mowesrigebuli areuloba ?!
samyaro qaosuria Tu kosmiurad dalagebuli erToba?! albaT orive... me Seve-
cade, gadmomeca, samyaros qaosurobiT gajerebuli metaforebi, davesesxe
enis semiotikur niSnebs da gavaanalize ramdenime magaliTi qarTuli da in-
glisurenovani poeziidan. amdenad: warmodgenili naSromis aqtualuroba gan-
pirobebulia samyaroSi ganfenili metaforebis qaosuri usasrulo gamovli-
nebiTa da maTi saTanadod aRqmisa da SemoqmedebiTad aRweris SemTxvevaSi,
lingvisturi xerxebis gadmocemis invariantulobiT xasiaTdeba. naSromis si-
axled, Teoriul da praqtikul Rirebulebad mimaCnia Catarebuli kompleq-
suri analizi qarTul da inglisurenovani poeziis nimuSebisa, sadac xatov-
nad aris gadmocemuli samyaros ori mxare, bneli da naTeli. kvlevis meTodad
aRebulia aRweris, Sepirispirebis, analizisa da sinTezis meTodebi.
vfiqrob, kvlevis originalur nawilad unda CaiTvalos, enaTmecniere-
baSi damkvidrebul ZiriTad niSanTagan: signali, xati, indeqsi, simbolo da
saxelidan, metaforuli xatebisa da simboloebis gamokveTa da maTi kon-
struirebis procesis aRwera da analizi. rogorc marsel dinezi aRniSnav-
da: ~life is semiosis~- da Tu cxovreba, marTlac semiozisia, maSin cxovrebi-
seuli samyaros niSanTa sistemiT gadmocemisas, xats teqstis doneze verba-
lur niSnebTan mivyavarT. am niSnebis abstrahirebisas ki vwvdebiT pragmati-
kul intencias, ris Sedegadac konstruirdeba, swored, mxatvruli xati,
romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs pragmatikuli intenciis esTetizacias. sai-
lustraciod moviyvan Semdeg leqss:
,,TeTri iasamani”
badri sulaZe
iasamani yvaoda TeTrad
da sevdiani qonda siTeTre,
es ucnauri usityvo sevda
me Cems oTaxSi Semovikedle...
mesaidumle me Semxvda bedad
bevrisTvis albaT ver asatani,
Cems civ oTaxSi aRar var kentad,
me var, sevda da iasamani...
sevda Semovikedle....me var, sevda da iasamani...am strofebSi gasulier-
da sevda, abstraqtuli saxeli, da Seiqmna mSvenieri mxatvruli, metaforu-
100 nino dvaliZe

li xati, romelic martoobis autanlobas, TeTri iasamaniviT mimzidvels
xdis da ramdenadme asatans, yovelSemTxvevaSi, igi civ oTaxsac ki aTbobs...
TeTri iasamnis ubiwo xateba da misi idumali Tanamosevdeoba, aranakleb
mimzidvelad aris dasuraTxatebuli inglisurenovan poeziaSi, am qaosur
samyaroSi xom, yvelas Tavisi albinosi eguleba sulis salbunad da
gulis mosabruneblad; ufro metic: uolt uaitmeni mraval gazafxulmnax-
veli ambobs, rom iasamnis yvavilobas iseTive sevdanarevi simSvide da Tavda-
jerebuloba moaqvs,rogorc wmida samebas da igi iseve anaTebs dasavleTis
cis kabadons, rogorc masze dakiduli varskvlavi, amdenad, iasamnis uWknob
xatebaze fiqric ki Zalian uyvars avtors....
‘When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom’d,
And the great star early droop’d in the western sky in the night,
I mourn’d, and yet shall mourn with ever-returning spring.
Ever-returning spring, trinity sure to me you bring,
Lilac blooming perennial and drooping star in the west,
And thought of him I love’.
BY WALT WHITMAN
iasamnis ubiwo yvaviloba gazafxulze da wmida samebis simSvide da

Tavdajerebuloba....aq ukve sityvebi uZluria gadmosce poetis sulieri sam-
yaros mowesrigebuli metaforuli xedva. uolt uatmenTan, verc simarto-
vesa da sevdas ver Semoaqvs samyaroseuli qaosi da disonansi,radgan igi wmi-
da samebas gauwonasworebia....aq siyvaruli namdvilad scdeba xorciels da
cxovrebiseuli amaoebis fusfussa da qaoss; aq siyvaruli universaluri
xdeba....
aranakleb mimzidvelia uolt uaitmenis sada da yvelasaTvis gasagebi
eniT gamoxatuli Semdegi metaforuli fraza,~ saxe mudam mzis naTebisken
geWiros da Crdilebi yovelTvis Sens zurgsukan daecemian~ ....
adamians, rogorc samyaros, aqvs ori saxe: cudi da kargi, naTeli da
bneli, romelsac uolt uaitmeni, ase xsnis:
`me var imdenad cudi, ramdenadac uaresi, magram uflis wyalobiT, me
var imdenad kargi, ramdenadac saukeTeso~....
aranakleb sainteresoa, Tu rogor aRiqvamen da ra metaforebiT gad-
moscemen sxvadasxva adamianuri grZnobiT gamowveul sevdasa da Tu sixa-
ruls Tanamedrove poetebi qaotur yofasTan mimarTebaSi.
davubrundebi isev iasamnis Temas rati amaRlobelTan: ,,gazafxulis

uvertura~
isev maisobs samaiis isamani,
mze tyeebisken mwvane mziTvebs miezideba.
davtove Cemi mwuxarebis myudro savane,
isev maisobs samaiis isamani.
RmerTo! samSvinvels gazafxulis miec dideba

da broweulis baRebisken gzebi savali.
mze tyeebisken mwvane mziTvebs miezideba,
isev maisobs samaiis iasamani.
aqac figurirebs iasamnis yvaviloba, sulis Zaxili da vedreba ufli-
sadmi, misces poets Zala, gza gaukvalos broweulis baRebisken- Semodgo-
misken; mzes ki evedreba SeunarCunos tyeebs `simwvane~, da miitanos Tavi ro-
gorme dazamTrebamde iseTive rudunebiT, rogoriTac agroveben xolme da
atanen mziTevs gaTxovebisas .... am imediT aRvsili poeti bednieri tovebs
mwuxare myudro savanes da nazamTral sevdian fiqrebs, radgan misTvis isev
maisobs samaiis iasamani...axalgaRviZebuli bunebis.mSvenieri metaforaa,
aliteraciiT gamoxatuli.
rati amaRlobelis es poeturi metaforebi erTgvarad exmianeba uolt ua-
itmenis mxatvrul xats: iasamani, gazafxuli, imedi, martoobis sevdianobis
daZleva, uflis rwmena. es aris albaT, swored, universaluri poeturi Tan-
xvedra ,romelic zogadsakacobrioa da droSi universaluri, rogorc es miaC-
nda orfelebs: qaosi qronosis (maradisobis) Svilia....
erTi ucnobi avtori, arafriT gamorCeuli, msurs, kontrastisaTvis
SemogTavazoT,radgan isic isevea gadaRlili da damZimebuli,rogorc bevri
am cxovrebis naTel da bnel mxareebze Cafiqrebuli 21 e saukunis nebismieri
ubralo adamiani. igi iseve ganicdis cxovrebis simZimesa da qaoss,rogorc
sxva cnobili poetebi,da Tavis fiqrebs Semdegnairad gadmoscems:
`vfiqrob... albaT bevrs vfiqrob?.
minda gavriTmo,minda viyviro! minda grZnobebs vuZebno adgili..
xan rom sicocxlis naxva mwyuria, xan vgrZnob rom damsdevs sikvdilis
aCrdili... ubralod viRlebi...
ramdeni fiqrebi,sityvebi,frazebi.. Sevkari riTmebad, leqsebad davdevi...
xan ki viRlebi... xan rom mamSvidebs napovni sityvebi, xan is sityvebic
arafers ar micvlis... ubralod viRlebi!..
samyaro qaoss mayris riTmebad... xan vbrZolob, ar vicdi!
xan ubrZolvelad mivyvebi dinebas~...
vfiqrob, sakmaod saintereso metaforuli mignebaa, roca `samyaro
gayris qaoss~ unda gauZlo, unda ibrZolo,Tundac gadaiRalo, mainc Seu-
povrad mihyve dinebas....
aqve moviyvan aseve Cveni Tanamedrovis,magram sakmaod cnobili poetis
_ bob dilanis, aw ukve nobelis premiis laureatis leqsebidan erT-erTs:
qviSis TiToeul marcvalSi~, romelic sakmaod sainteresod aRwers cxov-
rebis xanmokle vnebaTaRelvas da maradisobis idumal sivrcesTan ziarebas,
qaoss da wesrigs, codvebs da ucodvelobas, daRlas da Svebas, romelic
gulwrfeli aRsarebiT modis adamianebTan Tavisi xanmokle cxovrebisa da
maradisobis gzasayarze....
Every Grain of Sand
Bob Dylan, 1981
In the time of my confession, in the hour of my deepest need,
102 nino dvaliZe

When the pool of tears beneath my feet flood every newborn seed,
There's a dyin' voice within me reaching out somewhere,
Toiling in the danger and in the morals of despair.
.........
I gaze into the doorway of temptation's angry flame
And every time I pass that way I always hear my name.
Then onward in my journey I've come to understand
That every hair is numbered like every grain of sand.
..........
I hear the agéd footsteps like the motion of the sea,
Sometimes I turn _ there's someone there _ other times it's only me.
I am hanging in the balance of the reality of man,
Like every sparrow falling, like every grain of sand.
mdidari poeturi xatebiTa da simboloebiTaa gajerebuli bob dilanis
es leqsi: saocari emociebiT aRwers igi Tavis cxovrebis mTel ganvlil
gzas,
romelic ise Cailia, rogorc qviSis saaTSi qviSa; ixsenebs ra Tavis

ganvlil cxovrebas,mas miaCnia, rom yoveli misi Secdoma da qmedeba isevea
daTvlili, rogorc Tmis yoveli Reri; rogorc yoveli foToli irxeva, ise
irxeva misi monanuli sulis simebi; sinanulis cxare cremlebi Rvarad das-
denia poets da fexebTan gubed qceuls dautboravs axladSobili monanuli
sulis Zaxili;poeti grZnobs ra uflis Zlevamosil xelis Sexebas, rome-
lic masSi aRviZebs morals, sasowarkveTili cdilobs gawyvitos warsulis
jaWvi da mzisxiviT gamTbari isev gauyves cxovrebis gza-Saras, siRaribidan
simdidremde gadebuls, xan im imediT, rom kidev aris iq viRac Tanamdgomi,
xanac sul marto xandazmuli nabijebiT mavalia igi, rogorc zRvis talRe-
bi midi-modian; rogorc beRura miswydomia poeti cxovrebas da cdilobs ba-
lansis dacvas qviSis saaTSi qviSis cvenis kvaldakval...
wuTia wuTisofeli, dro icreba, rogorc qviSis saaTidan qviSa, xidi
gadebulia aqedan iqamde, qaosi mowesrigebulia metaforebSi da Tu codve-
bic monaniebulia, arc qronosSi gadasvlaa ise saSiSi; rogorc amas cnobi-
li ingliseli poeti, uiliam bleiki, ityoda ùmankoebis qebaSi~: Tu Zal-
giZs samyaros xedavde qviSis marcvalSi da samoTxes Wvretde velur yva-
vilSi; xelisguls gepyras usasruloba da maradisobas aRwevde erT sa-
aTSi... yvelaferi SeiZleba daatio drois garkveul monakveTSi da gadaswvde
kidec samyaros usasrulobas....
Auguries of Innocence
To see a World in a Grain of Sand
And a Heaven in a Wild Flower,
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand
And Eternity in an hour.

literatura:
amaRlobeli 2014: gazafxulis uvertura, literatura.mcvane.ge

sulaZe 2013: TeTri iasamani, memento.ge/1430--.html
Cibo 2014: ubralod viRlebi, memento.ge/7445--.html
Witman W, 1865, poetry: https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-
poets/poems/detail/45480
Dylan B, 1981, poetry: www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/bobdylan/
everygrainofsand.html
Dvalidze Nino
Chaotic Metaphors of the Universe in the Linguistic Section
It deals with the examples of the metaphorical images from the Georgian
and English poetry. The novelty of the given scientific research is the fact that
from the six signs of linguistics: signal, image, symbol, index and name, I
distinguished the metaphorical images and symbols of chaotic world. The
method of investigation is descriptive, contrastive, analytical and syntactical. As
it is exemplified in the several pieces of poetry, (W. Witman, Rati Amaghlobeli,
Bob Dylan, and some other unknown Georgian poets), the expressive means of
language semiotics are colorful and verified. Consequently the perception of the
chaotic world, eternity, order-disorder, solitude, and other failures of life seem
rather natural and even attractive for a human, if he/she may have a feeling of
regret, can confess and live in a harmony with the nature and Lord.
ivdiT diasamiZe
ìeroglifuri gaformeba~,
rogorc teqstis
grafikuli ilustrirebis
erT-erTi forma
mxatvruli teqstis vizualur gaforme-

baze, mis esTetikur mxareze odiTganve zru-
navdnen avtorebi. tipografiis ganviTarebamde
didi yuradReba eqceoda asoebis moyvanilo-
bas da sailustracio masalebs, xolo beW-
dviTi sistemis ganviTarebam da daxvewam teq-
stis grafikuli gaformebis mravalferovan
xerxebs misca gza. gansakuTrebulad Tamamad
aseT xerxebs Tanamedrove avtorebi iyeneben,
romlebic ara mxolod zrunaven wminda esTe-
tikur mxareze, aramed grafikul saSualebebs
iyeneben verbaluri teqstis sanacvlod, an ki-
dev verbaluri teqstisa da grafikis kombina-
ciis xerxs mimarTaven.
winamdebare naSromi teqstis grafiku-
li ilustrirebis erT-erT SedarebiT iSvi-
aT, magram metad TvalsaCino xerxs _ ìe-
roglifur gaformebas~ eZRvneba. SemoTava-
zebuli terminis arsis da misis stiluri
efeqtis dasadgenad sasurvelia gavixsenoT,
Tu ras warmoadgens Tavad ieroglifi da, Se-
sabamisad, ieroglifuri damwerloba.
rogorc cnobilia, ieroglifuri dam-
werloba mravali saukunis win aRmocenda
da, ase vTqvaT, ,,anbanuri sistemiT damwer-
lobis~ erTgvar winaprad gvevlineba. Mmiu-
xedavad amisa, msoflioSi jer kidev arse-
bobs iseTi enebi, rogoricaa iaponuri da Ci-
nuri, romelTa orTografiac ieroglifu-
ìeroglifuri gaformeba~, rogorc teqstis grafikuli ilustrirebis erT-erTi forma 105

ria. ras niSnavs ieroglifi da riT gansxvavdeba igi asoebisagan?
oqsfordis erT-erTi leqsikoni ieroglifis or gansazRvrebas
gvTavazobs:
 ieroglifi sagnis suraTs an simbolos warmoadgens da aRniS-
navs mTel sityvas, marcvals an bgeras. Ggamoiyeneboda Zvel egviptesa
da sxva damwerlobebSi;
 orTografiuli simbolo, romelsac saidumlo an faruli mniS-
vneloba gaaCnia.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 1989-1995:586
termini ,,ieroglifuri gaformeba,~ romelsac Cven mivmarTeT, SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, am orive ganmartebas iTavsebs. vidre uSualod magaliTebis
analizze gadavidodeT, upriani iqneba kidev erTi ram davazustoT. Tavad
ieroglifebi SeiZleba iyos piktografiuli da simboluri. ,,piktograme-
bi~ iseTi ieroglifebia, romlebic konkretuli sagnis (vTqvaT,~ katis,~
,,varskvlavis~da a. S.) amsaxvel suraTebs warmoadgenen (isini, am Tval-
sazrisiT, praqtikulad universaluri, sayovelTaod gasagebi gamosaxu-
lebebia, romelsac nebismieri adamiani amoikiTxavs). rac Seexeba ,,simbo-
lur~ ieroglifebs, isini aRsaniSnTan, praqtikulad, aranair
TvalSi sacem msgavsebas ar avlenen da, amdenad, sayovelTaod Sec-

nobadni ver gaxdebian.
rodesac saubaria verbaluri teqstis ,,ieroglifur gaformebaze,~
aq ukve saqme e. w. ,,simbolur piktogramebTan~ gveqneba. Aazris naTel-
sayofad gTavazobT Semdeg magaliTebs:
They had laid her in it reserved. Cash made it
Clock-shape, like this with every joint
and seam bevelled and scrubbed with

the plane, tight as a drum ans neat as a sewing
basket, and they had laid her in it head to foot so
it wouldn’t crush her dress.
folkneri 2004:80
Mmoyvanil magaliTSi, romelic folkneris nawarmoebis ,,suli rom
amomdioda~ (As I Lay Dying) fragmentia, ojaxis gardacvlili dedis
gadasvenebis ambavia moTxrobili. teqstSi CarTuli ,,kubos~ piktogra-
ma, ara mxolod migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu ,,ra tipis yuTSi~ Caasvenes igi
(Tavad teqstis mTxrobeli am sityvas ar axsenebs), aramed erTgvar
,,sikvdilis sayovelTao simbolodac~ gvevlineba (daaxloebiT iseTive
simbolod, rogoricaa Tavis qala) da erTgvarad ,,magiur,~ ,,dawyevli-
lobis damRis~ datvirTvasac iZens.
106 ivdiT diasamiZe

~Keep going”, the other said. He led Jason on around the corner of the
station, to the empty platform where an express truck stood, where grass grew
rigidly in a plot bordered with rigid flowers and a sign in electric lights: keep
your on Mottson, the gap filled by a human eye with an
electrical pupil, the man released him.
folkneri 2004:311
am magaliTSi ki, romelic ukve folkneris sxva nawarmoebis _

,,xmauri da mZvinvareba~ (Sound and Fury) fragmentia, teqstSi CarTuli
,,Tvalis~ aRmniSvneli ieroglifi sityva ,,Tvalis~ Caweris erT-erT sa-
Sualebad gvevlineba; misi teqstidan amogdebis SemTxvevaSi, wina maga-
liTisagan gansxvavebiT, winadadebis azri gaugebari gaxdeboda, radganac
is frazis- to keep an eye on -Semadgeneli nawilia da sityva Tvals anac-
vlebs verbalur teqstSi. Aamavdroulad, es ,,ieroglifurad~ Cawerili
sityvac, misi piktogramulobis gamo gacilebiT ufro aRqmadia, is sakra-
lur datvirTvas iZens da ,,RvTis zecidan momziral~ Tvalad, anda ,,me-
same Tvalad~ SeiZleba gaviazroT.
bolo dros mxatvrul literaturasa da ,,sareklamo~ Tu sxva ti-
pis warwerebSi moxSirda am tipis ieroglifebic:
I you (I love you) T 4 2 (tea for two) 2 U (to you) da a. S.
am ieroglifebs, erTgvarad ,,metaforuli~ ieroglifebi da ,,ierog-
lifuri kalamburebi~ SeiZleba ewodos. isini, rogorc vxedavT, praqtiku-
lad yvela metyvelebis nawils anacvleben (zmnebs, arsebiT saxelebs, win-
debulebs, ricxviT saxelebs, nacvalsaxelebs) da amokiTxvisas erTgvar
enobriv logikaze agebul ,,Tavsatexs~ warmoadgenen. Ppirvel magaliTSi _
I you _ gulis piktograma ,,siyvarulis~ aRmniSvneli metaforaa, xolo
danarCen magaliTebSi warmodgenili aso-simboloebi (T, U) da cifruli
simboloebi (2, 4) is kalamburebia, romlebic maTi da maTiT Senacvlebu-
li sityvebis omofonurobas efuZneba.
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebam momxmarebels saSualeba mis-
ca gamoiyenos nairferovani piktografiuli ieroglifebi (romlebic Tema-
turad Tu simbolurad arian Seqmnilebi). msgavsma piktografiulma ierog-
lifebma verbaluri teqsturi mesijebi maqsimalurad Caanacvla da isini yo-
veldRiuri cxovrebis da komunikaciis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. sailus-
traciod mogvyavs `feisbukis~ momxmarebelTa mier xSirad gamoyenebuli
piktografiuli ieroglifebi:
amgvarad, teqstis ieroglifuri gaformeba im mxarvrul xerxad Seg-

viZlia CavTvaloT romelic grafikuli saxeobriobisa da tropebis sti-
ìeroglifuri gaformeba~, rogorc teqstis grafikuli ilustrirebis erT-erTi forma 107

luri konvergenciis Sedegia da metad xelsayrelia damatebiTi esTeti-
kuri informaciis gadmosacemad. ieroglifebi, amasTanave, Tanamedrove ko-
munikaciis ganuyofel nawilad gadaiqca.
literatura:
goldsmis 1984: Goldsmith E., Research into Illustrations: an approach and a

review; Cambrige University Press.
folkneri 2004: Faulkner W. As I Lay Dying; pub. by Vintage
folkneri 2004: Faulkner W., Sound and Fury; pub. by Vintage
Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary; 1989-1995.
Diasamidze Ivdit
~Hieroglyphic Design” as One of the Forms of

Graphical Illustration of a Text
~Hieroglyphic Design” can be considered to be one of the rare but

expressive graphic means. The term ~hieroglyphic design” that we refer to in our
work implies the both definitions provided by Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary. Hieroglyph, in itself, may be pictorial and symbolic. ~Pictorial” are
those hieroglyphs that present pictures of a concrete thing. As for ~symbolic”
hieroglyphs they do not represent any similarity to a recipient and therefore
cannot be guessed by everyone. When we talk about ~hieroglyphic design” of a
verbal text we deal with ~symbolic pictures”. Hieroglyphs are mostly employed
in fiction by modern authors. These graphic means are most likely used to
replace a complete verbal text or they are integrated with a verbal text to achieve
the effect of transmitting additional esthetic information. Nowadays, hieroglyphs
are widely used in advertisements as well as in diverse kinds of everyday
communication.

xaTuna diasamiZe

me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis
balkaneTis krizisi

me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi iugoslavia-
Si dawyebuli samoqalaqo omi evropul krizi-
sebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze ufro rTulia.
Tavisi sisastikiT, masStabebiT da geopoliti-
kuri SedegebiT aRniSnuli krizisi ara mxolod
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi movlena iyo, is saerTa-
Soriso mniSvnelobis krizisadac gadaiqca. igi
xSirad me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis balkane-
Tis krizisis saxelwodebiTac moixsenieba.
90-iani wlebis balkaneTis krizisi daiwyo
maSin, rodesac saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa
sistema mniSvnelovnad icvleboda. sabWoTa kav-
Siris daSlasTan da varSavis xelSekrulebis
organizaciis likvidaciasTan erTad bipola-
rulma sistemam sabolood Sewyvita arseboba,
Seicvala aSS-s mdgomareoba, gaizarda gaerTiane-
buli germaniis roli. evropis kontinentis aR-
mosavleT da dasavleT nawilebad dayofis gageba
gaqra. Semdgom evropas Sua, aRmosavleT da sam-
xreT-aRmosavleT nawilebad yofen. TiToeul am
regionSi erovnebaTSorisi problemebi arsebobs,
romlebic yovelTvis iyo, magram gansakuTrebu-
li siZlieriT iugoslaviis magaliTze swored
me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi samxreT slavu-
ri miwebi ori erTmaneTze dapirispirebuli im-
peria: osmaleTi da avstria (mogvianebiT av-
stria-ungreTis imperiis) akontrolebda. dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi bosnia da serbeTi TurqeTis
SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, xorvatia da slovenia
ki habsburgTa imperiis nawili gaxda.
me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis balkaneTis krizisi 109
iugoslaviis saxelmwifoSi, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg
Seiqmna, serbebs eWiraT privilegirebuli mdgomareoba, xolo daZabulobis
mTavari wyaro iyo xorvatia, romelsac ufro meti damoukidebloba surda.
1941 wels germaniis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma swrafad daikaves iugos-
laviis teritoria. daiwyo mkveTri dapirispireba faSistebis mier mxarda-
Weril xorvatiis saxelmwifosa da winaaRmdegobis moZraobebs Soris. am
ukanasknelidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani Cetnikis da komunistebis partizanu-
li moZraobebi iyo. pirvels warmoadgendnen serbeTis TavisuflebisaTvis
mebrZolebi, komunistebs ki tito akontrolebda.
meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, titos komunisturma parti-
am scada xorvatiis, sloveniis, serbeTis, montenegros da bosnia-hercogo-
vinis eqvsi respublikis gaerTianeba da sxvadasxva eTnikur dajgufebebs So-
ris dapirispirebis dabalanseba (The Collapse of Yugoslavia: Background and
Summary: 1995-1996:5). rogorc h. kisinjeri SeniSnavs, igi erTaderTi ko-
munisti mmarTveli iyo aRmosavleT evropaSi, romelic qveynis saTaveSi
mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT movida (Киссинджер 1997:302). Tu calkeul
dajgufebas Soris harmonia titos ZalisxmeviT damyarda, dafaruli anta-
gonizmi da daZabuloba iyo umTavresi iaraRi nebismieri liderisaTvis, vi-
sac nacionaluri grZnobebis gaRviveba surda. am dajgufebebs Soris arsebu-
li istoriuli SuRli ki 90-iani wlebis konfliqtis monawile orive mxa-
rem gamoiyena, rogorc iaraRi Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad.
1980 wels titos gardacvalebis momentisaTvis sami mniSvnelovani
problema arsebobda: gansxvavebuli eTnikuri interesebi, uvargisi ekonomi-
ka da qveynis mouqneli instituciuri struqtura, rac xels uSlida iu-
goslaviis erTianobis SenarCunebas. 1980-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekono-
mikurma da politikurma krizisma iugoslaviis destabilizacia gamoiwvia.
Tumca, im adamianis sikvdili, romelic 35 welze meti xnis ganmavloba-
Si damoukideblad marTavda saxelmwifos zogierT dasavlur wreSi aRqmul
iqna, rogorc xelsayreli momenti federaciis daSlisaTvis (The Violent
Dissolution of Yugoslavia 2006:67).
dResdReobiT iugoslaviis krizisis warmomSob wyarosTan dakavSire-
biT sxvadasxva midgoma arsebobs.
erT-erTi midgomis Tanaxmad, omis gaCaRebaze yvelaze didi pasuxis-
mgebloba serbeTis respublikaze modis, romelmac ganaxorciela agresia
sloveniis, xorvatiis, bosniis, hercogovinasa da kosovoSi mcxovrebi al-
banelebis winaaRmdeg. serbeTis am qmedebis motivad serbeTis xelmZRvane-
lobis politikas an serbi xalxis „agresiul qmedebas“ asaxeleben, romel-
Ta mizani manam arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis da iugoslaviis terito-
riaze hegemonobis SenarCuneba iyo.
meore midgoma, romelic popularulia serbeTsa da bevr saerTaSori-
so wreSi, iugoslaviis Semadgenlobidan gamosuli respublikebis da maTi
ucxoeli mokavSireebis realuri motivebis damalvaa. kerZod, isini iswraf-
vodnen gadaesinjaT pirveli da meore msoflio omis Sedegebi iugoslaviaSi,
110 xaTuna diasamiZe
balkaneTsa da evropaSi. aRniSnuli midgomidan gamomdinare, iugoslaviis

samoqalaqo omi aris zogierTi respublikis araswori (arasamarTlebrivi)
gamoyofis Sedegi, riTac dairRva interesebi im xalxebisa, romelTac sur-
daT darCena iugoslaviis federaciaSi. saubaria serbi xalxis im nawilze,
romelic sloveniisa da xorvatiis gamoyofis Semdeg axladSeqmnil saxel-
mwifoebSi diskriminirebul umciresobad gadaiqca.
mesame midgoma gulisxmobs iugoslaviis samoqalaqo omis, rogorc
rTul politikur, eTnikur da religiur konfliqtad Sefasebas Sors mima-
vali saerTaSoriso SedegebiT, risTvisac ar aRmoCndnen mzad didi saxel-
mwifoebi. konfliqtSi CarTul iugoslaviur respublikebs konfliqtis
gafarToebam saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis poziciiT manipulirebis SesaZ-
lebloba misca.
yvelaferi ki ase daiwyo: faSistebis gandevnis da titos Zalisxmevis
Sedegad, 1945 wels monarqia gauqmda da iugoslavia saxalxo respublikad ga-
mocxadda. 1963 wlis konstituciis miRebiT qveyana iugoslaviis socialis-
tur federaciul respublikad gamocxadda. mis SemadgenlobaSi eqvsi respub-
lika moeqca: serbeTi, xorvatia, bosnia, hercogovina, makedonia da Cernigo-
ria. iugoslavia mravalerovnul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. masSi Semavali
xalxebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gverdigverd cxovrobdnen, magram arasodes
ucxovriaT erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi. es qveyana ara mxolod mravale-
rovnuli iyo, religiis TvalsazrisiTac Wrel saxelmwifos warmoadgenda.
iugoslaviaSi marTlmadidebeli mxolod 50% iyo (serbebi, makedonielebi,
Cernogorielebi). xorvatebi da slovenebi - kaTolikeebi, bosnielebi ki mus-
limebi iyvnen.
iugoslaviis respublikebs Soris sazRvrebi, zogierTi gamonaklisis
garda, oficialurad arasodes daudgeniaT. maT gansazRvravdnen omamdeli
administraciuli sazRvrebiT, an ekonomikuri da eTnikuri kriteriumebiT.
gabatonebuli ideologiis Tanaxmad, sazRvrebis sakiTxisTvis gansakuTre-
buli mniSvneloba ar miuniWebiaT. iugoslaviis federaciuli mowyoba sab-
WoTa modelis mixedviT ganxorcielda. eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis miniWebu-
li didi uflebebis paralelurad xelisuflebis ZiriTadi berketebi komu-
nisturi partiis xelSi iyo moqceuli. komunisturi partia ki gaxldaT sa-
xelmwifos integraciis ZiriTadi faqtori. iugoslavieli komunistebisaT-
vis miuRebeli iyo serbebis da xorvatebis nacionalizmi, maSin rodesac isi-
ni xels uwyobdnen patara komunisturi jgufebis (makedonielebi, eTnikuri
muslimebi, albanelebi) nacionaluri Segnebis gaZlierebas.
qveynis SigniT xalxebs Soris arsebulma dapirispirebam, mcirericxo-
vani eTnikuri jgufebis waxalisebaze orientirebulma saxelmwifo poli-
tikam, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Seqmnilma saerTaSoriso viTarebam, socia-
listuri banakis daSlam didi roli Seasrula iugoslaviis saxelmwifos
dangrevaSi.
me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
arsebobda wanamZRvrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis mxridan damoukideblobi-
saTvis omis gaCaRebisaTvis. verc iugoslaviis xelmZRvaneloba da verc sa-
erTaSoriso Tanamegobroba mzad ver aRmoCnda mSvidobiani gziT daereguli-
rebina aRniSnuli sakiTxi. damoukideblobisaken nabiji pirvelad sloveni-
am gadadga. daZabulobam „serbiul“ da „slavur-xorvatul“ blokebs Soris
1990 wlis TebervalSi iugoslaviis komunisturi kavSiris XIV yrilobaze
miaRwia, rodesac sloveniis delegaciam sxdoma datova.
im droisaTvis qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi gardaqmnis sami gegma arsebob-
da: konfederaciuli (slovenia, xorvatia), federaciuli mowyobis (sakavSi-
ro prezidiumi) da momavali iugoslaviis saxelmwifos platformis“ (make-
donia, bosnia, hercogovina), magram respublikebis liderebs Soris Semdgarma
Sexvedram aCvena, rom mravalpartiuli arCevnebis da referendumis mizani iyo
ara iugoslaviuri sazogadoebis demokratiuli gardaqmna, aramed qveynis mo-
maval mowyobasTan dakavSirebiT politikuri liderebis mier wamoyenebuli
konkretuli programis dakanoneba.
sloveniurma mxarem problemis gadaWra iugoslaviis Semadgenlobidan
gamosvliT ganizraxa. 1991 wlis 25 ivniss man damoukidebloba gamoacxada.
1991 wels serbeTma Tanxmoba ganacxada sloveniis gasvlaze, Tumca slove-
niis mizani iyo iugoslaviis ara ubralod datoveba, aramed misi daSlis Se-
degad Tavis erTiani saxelmwifos samarTalmemkvidred gamocxadeba.
sloveniis am nabijebma xorvatiis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. is fiqrobda,
rom Tu slovenia iugoslavias datovebda, qveynis SigniT ZalTa balansi mis
sazianod Seicvleboda. politikurma krizisma kulminacias 1991 wlis 25
ivniss miaRwia, rodesac sloveniam da xorvatiam damoukidebloba gamoacxa-
des. am droisaTvis aSkara iyo respublikebs Soris molaparakebis waruma-
tebloba, politikur liderebs Soris undoblobis zrda, erovnul sawyi-
sebze mosaxleobis SeiaraReba, pirveli samxedro formirebebi.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan erTad sloveniis xelisuflebam sa-
sazRvro sakontrolo punqtebic daikava, sadac respublikis niSnebic aR-
marTa. iugoslaviis xelisuflebam sloveniis aRniSnuli qmedeba ukanonod
gamoacxada da iugoslaviis saxalxo armia sloveniis sazRvrebze ganlagda.
SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba gardauvali Seiqmna.
xorvatiaSi ki ori Zala daupirispirda erTmaneTs: erTi mxriv damou-
kideblobis momxre xorvatiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, meore mxriv ki xorva-
tiis teritoriaze mcxovrebi serbebi, romlebsac iugoslaviis Semadgen-
lobaSi surdaT darCena da faqtorivad, iugoslaviis saxalxo armiis mxar-
daWeriT sargeblobdnen. cotaTi adre, 1991 wlis TebervalSi, xorvatiel-
ma serbebma xorvatiis miswrafebas damoukideblobisaken da mis konstitu-
cias xorvatiis teritoriaze serbeTis avtonomiuri olqis SeqmniT upasu-
xes. 1991 wlis 25 ivniss ki xorvatiis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebas
Tan mohyva Setakeba serbebsa da xorvatebs Soris. oficialuri belgradi
serbebis mxares gamovida.
1991 wlis bolos gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWom miiRo rezolucia iu-
goslaviaSi samSvidobo Zalebis gagzavnasTan dakavSirebiT, xolo evrokav-
112 xaTuna diasamiZe
Siris ministrTa sabWom daiwyo sanqciebis gatareba serbeTisa da Cernigo-

riis winaaRmdeg. 1992 wlis Teberval-martSi gaeros kontingenti xorvati-
aSi Sevida. serbeTisa da xorvatiis konfliqtis centrad Tavidanve sadavo
bosniisa da hercogovinis teritoria gamocxadda. konfliqtis mSvidobiani
daregulirebis yvela mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda. dRis wesrigSi daisva
bosniisa da hercogovinis unitaruli samoqalaqo respublikis Seqmnis sa-
kiTxi, magram serbebma uari ganacxades am respublikis SemadgenlobaSi um-
ciresobis statusiT darCenaze.
1991 wlis oqtomberSi skupSCinis muslimma da xorvatielma deputa-
tebma respublikis suverenitetis memorandumi miiRes. 1992 wlis ianvarSi
respublikam damoukideblobis aRiarebis mizniT evropul Tanamegobrobas
mimarTa. protestis niSnad serbma deputatebma datoves parlamenti, uari
Tqves referendumSi monawileobaze. referendumis monawileTa umravleso-
bam ki mxari dauWira suverenul saxelmwifos.
sapasuxod adgilobrivma serbebma sakuTari skupSCina Seqmnes, xolo mas
Semdeg rac evrokavSirma, aSS-m da ruseTma aRiares bosnia-hercogovinis damo-
ukidebloba, serbulma Temma bosniaSi serbeTis respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
gaakeTa gancxadeba. dapirispireba SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi gadaizarda.
1992 wlis agvistoSi londonSi mimdinare saerTaSoriso konferenci-
is Sedegad bosnieli serbebis lideri daTanxmda okupirebuli teritorii-
dan jarebis gayvanas, mZime SeiaraRebis gaeroze gadacemas da muslimebisa da
xorvatebisTvis specialurad Seqmnili banakebis daxurvas. s. miloSeviCma
bosniisa da hercogovinis damoukideblobis aRiarebis piroba dado, Tumca
krizisis saboloo daregulireba mainc ver moxerxda, iseve rogorc iugos-
laviis daSlam aranakleb mZime ekonomikuri Sedegebic iqonia. erT dros gan-
viTarebuli socialisturi qveyana 20 wlis winandel, rig SemTxvevaSi ki 30
wlis winandel makroekonomikur parametrebs daubrunda. specialistebis
mier Catarebulma detalurma analizma aCvena, rom balkaneTi gadaiqca mkac-
ri ekonomikuri ukusvlis da siRaribis arealad (Petak 2003:9).
da saerTod “eqneboda Tu ara adgili yofili iugoslaviis dezinteg-
racias da eTnosTa Soris saSinel omebs, rom erTiani iugoslaviis bolo
premier-ministrs ante markoviCs dasavleTidan 4 mlrd dolaris odenobis
krediti mieRo?“ (Уткин 2006:339).
literatura:
Киссинджер Г. Дипломатия. Москва “Ладомир”. 1997.

Уткин А. Новый мировой порядок. Москва “Эксмо” 2006.
The Violent Dissolution of Yugoslavia. Causes, Dynamics and Effects.
Collection of Papers. Edited by: Miroslav Hadzic. Belgrade 2006.
http://www.bezbednost.org/upload/document/the_violent_dissolution_o
f_yug.pdf
Zdravko Petak. The Political Economy Background of Yugoslav Dissolution.
Indiana, USA 2003.
http://ostromworkshop.indiana.edu/seminars/papers/y673_spring_2003_
petak.pdf
The Collapse of Yugoslavia: Background and Summary. Research Paper No.14
1995-1996 https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-
96/96rp14.pdf
Khatuna Diasamidze
The Balkan Crises in 90-s of XX Century
The Yugoslav Wars called as the Balkan Crises were ethnically based wars
that took place from 1991 to 2001 in the territory of former Yugoslavia. These
wars broke up Yugoslav State and new republics declared independence.
However, the problems of ethnic minorities (especially Serbs, Croats, and
Albanians) in new republics were not solved by the time when these republics
were recognized internationally.

lali TavaZe
sivrce da deiqsisi.
lokaluri semantikis mqone
leqsikuri erTeulebi
rogor avxsnaT, sad mdebareobs sagani?

rogor aRvwerT kerZo sagnebis sivrciT niS-
nebs? maT ganzomilebebs sivrceSi da maT
formas? es is sakiTxebia, romelTa ganxilva-
sac Cven SevecdebiT.
mosazreba deiqsisis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad
biuleris naSromidan gamomdinareobs, romel-
mac aRniSna, rom is, rasac here da there gulis-
xmobs, icvleba mosaubris poziciis Sesabamisad
iseve, rogorc I da thou SeiZleba Seicvalos
imis mixedviT, vin gvawvdis an Rebulobs infor-
macias (biuleri 1963: 94). ra Tqma unda, enis
mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi deiqsisi inar-
Cunebs Tavis funqciur arss, romelic mdgoma-
reobs CvenebaSi am sityvis farTo mniSvnelo-
biT: metyveli subieqti (adresati) ara mxo-
lod asaxelebs da asaxavs garkveul referen-
tul situacias, aramed erTdroulad miuCens
kidec adgils ara marto TviT situacias, ara-
med teqstSi dasaxelebul saganTa erToblio-
basac adresatisaTvis komunikaciurad relevan-
tur dro-sivrceSi – da swored amaSi mdgoma-
reobs deiqsisiT nagulisxmevi Cvenebis arsi.
Cveni kvlevis mizans warmoadgens enis de-
iqtikuri velis sivrciTi niSniT gadaazreba.
adgilis, anu sivrcis deiqsisi exeba im
adgilebis dakonkretebas, romlebic samet-
yvelo situaciasTan kerZo kavSirSia. adgil-
mdebareobis gansazRvrisa da dakonkretebis
aucilebloba SesaZloa im faqtiT aixsnas,
rom vlindeba sagnebze miniSnebis ori gza _
sivrce da deiqsisi. lokaluri semantikis mqone leqsikuri erTeulebi 115

erTi mxriv, es gaxlavT maTi aRwera an saxeldeba da meore mxriv, maTi ad-
gilmdebareobis gansazRvra. amgvarad, adgilmdebareobis dakonkreteba Se-
saZloa moxdes sxva sagnebTan an fiqsirebuli referentis adgilmdebareo-
basTan SefardebiT.
sivrcis deiqsisi aRniSnavs sivrcobriv ganlagebas komunikaciur aq-
tSi monawileTa adgilmdebareobis Sesabamisad. is raRacas ganumartavs
msmenels; sagans mosaubresTan uSualo sivrcobriv kavSirSi aTavsebs (le-
vinsoni 1983: 62).
msmenelisaTvis sagnis ganmartebis ramdenime gza arsebobs:
 dasaxeleba (fire brigade)
 aRwera (skilled men fighting fire in case of emergency)
 ganlageba (adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra) (look, there is the fire
brigade)
adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra SesaZloa Semdegnairad moxdes:
 miTiTebiT (Those people are firemen) an
 CvenebiT (Here they are, the firemen)
Here mosaubresTan/mweralTan siaxloves gulisxmobs. is SesaZloa msmene-
lis/mkiTxvelis adgilmdebareobas moicavdes (inclusive) an kidev gamoricxavdes
mas werasa da kiTxvas Soris sivrcobrivi Tu temporaluri siSoris gamo
(exclusive). eqskluziuri here ubralod gamoxatavs mwerlis siaxloves weris
dros. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:
1) ~inclusive here” _ It is a bit stuffy in here.
aq mosaubre da msmeneli erTsa da imave oTaxSi imyofebian, im oTaxSi,
romelzec mosaubre miuTiTebs.
1) ~exclusive here”_ when I was little, I used to play here in that side of
the town.
am magaliTSi, pirovneba, romelic werils kiTxulobs gamoeyofa im ga-
remos, romelsac mosaubre/mwerali gulisxmobs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom adgili ar aris sagani da maT Soris sxvaobas gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva. radganac adgili ar aris sagani, raime mTliano-
ba, e. i. arc sagani miiCneva adgilad. magram, imdenad ramdenadac isini adgils
ikaveben, xels gviwyoben im adgilis dadgenaSi, romelic ukaviaT. magaliTad:
I’ll meet you at the car.
~the car” adgilis arapirdapir msazRvrelad SeiZleba miviCnioT, e. i.
is adgili, sivrce, romelsac manqana ikavebs. maSasadame, mivdivarT daskvnam-
de, rom zemoT moyvanili magaliTi Semdegs gulisxmobs: `me Segxvdebi iq, sa-
dac manqanaa gaCerebuli”. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Semdeg magaliTzec: John is
with Peter _ e. i. joni aris iq, sadac piteri imyofeba (levinsoni 1996: 72).
am analiziT Sors ver wavalT. aRsaniSnavia mxolod, rom es winadade-
bebi semantikurad Sesabamisi iqneboda iseT SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad,
rogoricaa _ where will you meet me? da where is John? is, razec unda gava-
maxviloT yuradReba, aris maTi adgilebTan dakavSirebis faqti.
zogierTi enaTmecnieri temporalur ganlagebas sivrciT ganlagebasTan
SedarebiT naklebad konkretulad miiCnevs, magram mas sxvadasxva saxis egreT-
116 lali TavaZe

wodebul abstraqtul ganlagebaze win ayenebs (andersoni 1971). magaliTad,
Tu am SemTxvevas ganvixilavT, maSin Semdegi gamonaTqvami, in despair, naklebad
konkretulad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, vidre gamonaTqvami _ in London.
Cveulebriv, mosaubrisaTvis obieqti, romelic fizikurad Sors mde-
bareobs, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiTac daSorebulia. magaliTad: that
man over there. magram zogjer, mosaubre fizikurad axlos myof obieqts
fsiqologiurad Soreulad miiCnevs, magaliTad: I don’t like that.
deiqsuri informaciis mniSvneloba gamonaTqvamTa interpretaciisaT-
vis SesaZloa yvelaze kargad maSin warmoCndes, roca aseTi informacia ar
moiZebneba (filmori 1975:38-9). sailustraciod aviRoT karebze datovebu-
li Semdegi SeniSvna:
I’ll be back in an hour.
vinaidan ar viciT, Tu rodis daiwera es, verc imas mivxvdebiT, rodis
dabrundeba am SeniSvnis avtori.
ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi da SevecadoT imis dadgenas, Tu ra iw-
vevs azrobriv bundovanebas.
~Thirty years ago, Marseilles lay burning in the sun, one day.
A blazing sun upon a fierce August day was no greater rarity in southern
France then, than at any other time, before or since. Everything in Marseilles,
and about Marseilles, had stared at the fervid sky, and been stared at in return,
until a staring habit had become universal there. ”
~The universal stare made the eyes ache. Towards the distant line of Italian
coast, indeed, it was a little relieved by light clouds of mist, slowly rising from
the evaporation of the sea; but it softened nowhere else. Far away the staring
roads, deep in dust, stared from the hill-side, stared from the hollow, stared from
the interminable plain. Far away the dusty wines overhanging wayside cottages,
and the monotonous wayside avenues of parched trees without shade, drooped
beneath the stare of earth and sky. ”
erTi SexedviT, teqstSi mocemuli informacia aranair problemas ar
warmoSobs. magram Tu davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT Tu ra problemas qmnis deiq-
sisis nakleboba. jon laionsi deiqsiss ganmartavs, rogorc ,,enis orientire-
bis dadgenis gzas, romelic ukavSirdeba gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmis drosa da
adgils.~ mocemul teqstSi yuradReba mivaqcioT drois faqtors. ~One day
thirty years ago…”, ~one day” Txrobis dasawyisSi miuTiTebs im dros, rome-
lic avtoris mieraa arCeuli, aseve ~thirty years ago” -c am dros ukavSirdeba.
am frazebis gancalkevebiTa da dapirispirebiT, dikensi Cveni yuradRebis fo-
kusirebas axdens. ocdaaTi wlis win? saidan iwyeba drois aTvla? aTvlis
wertili ra moments gulisxmobs? rodis iyo es dRe (one day)? meore winada-
debaSi, ~then” TiTqos akonkretebs dros, magram ufro zusti informaciis mi-
Rebis imeds gviqarwylebs Semdegi fraza _ ~than at any other time, before or
since”, rac ufro met bundovnebas warmoSobs. iqedan gamomdinare, rom ~then”
temporalur uzustobas warmoSobs pirvel winadadebaSi, gvebadeba kiTxva: ra
droidan an ra dromde? igive SeiZleba iTqvas Semdeg winadadebaSi mocemul
gamoTqmaze _ ~any other time~.
sivrce da deiqsisi. lokaluri semantikis mqone leqsikuri erTeulebi 117

unda aRiniSnos, rom ara mxolod drois bundovanebasTan gvaqvs saqme,
aramed adgilTan dakavSirebuli frazebic saWiroebs dakonkretebas.
~everything in Marseilles...” _ adgili dakonkretebulia, Tumca Semdegi fra-
za _ ~and about Marseilles”, ukve gaurkvevlobas iwvevs. Semdeg winadadebaSi
TiTqos zRvari dadginda: ~Towards the distant line of Italian coast”, rac sakma-
od bundovania, magram horizontis warmosaxvis ideas qmnis, xolo Semdegi
fraza: ~far away”- `Sors~, `moSorebiT~, kdev ufro metad damabnevelia,
radgan ar xdeba imis dadgenas Tu ra adgilzea saubari an ramdenad Sorsaa is
Cvengan.
umetesi kulturis enebSi deiqsisi, ZiriTadad, proqsimaluroba/dis-
talurobis niSniT xasiaTdeba. zmnizedebi here da there, xSirad moiazrebian,
rogorc proqsimalur/distaluri ganzomilebebi, romlebic mosaubris ad-
gilmdebareobasTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvrebian, magaliTad:
Bring that here and take this there.
magram es ase iSviaTad aris, Tumca there ZiriTadad niSnavs kodirebis
dros mosaubris adgilmdebareobisagan Sors arsebuls, is agreTve SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT miRebis momentSi adresatTan axlos arsebulis mniSvnelobi-
Tac. magaliTad, araanaforulad gamoyenebisas:
How are things there?
ra Tqma unda, es winadadeba ar gulisxmobs imas, Tu ra xdeba mosaubrisa-
gan Sors, aramed cdilobs gaigos, ra xdeba im adgilas, sadac adresati imyo-
feba. There anaforuladac SeiZleba gamoviyenoT da aqedan gamomdinare, arc
Semdegi winadadebaa pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT anomaliuri, magaliTad:
We’re there.
sadac there miuTiTebs im adgils, romelic Cven winaswar vaxseneT, ro-
gorc Cveni mizani (filmori 1971: 52).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, konteqsts udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba gamo-
naTqvamis swori interpretaciisTvis. mas lingvisturi xerxebiT Seqmnil
`konteqsts~ ver SevadarebT. swored gamonaTqvamis elementebs iTvisebs de-
iqsisi da Semdeg maT interpretaciis dros miTiTebisaTvis iyenebs.
literatura:
biuleri 1993: Бюлер К., Теория языка. М., 1993

filmori 1998: Fillmore C.J. Deixis and Context. In K. Malmkjaer and J.
Williams (eds.) Context in language learning and language
understanding. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1998
filmori 1981: Fillmore C.J. Pragmatics and the description of discourse. In P.
Cole (ed.) Radical Pragmatics. New York Academic Press. 1981
levinsoni 1996: Levinson S C, Space in Language and Cognition: Explorations
in Linguistic Diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1996
laionsi 1977: Lyons J. Semantics. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
1977
118 lali TavaZe

Tavadze Lali
Space and deixis. Deictic words
The article deals with the space deixis and discusses the usage of deictic
verbs. The purpose of the article is to show the means of the deictic center, to
identify the ways indicating proximity and distance that depend on the context of
the utterance.
The importance of locational specifications in general can be shown from the
fact that there seem to be two basic ways to refer to objects – by describing or naming
them on the one hand, and by locating them on the other.
Our observation on deixes made it clear that in the ~time-space” structural
complex time is dominant, that eventually implies temporalization of space.
rusudan TurmaniZe
implicituri informaciis
Targmnis semiotikuri
Taviseburebani
amosavali enis teqstis Targmnisas au-

cilebelia gaigo rogorc eqsplicituri,
aseve implicituri xerxebiT gamoxatuli in-
formacia. implicitis gageba SesaZlebelia
saTanado lingvisturi da eqstralingvis-
turi codnis safuZvelze, rac saSualebas
aZlevs mTargmnels ar ganaxorcielos leq-
sikoniseuli Targmani anu transkodireba. im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mTargmnelis da teq-
stis avtoris codna emTxveva erTmaneTs, im-
plicitis Targmna warmatebiT xorcieldeba.
eqsplicituri niSnavs lingvistikaSi
`Rias, gaSlils, markirebuls,~ implicituri
ki _ `faruls, SekumSuls, navaraudebs~. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, eqsplicituri informacia
teqstSi gamoyenebuli enobrivi niSnebis er-
TobliobiT gamoxatul informacias niSnavs.
eqsplicituri informacia uSualod eyrdno-
ba sityvebis im mniSvnelobebs, romlebic leq-
sikonSia dafiqsirebuli, amitom nebismieri
recipientisTvis (vinc ki am enaze wera/kiTxva
icis) gasagebia. eqsplicituri informaciis
aRqma ar moiTxovs damatebiTi Sinaarsobriv
gardaqmnebs.
implicituri informacia ki adamianis
cnobierebisa da qvecnobierebis muSaobis Se-
degia, is funqcionirebs enasa da metyvelebaSi
da gamoxatavs mniSvnelobebs, romlebic uSua-
lod sametyvelo situaciidan xdeba gasagebi.
implicituri informacia leqsikonebSi ar
120 rusudan TurmaniZe

aris dafiqsirebuli, magram aRiqmeba adresatis fonur maragze orientirebu-
li teqstebis interpretirebis Sedegad.
Cven viziarebT implicituri informaciis gamoxatvis xerxebis farTo
mniSvnelobas da mivakuTvniT maT teqstSi gamoyenebul saSualebebis farTo
speqtrs:
1) pirvel rigSi informaciis Cakecvis miznebs emsaxureba uamravi er-
Teulebi, romlebic enobrivi ekonomiis kanonis qmedebis uSualo markerebia
da didi moculobis informaciis Semcvlelebi arian:
a) terminebi da profesionalizmebi;
b) abreviaturebi;
2) implicituri informaciis didi nawili gadmoicema metaforuli
xerxebiT (am SemTxvevaSi Cven vigebT metaforas, rogorc nebismier xatovan
saSualebas):
3) teqstis Zlieri niSnebi (lukinis Teoriis mixedviT) arian:
a) teqstis saTauri;
Victory Day 9 May
9 maisi- faSizmze gamarjvebis dRe(1945).
b) teqstis sakvanZo sityvebi;
Oni Muzeum Holds Largest Collection of Unique bucklets
unikaluri balTebis yvelaze did koleqcias onis muzeumi flobs
4) nebismieri teqsturi reminisencia (precedentuli saxelebi, gamo-
naTqvamebi; precedentuli teqstebi). magaliTad:
sabas musikaluri proeqti
SABA’S MUSICAL PROJECT
abreviaturebi fonuri informaciis implicitur xerxs warmoadgenen
da xSirad gamoiyeneba inglisur da rusul enebSi, qarTuli enisaTvis isini
naklebad damaxasiaTebeli arian, amitom Targmnisas ufro xSirad gvxvdeba
SemTxvevebi, rodesac wyaro enis (am SemTxvevaSi _ inglisuri an rusuli)
abreviatura gadmoicema samizne enaSi (Cven SemTxvevaSi _ qarTul enaSi)
sruli nominaciiT.
sakmaod iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac ucxoenovani abreviatura imde-
nad gavrcelebulia, rom qarTul enaSi gadmodis Sesabami fonetikuri for-
miT (magaliTad _ NATO _ nato).
rac Seexeba sapirispiro mimarTebis Targmans (qarTuli enidan ingli-
surze) _ qarTuli abreviaturebi imdenad ucnobia ucxo kulturuli siv-
rcisTvis, rom ZiriTadad abreviatura ikargeba TargmanSi, gamoiyeneba leq-
sikuri transformacia _ generalizacia.
magaliTad:
Tsu studentebi gamogonebas dubaiSi waradgenen
Georgian Students at DP(Dubai Port World) Worlds Dubai Mall Exhibition
saTauri teqstis Zlier niSnebs miekuTvneba da gamoxatavs am teqstis
mTavar ideas da azrs, xSir SemTxvevaSi saTauri warmogvidgeba, rogorc
teqstis SekumSuli varianti, vinaidan patara moculobis saTaurSi Zalian
implicituri informaciis Targmnis semiotikuri Taviseburebani 121

Rrma Sinaarsia Caqsovili, masSi Semaval enobriv erTeulebs gansakuTrebu-
li datvirTva gaaCnia, rac siZneleebs qmnis Targmnis procesSi. miT umetes,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom publicistur teqstebSi, informaciuli funqci-
is garda, mkveTrad izrdeba saTauris zemoqmedebiTi funqcia da potenciuri
mkiTxvelebis mozidvis funqcia.
Targmnisas xSir SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs implicituri da eqsplici-
turi informaciis TanafardobasTan, romelic didwilad damokidebulia
wyaro enisa da samizne enis matareblebis fonuri maragis siaxloveze da
icvleba Targmnis procesSi Semdegnairad:
1. wyaro enaSi impliciturad mocemuli informacia Targmnisas rCeba
implicitad (21%) vinaidan cnobilia orive kulturaSi:.
9 maisi, nato.
2. impliciti gardaiqmneba eqsplicitad
muco akontrolebda kavkasiis qveynebis damakavSirebel
gzas da saqarTvelos sazRvrs
Mutso controlled the roads connecting countries of the Caucasus
and Georgia’s border
`muco~, duSeTis raionSi, Satilidan 12 km-Si mdebareobs. cixe-qalaqi,
romelic gviani Sua saukuneebiT TariRdeba. xangrZlivi istoriis ganmavlo-
baSi muco akontrolebda da icavda kavkasiis qveynebis damakavSirebel gzas
da saqarTvelos sazRvrebs.
3. eqspliciti gardaiqmneba implicitad (iSviaT SemTxvevebia, ZiriTa-
dad gxvdeba Sidaenobriv da ara enaTSoris TargmanSi).
roca impliciti gardaiqmneba eqsplicitad, xSir SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs araverbalur xerxebTan. mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa, roca mTargmne-
li Targmnis teqsts, romelic sxvadasxva semiotikuri niSniTaa datvirTuli.
aseT teqstebs mecnierebma kreolizebuli tqstebi uwodes.
kreolizebili teqsti, verbaluri niSnebis garda, moicavs naxats, na-
xazs, xSir SemTxvevaSi _ suraTs, gansakuTrebul Srifts, fers. pirvel
rigSi, es aris sareklamo teqstebi, samecniero xasiaTis (ilustrirebu-
li), rogorc prof. m. aroSiZe aRniSnavs, verbaluri da araverbaluri niS-
nebis Sexameba mxatvrul nawarmoebebSicaa gavrcelebuli.
mag: konan doilis moTxrobaSi `mocekvave kacunebi~.
swored araverbaluri kodis (mocekvave kacunebis sxvadasxva kombina-
ciebi) gaSifrvis Sedegad Serlok holmsma gamoiZia mkvleloba da damnaSave
ipova. ikonuri anu xatovani saSualebebi xSirad uqmnian mTargmnels gansa-
kuTrebul problemebs, vinaidan xSirad wyaro da samizne kulturebSi sim-
bolos, fers gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobani gaaCnia.
rogorc kreolizebuli, aseve verbaluri teqstebi erTnair sabazo
teqstur kategoriebs floben, magram kreolizebul teqstSi zogadi teq-
sturi kategoriebis realizacias Tavisi specifika gaaCnia: politikuri Te-
matika, saavtoro intenciisa da Sinaarsobr-konceptualuri informaciis
satiruli buneba, teqstis integraciis formaluri saSualebebis kreoli-
zebuli buneba, erTkadriani politikuri karikaturis danawevrebis SesaZ-
122 rusudan TurmaniZe

lebloba, politikuri karikaturis teqstebis verbalur da araverbalur
nawilebSi politikuri da zogadkulturuli xasiaTis precedentul feno-
menebTan wargzavna.
kreolizebuli teqstebis lingvovizualuri fenomenis kvleva teq-
stis verbaluri nawilisa da naxatis mWidro urTierTkavSirisgan momdina-
reobs, xdeba informaciis Taviseburi urTierTSevseba, es kavSiri rogorc
eqsplicituri, aseve implicituri saSualebebiTaa warmodgenili. komiqsi
da kolaJi gvevlineba, rogorc rTuli teqsturi warmonaqmni, romelSic
verbaluri da ikonikuri elementebi warmoqmnian saerTo vizualur, struq-
turul azrobriv da funqciur mTlianobas, mizanmimarTuli kompleqsur
pragmatikul zemoqmedebas axdens adresantze, romelsac saerTo komunika-
ciuri intencia gaaCnia. kognituri struqturebi politikur kolaJSi aq-
tualizdeba aramarto enobrivi proeqciiT, aramed vizualuri sivrci, rac
mocemuli teqstis kodirebul sistemis sirTuleze metyvelebs. enobrivi
da vizualuri kodebi (teqnikuri, reprezentaciuli, ikonikuri da ikonog-
rafiuli) socialuri, kulturuli, stilistikuri da ideologiuri ko-
debiT gadaikveTeba.
politikuri kolaJis ZiriTadi funqciebi satiruli da emociuria,
romlebic mWidro kavSirSia mis sxva funqciebTan: regulaciur, kreaciul,
ilustraciul da kulturuli mexsierebis funqciebTan. politikuri
calkeuli funqciis kerZo gamovlinebaa.
kreolizebuli teqstebis nairsaxeobis kvleva erovnuli kulturis
sarkea, imdenad, ramdenadac isini gadmoscemen konkretuli erisTvis damaxa-
siaTebel yofa-cxovrebas, xalxur tradiciebs, azrovnebis saxes, samyaros
Tavisebur xedvas, amitomac politikuri kolaJis kulturaTSoris aspeq-
tSi adekvaturi gageba SeiZleba miRweul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu-
ki karikaturis siuJeti universalur kognitiur bazaSi Semaval elemen-
tebs efuZneba. gamomsaxvelobiTi komponentis internacionaluri buneba ar
xsnis sirTules ucxokulturuli politikuri kolaJis interpretacii-
sas, rac ganpirobebulia politikuri da zogadkulturuli precedentuli
fenomenebiTa da teqstis mocemuli tipis kodirebis rTuli sistemiT.
implicituri informaciis Targmnisas vawydebiT semiotikur sirTu-
leebs. imisaTvis, rom Sesruldes kargi Targmani, samizne teqsti srulad
unda gadmoscemdes originalis azrs. mTargmnels ki uwevs teqstis kultu-
ruli da pragmatuli adaptacia.
bibliografia
enuqiZe 1987: enuqiZe l., `mecniereba”,ZiriTadi sintaqsuri Teoriebi Tana-

medrove sazRvargareTul enaTmecnierebaSi, Tb.;
lebaniZe 1998: lebaniZe g., anTropocentrizmi da komunikaciuri lingvis-
tika,., èna da kultura”, Tb.;
sayvareliZe 2001: sayvareliZe, n. Tsu gamomcemloba. Targmnis Teoriis sa-
kiTxebi. Tb.;
implicituri informaciis Targmnis semiotikuri Taviseburebani 123

seleskoviCi, ledereri 2008: seleskoviCi, d. ledereri, m.. Targmnis xe-
lovneba da swavlebis meTodi, Tb.;
baliaSvili 1999: baliaSvili, e. sainformacio sagazeTo statiaTa zogi-
erTi lingvisturi Tavisebureba. saenaTmecniero Ziebani, IX. Tb.;
aroSiZe, arajanova 2007: Арошидзе М., Агаджанова Л. Креолизованные
тексты как носители национально-культурной информации.
МАПРЯЛ. Русский язык: система и функционирование. Батуми.
Rusudan Turmanidze
Semiotic Translation Peculiarities of Implicit Information
The article deals with the Semiotic features and Implicit Information in
Translation. The implicit-explicit distinction is applied to knowledge
representations.The knowledge is taken to be an attitude towards a proposition
which is true. The proposition itself predicates a property to some entity. A
number of ways in which knowledge can be implicit or explicit emerge. If a
higher aspect is known explicitly then each lower one must also be known
explicitly. This partial hierarchy reduces the number of ways in which
knowledge can be explicit. In the most important type of implicit knowledge
representations merely reflect the property of objects or events without
predicating them of any particular entity.
In the process of translation there are 3 essential aspects to transform the
implicit into explicit:
1. The implicit in the source language stays implicit.
2. The Implicit is changed into explicit.
3. When Explicit is changed into implicit.
Semiotic difficulties encounter in translation of implicit information. Any
statements contain conceptual implicit is much bigger than the formulation,
which is used to convey them in the target language. It is easy to understand the
idea from linguistic forms by the realizing implicit completely. The translator of
the text makes cultural adaptation.
ciala lagvilava
koncept `sikvdilis~
sakiTxisaTvis
kulturul konceptTa Soris koncep-

tebs `sicocxle~ da `sikvdili~ centraluri
adgili ukaviaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sit-
yvebi da maTSi Semavali cnebebi egzistenciu-
rad mniSvnelovania rogorc calkeuli adami-
anisTvis, aseve zogadad kacobriobisTvis,
dRemde TiTqmis ar arsebobs am konceptebisad-
mi miZRvnili naSromebi, miT umetes, Sepiris-
pirebiT planSi.
Cveni dakvirveba versificirdeba qar-
Tuli da Turquli enebis masalis gamoyene-
biT. kvlevis zogadi amocanaa samyaros enob-
rivi suraTis aRniSnuli fragmentis maqsima-
lurad sruli rekonstruqcia.
muSaobis procesSi davisaxeT Semdegi
konkretuli amocanebi:
1. konceptis `sicocxlis Sewyveta~
enobrivi manifestaciis Taviseburebebis dad-
gena qarTulsa da Turqul enebSi;
2. mocemuli konceptis eTnoenobrivi
specifikis gamovlena;
3. sakvlev movlenebSi universaluri da
nacionalur-specifikuri Tvisebebis gamov-
lena;
4. Sesabamisi kulturebis mentalobis
gamomxatveli nacionalur-kulturologiu-
ri informaciis gadmocemis enobrivi saSua-
lebebis analizi da sistematizacia;
5. konceptis `sicocxlis Sewyveta~
lingvokulturologiuri analizi misi
uzualuri kognituri komponenturi zonis
gasarkvevad da konceptis struqturis lo-
gikuri(racionaluri) da `sanqcionirebu-
li~ sublogikuri sferoebis gamosavlenad,
koncept `sikvdilis sakiTxisaTvis 125

romelic efuZneba, rogorc leqsikonebSi dafiqsirebul, aseve komunikaciis
calkeul sferoebSi gamovlenil masalas;
6. ganisazRvros miTiTebuli konceptis universaluri da nacionalur-
kulturuli Tavisebureba Sesabamisi konceptosferoebis farglebSi;
7. ganxorcieldes konceptis _ `sicocxlis Sewyveta" sintagmatiku-
ri daxasiaTeba uzualuri warmodgenebis aRmosaCenad, romlebic dganan am
saxelebis miRma da Semofarglaven maT semantikur sazRvrebs.
rac Seexeba adamians, romelic dgas enasa da realur samyaros Soris, igi
aRiqvams da Seimecnebs samyaros grZnobaTa organoebis meSveobiT da amis safuZ-
velze qmnis sakuTar warmodgenas samyaroze. sakuTar gonebaSi, fiqrisa da az-
rovnebis procesis Semdeg, igi gadascems sakuTar azrebs enobrivi koleqtivis
sxva adamianebs enis saSualebiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, realobasa da enas
Soris dgas azrovneba. ena, rogorc azris gamoxatvisa da misi adamianidan ada-
mianze gadacemis saSualeba, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli azrovnebasTan. enisa da
azrovnebis urTierTmimarTeba urTulesi sakiTxia, romelsac ikvlevs lingvis-
tika, filosofia da sxva disciplinebi. sityva asaxavs ara TviT realur sagans,
aramed mis xats, romelic gamowveulia misi aRqmiT, SexedulebiT am saganze. gza
realuri samyarodan cnebamde da Semdgom sityvier gamoxatulebamde sxvadasxva
erisaTvis aris sxvadasxva, rac ganpirobebulia istoriiT, geografiiT, cxov-
rebis pirobebiTa da, Sesabamisad, maTi sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebiT.
amrigad, ena, azrovneba da kultura ise mWidrodaa urTierTdakavSirebuli,
rom TiTqmis erT mTlianobas qmnis. am sami komponentidan arc erTs ar SeuZlia
funqcionireba (da, maSasadame, arc arseboba) danarCeni oris gareSe.
adamianis gare samyaros aqvs sami forma: samyaros realuri suraTi (xa-
ti); samyaros kulturuli xati; samyaros enobrivi xati. samyaros realuri
xati aris obieqturi mocemuloba, es aris gare samyaro adamianis irgvliv.
samyaros kulturuli xati aris realuri suraTis asaxva cnebebis saSuale-
biT, romlebic yalibdeba adamianis grZnobaTa organoebiT miRebuli da mis az-
rovnebaSi gamovlili Sexedulebebis safuZvelze. samyaros enobrivi xati re-
alobas asaxavs samyaros kulturuli xatis saSualebiT. amaze jer kidev meT-
vramete saukunis bolosa da mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi saubrobdnen
germaneli filologebi. dResdReobiT miRebulia, rom samyaros kulturuli
xati da enobrivi xati mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan da urTierTqmedeben.
yvela mcdeloba sxvadasxva lingvisturi mimdinareobisa, moewyvitaT ena rea-
lobidan, warumatebeli aRmoCnda erTi martivi mizezis gamo _ mxedvelobaSi
unda miiRebodes ara mxolod enobrivi forma, aramed Sinaaarsi. Sinaarsi, se-
mantika, enobriv erTeulTa mniSvneloba, sityvebi es aris xmovani (an grafiku-
li) gamoxatuleba realuri samyaros sagnisa an movlenisa. enobrivi semantika
xsnis gzas enidan realuri samyarosken. es makavSirebeli Zafi faqtiurad war-
moadgens kulturul warmodgenebs kulturuli samyaros sagnebsa da movle-
naze, romelic damaxasiaTebelia mocemuli enobrivi koleqtivisaTvis zoga-
dad da, kerZod, am enis matarebeli individisaTvis.
koncepti `sicocxlis Sewyveta~ Cven ganvixileT, rogorc kultu-
rul-esTetikuri konotaciebis wyaro da moviZieT misi saxe folklorsa da
mxatvrul literaturaSi. mniSvnelovani iyo, agreTve, pirovnebis damoki-
126 ciala lagvilava

debulebis dafiqsireba sikvdilis mimarT, rac leqsikur-stilistikur ko-
notaciebSi vlindeba. sakvlev enebSi sainteresod aisaxeba sikvdilis Semdeg
sicocxlis gagrZelebis perspeqtivis qona/arqona:
neitr. – sikvdili; gardacvaleba – formis Secvla; uperspeqtivoba Ta-
obebSi – amowyda, gadaSenda (uSvilod,uZirod). erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
problemas `problemis biosamyaros tipologiur konstituentebTan (adami-
ani –cxoveli – mcenare) damokidebulebis sakiTxia, vinaidan aRniSnul eneb-
Si arsebobs adamianis, mcenarisa da cxovelis gardacvalebasTan dakavSire-
buli gansxvavebuli enobrivi erTeulebi.
aranakleb mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa `sikvdilis~ personificire-
ba da gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebuli subieqt-obieqtis urTierTmimarTe-
ba, maTi enobrivi manifestaciis procesi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sikvdili
SeiZleba mogvevlinos rogorc subieqti, romelic TviTon moqmedebs da, ro-
gorc Sedegi, rodesac is garkveul subieqtur-obieqtur mimarTebebis re-
zultats warmoadgens. aq SesaZlebelia SemTxvevebi, rodesac: adamiani Tvi-
Ton moqmedebs (mkvlelebis nominacia); subieqti sxvisi saSualebiT moqme-
debs subieqti TviTon aris agresiis obieqti. aseve aqtualuria sikvdilis,
rogorc procesis gaazreba, rac or samyaros urTierTdamokidebulebiT
dasturdeba. naSromSi ganvixilavT, agreTve, gardacvlilis nominacias
mkvlelobis formidan gamomdinare. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sakvlev enebSi,
ama Tu im adamianisa an romelime cocxali organizmis sikvdilTan damoki-
debuleba, subieqturi modalobis Semcvel leqsemebSic aisaxeba, romelic
SeiZleba iyos: neitraluri; uaryofiTi; dadebiTi.
koncefti `sikvdili" miekuTvneba konceftTa im jgufs, romlebic warmo-
adgenen universalur sabazo kompleqsebs. cxovrebisadmi damokidebuleba ers
istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi uyalibdeba da gamoixateba misi kulturis,
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis TaviseburebebSi. eris is-
toria da kultura zegavlenas axdenen mis msoflaRqmaze, mis damokidebuleba-
ze am mocemulobis mimarT. Tavis mxriv, cxovrebisadmi damokidebulebis tipi
metwilad ganapirobebs ama Tu im enis warmomadgeneli eris qcevas (enobrivis
CaTvliT). Sesabamisad, konceptis verbaluri realizacia, misi gamomsaxvelobi-
Ti mxare da konotaciuri veli sxvadasxva enaSi SeiZleba absoluturad iden-
turi iyos. orive sakvlev kulturaSi, iseve, rogorc kulturaTa umravleso-
baSi, sikvdili ganixileba rogorc erTi dialeqtikuri mTlianoba, erTiani
samyaros ori nawili, romelTa Soris arsebobs garkveuli kanonzomieri kavSi-
ri. miuxedavad religiaTa da ideologiur sistemaTa mravalferovnebisa, mxo-
lod aTeizmi uaryofs sikvdilis Semdeg arsebobis SesaZleblobas, Tumca misi
gagrZeleba gansxvavebuli kulturebis mier araerTgvarovnad aris gagebuli.
magaliTad, induizmis sulTa gradaciis Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis mier gan-
vlili cxovrebiseuli gziT, misma sulma SesaZloa sxvadasxva ierarqiuli Ri-
rebulebis movlenaSi hpovos ganxorcieleba. aRniSnuli eTnikuri faqtori re-
levanturia qristianuli da musulmanuri religiebisTvisac, romlebic samoT-
xisa da jojoxeTis, jenneTisa da jernemis opoziciebs gamoyofen da adamianis
,,perspeqtiuli dislokaciis~ adgils aseve mis amqveyniuri cxovrebis Sinaarss
ukavSireben. sakvlev kulturebSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes opozicias warmo-
koncept `sikvdilis sakiTxisaTvis 127

adgens samyaros amqveyniur da imqveyniur nawilebad dayofa, rac Sesabamisi enob-
rivi masaliT dasturdeba.
sakvlev kulturebSi ,,sikvdilis~ konceptualuri veli universalu-
ri velis nacionalur-kulturul manifestaciebs warmoadgens, romlis in-
tegraluri semebia ararseboba (arsebobis dasasruli).
ararsebobis problema dakavSirebulia movlenis egzistencialur da
procesualur gagebasTan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sikvdili warmogvidgeba ro-
gorc arsebobis kvantori, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ rogorc moqmedebis
kvantori, romlis ganxorcielebac rig faqtors ukavSirdeba: aris Tu ara
damokidebuli pirovnebaze, sasikvdilo aqtis ganxorcielebis formasTan
obieqtis damokidebuleba, moqmedebis ganxorcielebis bunebrivi Tu Zala-
dobrivi xasiaTi.
sikvdilis fenomeni mTel organul samyaros moicavs, rac nominaciaSi
gansxvavebasac gvaZlevs kvdomis obieqtis biologiuri statusidan gamomdi-
nare saqme exeba adamians, cxovelsa Tu mcenares.
orive kulturaSi aqtualuria amqveyniuri da imqveyniuri samyaros
opozicia da maT Soris kavSiris arseboba. mniSvnelovania isic, rom es kav-
Siri ar aris monoveqtorulad gagebuli da dasaSvebia ormxrivi moZraobis
SesaZlebloba, rac enobriv erTeulebSic vlindeba.
sikvdilis nominaciaSi kargad Cans am movlenebisadmi damokidebuleba,
rac Sesabamis aqsiologiaSi aisaxeba. am movlenebis Sefaseba ar aris erTgva-
rovani. gamomdinare arsebobis Sinaarsidan, sikvdili xSir SemTxvevaSi po-
zitiuri konotaciis matarebeli SeiZleba iyos, rac Sesabamisi empiriuli
masaliT dasturdeba.
TviT ,,sikvdilis~ nominacia Seicavs Sefaseba-damokidebulebis semas,
rac stilistikur gansxvavebaSi (CaZaRlda /aResrula) vlindeba. sikvdilis
sakraluri buneba ganapirobebs evfemizaciis tendenciebs, rac garkveulwi-
lad bunebriv SiSs ukavSirdeba.
xSiria moferebiTi da iumoristuli saxis formebis gamoyenebac. mxat-
vruli TvalsazrisiT xSiria sametyvelo figurebis (metaforebis, metoni-
mebisa da sxv.) gamoyeneba. enobrivi TvalsazrisiT aRniSnuli koncepti rea-
lizdeba sxvadasxva donis (leqsikuri, frazeologizmebi, paremiologiuri,
teqstobrivi) erTeulebiT.
sakvlev kulturebSi gamovlenilma precedentulma erTeulebma saSua-
leba mogvca dagvefiqsirebina rogorc kulturebs Soris samyaros xedvaSi
konkretuli gansxvavebebi, aseve eTnoenobriv cnobierebaSi arsebuli gan-
sxvavebuli aqsiologiac.
literatura:
apresiani 1995: Апресян Ю.Д., Коннотации как часть прагматики слова

(лексикографический аспект) Избр. Труды. Т.2. Интегральное
описание языка и системная лексикография. М.;
ramiSvili 2010: ramiSvili v., kulturaTSorisi komunikacia. filosofia,
Tbilisi;
128 ciala lagvilava

ter-minasova 2000: Тер-Минасова С.Г., Язык и межкультурная
коммуникация, М;
ufimceva 1996: Уфимцева Н.В., Этнокультурная специфика языкового
сознания. М.
foCxua 1974: foCxua b., qarTuli enis leqsikologia. Tbilisi;
Ciqobava 1952: Ciqobava a., enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tbilisi;
humbolti 1984: Гумбольдт В., О различии строения человеческих языков
и его влиянии на духовное развитие человечества. Избр. труды по
языкознанию. М;
Tsiala Lagvilava
On the Concept of “Death”
Among the cultural concept the concepts of ‘life’ and ‘death’ occupy the
central place. The phenomenon of death covers the entire organic world that
gives difference in nomination as well, notwithstanding the biological status of a
human, animal or plant.
The nomination of ‘death’ contains the sema of evaluation-attitude that is
revealed in stylistic difference (passed away/kicked the bucket). The sacral
nature of death preconditions euphemistic tendencies that are mostly related to
the natural fear.
There are also frequent cases of their use in humorous and hypocoristic
forms. From the literary viewpoint, there are cases of imagery too (metaphors,
metonymies, etc.). From the linguistic aspect the concept under study is realized
with different types (lexical, phraseological, paremyological, textual) units.
Precedent units revealed in the cultures under study enabled to point out specific
differences of the world vision between cultures as well as different axiology of
ethno-lingual consciousness.

Tamar lomiZe

qaosi da kosmosi
cisferyanwelTa

trioletebSi
kosmosi da qaosi erTmaneTs upirispir-

deba, rogorc wesrigi da mouwesrigebloba.
albaT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom poeziis isto-
riaSi gvxvdeboda etapebi, rodesac Warbobda
`kosmosi~ (terminebs `qaosi~ da `kosmosi~,
aq, ra Tqma unda, metaforuli, gadataniTi
mniSvnelobiT viyenebT), anu mowesrigebulo-
ba. am periodebSi poeziaSi gamoiyeneboda, Zi-
riTadad, erTi da igive myari saleqso for-
mebi. meore mxriv, iyo etapebi, rodesac War-
bobda `qaosi~ _ da am dros poetebi midre-
kilni iyvnen mravalferovani saleqso forme-
bis gamoyenebisadmi, ise, rom upiratesobas
ar aniWebdnen romelime maTgans. am mxriv,
simbolizmi SeiZleba `kosmosis~ niSan-Tvise-
bebis matarebel mimdinareobad CaiTvalos,
radgan simbolisti poetebi sxvadasxva qveya-
naSi aSkarad midrekilni iyvnen SezRuduli
raodenobis myari saleqso formebis da, maT
Soris, trioletis gamoyenebisadmi.
trioleti, rogorc saleqso forma, Ca-
moyalibda Sua saukuneebSi (me-13 saukunis
bolos), safrangeTSi. am epoqaSi trioletis
mravali nimuSi Seqmnes frangma poetebma ade-
ne le ruam da Jan frosarma. XV-XVI sau-
kuneebSi trioleti popularobiT aRar sar-
geblobda, magram me-17 saukuneSi am saleqso
formiT dainteresda Jan de lafonteni, ro-
melmac trioletis ramdenime nimuSi Seqmna.
130 Tamar lomiZe
me-18 saukuneSi trioleti kvlav daviwyebas eZleva, me-19 saukuneSi ki

iwereba alfons dodes da teodor de banvilis mravalricxovani trio-
letebi. am saleqso formis brwyinvale nimuSebi Seqmnes frangma simbo-
listebma.
ruseTSi XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze trioletebis pirveli ni-
muSebi daweres ana buninam da nikolai karamzinma. Semdeg (iseve, rogorc
evropaSi) trioleti daviwyebas mieca da xelaxla moipova popularoba
modernizmis epoqaSi. trioletebs Txzavddnen ego-futuristebi: kon-
stantin fofanovi da igor severianini, simbolistebi _ konstantin bal-
monti da valeri briusovi. trioletebis krebulebi gamosces simbolis-
tma poetebma: f. sologubma, i. kalinikovma da i. rukaviSnikovma (am uka-
nasknelma Teoriuli gamokvlevac ki dawera trioletebis Sesaxeb). saer-
Tod, egreT wodebuli `vercxlis saukunis~ rusma poetebma triolete-
bis maRalmxatvruli nimuSebi Seqmnes.
qarTul poeziaSi trioletis saleqso forma cisferyanwelebma
Semoitanes (val. gafrindaSvili ambobda: `me mgonia, trioleti Cvenamde
ar iyo dawerili~ (gafrindaSvili 1990 : 642) da, ra Tqma unda, gu-
lisxmobda, rom trioleti manamde aravis hqonda dawerili qarTul
poeziaSi). cnobilia valerian gafrindaSvilis, Salva karmelis, paolo
iaSvilis, raJden gvetaZis, giorgi leoniZis, kolau nadiraZis triole-
tebi. SevniSnavT, rom SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos cisferyanwelTa gata-
ceba swored am saleqso formiT.
trioletis struqtura Semdegnairia: rvastriqonian strofSi
pirveli striqoni aucileblad meordeba meoTxe da meSvide striqoneb-
Si, xolo merve striqoni imeorebs meores. trioletSi gariTmvis sis-
tema amgvaria: ABaA abAB или ABbA baAB.
a. kviatkovskis DSeniSvniT, trioleti yvelaze SezRuduli formaa
poeziaSi da mas umetesad gasarTobi daniSnuleba hqonda (kviatkovski
1966: 311).
***
riT aixsneba trioletis perioduli popularoba _ is, rom es
myari saleqso forma zogierT literaturul epoqaSi Zalze xSirad
gamoiyeneba, sxva periodebSi ki miviwyebas eZleva? da ra mizezebiT un-
da ganvmartoT trioletis popularoba rogorc evropul da rusul
simbolistur poeziaSi, aseve _ cisferyanwelTa SemoqmedebaSi? rac Se-
exeba cisferyanwelebs, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom maT, ubralod, rusi
simbolistebis poeziis zegavleniT Semoitanes es forma qarTul poe-
ziaSi (rac gamoricxuli araa). magram ra faqtorebs unda ganepirobebi-
naT am saleqso formis `gacocxleba~ evropeli da rusi poetebis Se-
moqmedebaSi?
trioletis ufunqcioba garkveul epoqebSi da misi popularoba
sxva periodebSi SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom am saleqso formis meSveo-
qaosi da kosmosi cisferyanwelTa trioletebSi 131
biT yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba gamoixatos ama Tu im literaturuli mim-
dinareobis msoflaRqma. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom sxvadasxva
literaturuli mimdinareobebi identuri msoflaRqmiT xasiaTdebodnen,
aramed _ imas, rom Tumca trioleti myari formaa, magram sxvadasxva
dros sxvadasxva funqciiT aRiWurveboda. magaliTad, Tu Tavdapirvelad
(Sua saukuneebSi) triolets gasarTobi daniSnuleba hqonda da imRere-
boda, simbolistur poeziaSi, mas, eWvgareSea, sruliad gansxvavebuli
funqciebi unda hqonoda. triolets Tavisi funqciebi ucvleli formiT
rom SeenarCunebina, simbolistebi, ra Tqma unda, am myari formiT ar
dainteresdebodnen. amgvarad, ucvleli rCeboda mxolod trioletis
formaluri niSan-Tvisebebi, magram icvleboda maTi funqciebi. SesaZle-
belia, aq gavixsenoT dominantis principic, romelic rusma formalis-
tebma wamoayenes, kerZod, `vinaidan sistema (nebismieri sistema, maT So-
ris, teqsti an teqstebis erToblioba ama Tu im mimdinareobaSi _
T.l.) ar warmoadgens misi yvela elementis Tanabaruflebian urTier-
Tqmedebas, aramed gulisxmobs elementTa jgufis win wamowevas (`domi-
nanta~) da danarCenebis deformacias, amitom nawarmoebi Sedis litera-
turaSi, iZens Tavis literaturul funqcias swored am dominantis
wyalobiT~ (tinianovi 1977: 277). Tvisebebi sxvadasxvagvaria sxvadasxva
istoriul periodSi.
ama UTu im Janris an saleqso formis dominanturi niSan- ase rom
ar iyos, ese igi, triolets (da nebismier sxva saleqso formas an li-
teraturul Janrs) sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxvanairi dominanturi ni-
San-Tvisebebi da funqciebi rom ar hqonoda, maSin unda vaRiaroT (rac
absurdia), rom literaturis evolucia ar momxdara.
davakvirdeT trioletis struqturas.
trioletis, rogorc myari saleqso formis yvelaze mkveTrad ga-
moxatuli struqturuli Tavisebureba, ra Tqma unda, misi striqonebis
ganmeorebadobaa. ra funqciebi unda SeeZina mas axal konteqstSi, axal
_ simbolizmis _ sistemaSi?
leqsisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ritmuli erTeulebis _ striqonebis,
orstriqonedebisa da strofebis, aseve _ bgerebis, bgeraTa erToblio-
bebis, sityvebis ganmeoreba. rogor zemoqmedebs striqonis semantikaze
misi ganmeorebadoba (SegaxsenebT, rom trioletSi pirveli striqoni
meordeba samjer, meore ki _ orjer)? sazogadod, poetur metyveleba-
Si xdeba èkvivalenturobis principis proecireba seleqciis RerZidan
kombinaciis RerZze~ (r. iakobsonis cnobili Tezisis Tanaxmad), anu
masSi sityvebi, striqonebi, strofebi analogiuri struqturuli niSan-
TvisebebiT da bgeriTi organizaciis (riTma, aliteraciebi, asonansebi
da a.S.) msgavsebiT xasiaTdeba, maSin, rodesac sasaubro metyvelebaSi
sintagmaturi mwkrivis Semadgeneli sityvebi am niSan-Tvisebebis mixed-
viT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia). leqsiT metyvelebaSi elementebis
gamaTanabrebel zemoqmedebas axdens ritmic. amasTan, rac ufro metadaa
132 Tamar lomiZe
gamoxatuli leqsSi ganmeorebadobis, ekvivalenturobis principi, rac

ufro Zlieria misi `musikaluroba~ da miT ufro naklebmniSvnelovania
misi semantika. es bunebrivicaa – amgvar leqsSi wina planze gamodis
JReradoba da ara Sinaarsi. amitom bunebrivia, rom trioletSi, ro-
melSic ganmeorebadobis principi (erTeulTa ekvivalenturoba, paradig-
matuloba) Warbadaa gamoxatuli, Sinaarsis planze formis plani unda
dominirebdes da unda iwvevdes sityvebis semantikur transformacias.
amgvarad, trioletisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori sintaqsur-semanti-
kuri erTeulis (striqonis) ganmeoreba (pirvelisa samjer, meorisa _
orjer). ganmeorebadoba xazs usvams maT mTlianobas, daunawevreblobas
(TuU yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT maT Sedgenilobaze, anu sintagmatikaze,
maSin ukana planze gadaiwevs maTi erTianoba, ris gareSec maT ver aRviq-
vamT, rogorc ganmeorebad erTeulebs). amgvarad, trioletis struqtura
ganapirobebs ganmeorebadi striqonebis, rogorc daunawevrebeli mTlia-
nobebis aRqmas. SemTxveviTi araa, rom maTSi _ am erTianobis xazgasasme-
lad xSirad gamoiyeneba aliteraciebi da asonansebi, romlebnic kidev
ufro metad kravs striqonebs: `var mowyenili, viT zamTarSi nazi beRu-
ra~; `kidev cota xans daicade, Cemo Zvirfaso~; `me menatreba Seni yeli,
TeTri, geduri~; `qorwili xarobs da sxivosnobs mefe Zvirfasi~; `Sen
Cems xarb Tvalebs ufskrulidan esirinoze~; `gavdi serabims frTadaTo-
vils, plaSCiT nafari~; `TeTr yvavilebiT fanjarasTan fSvinven tyemle-
bi~ da a.S.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom cisferyanwelTa trioletebis didi um-
ravlesoba (samiode gamonaklisis garda) besikuri sazomiTaa (5 4 5)
dawerili, anu Tavs iCens midrekileba versifikaciuli unifikaciisadmi,
rac, aseve, Zalze mniSvnelovania. magaliTad: `Cemma ocnebam /qartexi-
lebs /Tavi udara~; `me RvTaebrivi /koSmarebi /isev momelis~; `var mow-
yenili,/ viT zamTarSi/ nazi beRura~; `Sexvedris wuTebs/ ganSoreba
/ver aniavebs~; ìyo saRamo /rux landebaT/ kvlav anatiri~; `gavdi se-
rabims /frTadaTovils,/ plaSCiT nafari~; `Sen Cems xarb Tvalebs/ uf-
skrulidan /esirinoze~ (val. gafrindaSvili); `kidev cota xans /daica-
de, /Cemo Zvirfaso~; `me menatreba / Seni yeli,/ TeTri, geduri~; `TviT
hanibalic /isurvebda /Sensa xasobas~; `minda es leqsi/ Seni trfobiT
/avamTvarulo~ (kolau nadiraZe); `qorwili xarobs /da sxivosnobs/ me-
fe Zvirfasi~; ànaTebs darbazs/ vezirebis / tansacmelebi~; `moswyinda
mefes / es nadimi /da silamaze~; `sefedarbazSi /mzis sxivebis /cecxli
anTia~ (paolo iaSvili); ìxrCoba qarSi quTaisi naforiaqi~; `TeTr
yvavilebiT /fanjarasTan / fSvinven tyemlebi~; `viT es striqoni, / _
Cemi sevdac / wava da mova~; (Salva karmeli~); `sasaflaoze / miyvars
RamiT / sikvdilis marSi~ (raJden gvetaZe).
amgvari versifikaciuli unifikacia, aseve, xels uwyobs striqone-
bis, rogorc ganuyofeli erTeulebis aRqmas; bolos, besikuri sazomi,
Tavis mxriv, sami muxlisgan Sedgeba da masSi pirveli da mesame (bo-
lo) muxlebi erTnairia (amitom SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos arc trio-
letTa umravlesobaSi erTi da imave sazomis gamoyeneba da arc am sa-
zomis SerCeva; ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebeli iyo, cisferyanwelebs SeerCi-
aT sazomi or, sami an oTxi ganmeorebadi muxliT, magram gansxvavebuli
Sualeduri _ oTxmarcvliani _ muxli sammuxlian striqonSi amZafrebs
pirveli da bolo muxlebis identurobis STabeWdilebas, anu striqo-
nis Sekrulobas, monoliTurobas).
Cveulebrivi, sasaubro metyveleba sintagmaturia da diskretuli
erTeulebisgan _ sityvebisgan Sedgeba. amitom frazis gasagebad aucile-
belia yoveli calkeuli sityvis gaazreba _ Tu frazaSi sityva gamoto-
vebulia, is SeiZleba ver gavigoT. iseTi saleqso forma, rogoricaa
trioleti, piriqiT, aucileblad saWiroebs mTeli striqonis rogorc
erTi `sityvis~ daunawevreblad aRqmas. aq SeimCneva saleqso rigis
(striqonis) is SemWidroeba, romlis Sesaxebac i. tinianovi msjelobda
Tavis `saleqso enis problemaSi~, anu am SemTxvevaSi sityvebis sintagma-
turi, diskretuli, linearuli Tanmimdevroba Tvisebriobas icvlis,
xorcieldeba misi delinearizacia, semantikuri `SemWidroeba~ da axali
semantikis SeZena. SemTxveviT rodi SeniSnavda stefan malarme, rom leq-
sis striqoni `ramdenime sityvidan erT sityvas warmoqmnis~ (cit. wigni-
dan: miSo 1969: 572).
rogoria aseTi `sityvis~ semantika?
saqme isaa, rom Tumca pirveli striqoni warmoqmnis ritmul impulss
_ da aRiqmeba, rogorc ritmuli mTlianoba _ ritmuli erTeuli, magram
izolirebulad aRqmisas (rodesac is jer kidev araa ganmeorebuli teq-
stSi), semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, is jer kidev diskretulia, anu misi
calkeuli sityvebis semantika TavisTavad Rirebulebas inarCunebs (Tumca,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sazomi, cisferyanwelTa mier _ Segnebulad Tu
gaucnobiereblad _ imgvarad iqna SerCeuli, rom striqonis SemWidroebas
ganapirobebs, iseve, rogorc bgeriTi organizebis saSualebebi _ alitera-
ciebi da asonansebi). misi ganmeorebis Semdeg (trioletis meoTxe stri-
qonSi) is ukve aRiqmeba ara marto rogorc ritmuli erTeuli, aramed _
rogorc semantikuri erTeulic, anu semantikurad dauSleli, daunawevre-
beli mTlianoba. sxva SemTxvevaSi _ anu, Tu amgvar striqons aRviqvamT
rogorc diskretul erTeulTa erTobliobas _ is ganmeorebadi erTeulis
saxiT aRar warmigvidgeba da Semadgenel erTeulebad daiSleba.
magram trioletSi pirveli striqoni samjer meordeba, rac kidev
ufro amWidroebs mis semantikas, anu kidev ufro daunawevrebels, kidev
ufro erTians xdis mas. is, rac vTqviT trioletis pirveli striqonis
Sesaxeb, ra Tqma unda, samarTliani unda iyos meore striqonis mimarTac.
ganmeoreba am striqonis semantikasac amWidroebs.
Cveulebriv, sityvebis sintagmaturi mimdevrobis daniSnulebaa sam-
yaros Sesaxeb logikuri msjeloba, rodesac sagnebi da movlenebi maTi
konvenciuri niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. igulisxmeba, rom amgvari sag-
134 Tamar lomiZe
nebisa da movlenebis momcveli samyaros fragmentebs erTmaneTTan mi-

zezSedegobrioba akavSirebs.
rogor samyaros asaxavs sityvaTa iseTi mimdevroba, romelSic sin-
tagmatika (poeturi metyvelebis diskretuloba) nulisken miiswrafvis
da romelic erTiani, daunawevrebeli, kontinualuri mTlianobis saxiT
warmogvidgeba?
cxadia, amgvari `saleqso rigi~ (tinianovis gamoTqma), Tundac mas-
Si mocemuli iyos savsebiT logikuri msjeloba samyaros an misi frag-
mentebis Sesaxeb, mainc sruliad àlogikuria~ _ ganmeorebebis wyalo-
biT wina planze gamodis ara misi semantika, aramed _ JReradoba, bge-
riTi organizacia, leqsis `musika~ (gavixseniT verleniseuli mowodeba:
`,musika, upirveles yovlisa~) da, Sesabamisad, ara Semadgeneli elemen-
tebis diskretuloba, aramed _ kontinualoba.
amqveyniuri samyaros sagnebi da movlenebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebu-
lia, diskretulia. miRmuri, idealuri samyaro ki erTiania da kontinua-
luri. misi `sagnebi~ amodaluria, konkretuli niSan-TvisebebiT ar xasi-
aTdeba. am miRmuri, idealuri samyaros daxasiaTebisas yvelaze ufro
adekvaturia simboloebis gamoyeneba, radgan simbolo, Tavisi arsiT, aseve
erTiania, daunawevrebeli (amitomaa SeuZlebeli misi gaSifrva). aseTive
erTianobasa, daunawevreblobas, kontinualurobas aniWebs trioletebis
struqtura maT semantikas cisferyanwelTa poeziaSi da, rogorc Cans,
swored amiT iyo motivirebuli am saleqso formis popularoba ara mar-
to qarTvel simbolist-cisferyanwelTa, aramed frangi da rusi simbo-
listebis poeziaSic.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda davaskvnaT: is, rom
simbolisti poetebis da, kerZod, cisferyanwelTa SemoqmedebaSi trio-
letis mravalricxovani nimuSebi gvxvdeba, ganpirobebuli iyo imiT,
rom es saleqso forma simbolisturi msoflaRqmis adekvaturad gadmo-
cemis saSualebas iZleva. trioleti am axal konteqstSi axali fun-
qciebiT aRiWurva da cisferyanwelebis poeziaSi sapatio adgili daika-
va.
literatura:
gafrindaSvili 1990: val. gafrindaSvili. leqsebi, poema, YTargmanebi.

esseebi. mwerlis arqividan. Tb., 1990.
kviatkovski 1966:.Квятковский А. П. Поэтический словарь. М., 1966.
tinianovi 1977: Тынянов Ю.Н. О литературной эволюции. Поэтика.
История литературы, Кино. М., 1977.
miSo 1969: Michaud G. Message Poétique du Symbolisme. P., Nizet.1969
Tamar Lomidze
Chaos and cosmos in the triolets of the poetry group

members called “Blue Horns”
Triolet as a firm stanza poem was periodically popular in different literary

epochs. Triolets especially often are found in the symbolists poetry. European,
Russian and Georgian symbolists created numerous examples of triolets. What
kind of factors determined the popularity of triolets in the symbolists poetry and
in particular among the representatives of the poetry group of “Blue Horns”?.
The present paper investigates the influence of the specific and formal
peculiarities upon the semantics of triolets; it is argued, that superabundance of
recurrences of formal components in the triolets causes deformation of words
and in consequence the text formally and in the semantic aspect seeks continuity
i.e. it appears not as a sequence of discrete units – words, but as an integrated
entity.
The transformed text corresponds to its denotatum – to the otherworldly,
ideal world, which differs from the earthly, real, discrete world because of its
continuity.
Thus the popularity of triolet as a firm stanza form in the symbolists poetry
and, in particular, in the creative works of the poets – representatives of the
group named “Blue Horns” is natural and logical, for precisely by means of the
given form it is possible to express in the best way specific content of symbolism
poetry.

nana mazmiSvili
intersemiotikuri
Targmani — reklamis
gzavnilis gagebis
winapiroba
semiotika yovelTvis warmoadgenda ka-

cobriobis arsebobis ganuyofel nawils,
romelic saukuneebTan erTad rogorc adami-
anis cxovrebis, ise araerTi mecnierebis dar-
gis mzardad integrirebuli nawili xdeba.
samyaros arsis wvdomis mcdelobas niSanTa
sistemis garkveul wyobamde mivyavarT, rom-
lis dekodireba garkveuli saidumloebis
amoxsnis saSualebas iZleva.
unda aRiniSnos semiotikis gansakuTre-
buli siaxlove mecnierebis iseT dargebTan,
rogorebicaa: lingvistika, Targmanis Teoria
da interkulturuli urTierTobebi. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, semiotika mWidro kav-
SirSia iseT sferoebTan, sadac dominirebs
enis, rogorc komunikaciis saSualebis da
kulturis roli da mniSvneloba. es ukanaskne-
li ganpirobebulia enis specifikuri TvisebiT,
romelic komunikaciis damyarebaSi mdgomare-
obs da im vizualuri da verbaluri sistemebis
kavSiriT, ris funqciasac swored komunikacia
warmoadgens.
warmatebuli komunikaciis ganxorcie-
leba araerT faqtorzea damokidebuli, ro-
melTagan aqcents, Cvens naSromSi, verbalur
da araverbalur niSanTa sistemaze gavake-
TebT, imdenad, ramdenadac maT Tanabari wvli-
li miuZRviT adekvatur da efeqtur komuni-
kaciaSi.
intersemiotikuri Targmani – reklamis gzavnilis gagebis winapiroba 137

verbalur da araverbalur niSanTa sistemebis erToblioba uzrunvel-
yofs gzavnilis Sesabamisad da swrafad aRqmas informaciis mimRebi mier,
ise rom am ukanasknelis reagireba miRebul informaciaze iqneba informaci-
is gamgzavnis mizanTan TanxvedraSi.
Zalzed sainteresoa niSanTa sistemis verbalur da araverbalur ga-
movlinebaTa erToblivi kombinaciiT Sedgenili teqstis sworad da adekva-
turad gagebis Taviseburebebis kvleva interkulturul konteqstSi, sadac
konkretul realobaSi arsebuli niSanTa sistemis mniSvneloba SesaZloa an
arasworad iqnes interpretirebuli, an saerTod yuradRebis miRma darCes.
amis mizezi sxvadasxva enis matarebeli adamianebis mier niSanTa sistemis
gansxvavebulad aRqmaa, rac Tavis mxriv sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis mier
sxvadasxva kulturuli Rirebulebebis da faseulobebis aRiarebiT aixsne-
ba.
arsebuli sxvaoba cxovrebis wesSi, tradiciebSi, qcevis normebsa da
eris kulturuli cxovrebis sxvadasxva gamovlinebaSi, gansakuTrebulad de-
likatur midgomas saWiroebs interkulturul garemoSi komunikaciis dros,
rodesac gasakuTrebiT SesamCnevi xdeba Targmanis Teoriis mniSvnelovani as-
peqtebis semiotikasTan Serwyma darodesac mTargmnels wminda lingvisturi
sirTuleebis daZlevis garda iseTi barieris gadalaxva sWirdeba, rasac Tar-
gmanmcodneobaSi eTnikuri barieri qvia. swored aseT dros did mniSvnelobas
Targmanis procesSi aralingvisturi niSnebis CarTuloba iZens, rodesac ara-
lingvisturi niSnebi mTargmnels original teqstSi lingvisturad asaxuli
Sinaarsis sworad gadmocemis saSualebas aZlevs, rodesac aucilebelia ni-
SanTa araverbaluri sistemebis sworad gamoyeneba komunikaciisas miznis miR-
wevis mizniT.
kulturul gansxvavebebze saubrisas gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa kul-
turuli sxvaobis iseTi gamovlineba, rogoricaa ferebis aRqmis Tavisebu-
reba.
samyaros ferTa gamas msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mcxovrebi adamiane-
bi sxvadasxva interpretacias aZleven. garda vizualuri zemoqmedebisa, Ti-
Toeul fers garkveuli azrobrivi datvirTva aqvs da Seicavs sxvadasxva
gzavnils sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenelTa cnobierebaSi. feris
aRqmis Tavisebureba xSirad ukavSirdeba magaliTad qveynis istorias. isto-
riuli warsuliT aixsneba xolme qveynis droSaze garkveuli ferebis SerCeva.
feris mimarT adamianis damokidebuleba aseve damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra ge-
ografiul arealSi cxovrobs adamiani...
aRniSnuli gansxvaveba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens reklamebis
Targmnis dros, maSin, rodesac verbaluri kodiT gadmocemuli Sinaarsi da
emocia araverbaluri niSnebiT gamoxatul emocias da Sinaarss unda emTxve-
odes.
reklama teqstia. komunikaciis ZiriTadi erTeuli teqstia. teqstis
tipis dadgena xdeba masSi gamoyenebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis ti-
pisa da raodenobis mixedviT. am TvalsazrisiT reklama teqstia, romelic
138 nana mazmiSvili

komunikaciis damyarebis araerT saSualebas iyenebs, sadac informaciis swo-
rad aRsaqmelad aramxolod enobrivi, aramed grafikul-simboluri niSnebi,
xma... CaerTvis. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, reklamakreolizebuli teqstia,
sadac azris gadmocemis sxvadasxva saSualebis urTierTgadakveTaa.
reklamis zemoT aRniSnulma Taviseburebebma ganapiroba Cveni dainte-
reseba feris aRqmis TaviseburebiT sxvadasxva produqciis reklamebSi da-
feris SenarCuneba/Secvlis aucileblobiT produqciis reklamirebisas
sxvadasxva kulturis matarebel sociumSi.
nebismieri produqciis konkretuli erisTvis reklamirebis dros fe-
ris sworad SerCevam SeiZleba verbalurad gadmocemul mxares efeqti Seu-
narCunos. Tumca feris arasworiSerCeva SeiZleba lingvisturad miRweuli
Sedegis damsxvrevis mizezi gaxdes.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare naTeli xdeba Tu ratom xdeba erTi-
daigive produqtis sxvadasxvagvarad warmodgena sxvadasxva enaze reklami-
rebisas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erTi produqcia, warmoebuli erT kon-
kretul qveyanaSi, sxvadasxvagvarad Suqdeba sxvadasxva kulturis matare-
beli samizne auditoriisTvis. swored amitomac, magaliTad, koka kolis
boTlis ferebi da TviT boTlSi arsebuli siTxis feric icvleba imis mi-
xedviT, Tu romel qveyanaSi ewevareklama.gansakuTrebulad gansxvavebuli
midgoma, koka kolas boTlis ferebis SerCevis dros, mocemuli produqciis
CineTSi reklamirebisas SeimCneva. umetes SemTxvevaSi koka kols minis boT-
li mTlianad wiTeli ferisaa da fonadac wiTeli feria SerCeuli. es aix-
sneba im faqtiT, rom wiTel fers dadebiTi datvirTva aqvs Cinur kultura-
Si, niSnavs ra is bednierebas da warmatebas Cineli xalxisTvis. ufro metic,
Tuevropis qveyanaTa did nawilSi TeTri feri iwvevsdadebiT emociebs aso-
cirdeba ra is naTelTan, xalisTan, bednierebasTan da Sesabamisad patarZle-
bi am qveynebSi TeTr kabaSi imosebian, CineTSi, gansxvavebiT am qveynebisgan,pa-
tarZlebs wiTeli feris kaba acviaT imdenad, ramdenadac swored wiTeli
feri warmoadgens bednierebisa da warmatebis simbolos Cinur kulturaSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, CineTSi reklamebis udides nawilSi wiTeli feris si-
Warbe gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia, ris naTel magaliTsac zemoTaRniSnu-
li koka kolas boTlis reklama warmoadgens.
imave koka kolas reklamaSi, romelic iaponiaSi Suqdeba gansakuTrebiT
TvalSisacemia mwvane feri. pepsi mTlianad mwvane ferebSia warmodgenili,
xolo kola kolas iarliyi mwvane ferebiTaa gaformebuli.
metad sainteresoa yviTeli feris datvirTva reklamebSi. gansakuTre-
biT dadebiTi datvirTva aqvs mas germanul da frangul kulturebSi, sadac
yviTeli bednierebas, karg gemovnebas niSnavs, amitomac germanuli da fran-
guli reklamebis umetes nawilSi yviTeli feri sWarbobs. Sesabamisad mak-
donaldsis reklamac franguli sociumisTvis maqsimalurad yviTel fereb-
Sia Sesrulebuli.aseve sainteresoa koka kolas reklama frangul kultu-
raSi, sadac koka kolas wiTeli boTli yviTeli feris fonzea warmodgeni-
li.
intersemiotikuri Targmani – reklamis gzavnilis gagebis winapiroba 139

imave yviTeli feris siWarbe TvalSisacemia Cinur reklamebSi, rac mo-
cemuli eris aRniSnuli ferisadmi gansakuTrebuli upiratesobiT gamoir-
Ceva da is karg gemovnebas da siamovnebis miRebas niSnavs. CineTSi yviTeli fe-
ri aseve energiasa da Zalauflebas niSnavs, riTac aixsneba is faqti, rom
xSir SemTxvevaSi Cinuri kompaniebis muSa personalis uniforma yviTeli fe-
risaa, ramdenime kompaniis TanamSromelTa Cacmuloba ki yviTeli perangebiT
da wiTeli xelsabamebiT kargad asaxavs am ori ferisadmi gansakuTrebul
damokidebulebas Cinur kulturaSi.
cnobili makdonaldsis logoze inglisuri aso `M~ yviTeli feriTaa
Sesrulebuli. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi yviTeli feri asaxavs Tu ara rame
gansakuTrebul grZnobas Tu damokidebulebas am ferisadmi, ar viciT, Tumca
CvenTvis cnobilia is rom aRniSnuli logo oqros TaRs niSnavs da, Sesabami-
sad, yviTeli ferisaa.
ferebisadmi gansxvavebuli midgoma aseve kargad Cans makdonaldsis
kerZebis reklamebSic. magaliTad, makdonaldsis yvelaze cnobadi burgeris
SigTavsi reklamebSi gansxvavebulad da Taviseburadaa warmodgenili qveyne-
bis mixedviT. am konteqstSi sainteresoa germanelebis damokidebuleba yvi-
Teli ferisadmi. germanuli burgeris SigTavsi yviTelia da gansxvavebulia
Cinuri, iaponuri Tu induri burgerisagan.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, xSirad feris mniSvneloba konkretul kul-
turaSi misi istoriiT aris ganpirobebuli, rac kargad aisaxeba qveynis
droSis ferebSic. am mxriv sainteresoa amerikuli kultura da lurji fe-
ris dadebiTi datvirTva masSi, rac TvalnaTliv Cans droSis ferebSic.
iseve rogorc droSaze, lurji feri aseve Warbobs amerikuli rekla-
mebis did nawilSi, sadac produqtis sxva ferebSi warmodgenis SemTxveva-
Sic ki fonad lurji feria SerCeuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom lurji feri bevri qveynis kulturaSi dadebiT
ferad aris miCneuli da Sesabamisad reklamebSic TvalSisacemia lurji fe-
ris gamoyeneba, SvedeTi arc ise megobrulada ganwyobili am feris mimarT da
reklamebSic naklebad SexvdebiT mas. es SesaZloa qveynis geografiul mde-
bareobas da klimats ukavSirdebodes. aRniSnuli feri sicivesTan, yinvasTan
asocirdeba da Sesabamisad naklebad iyeneben mas dadebiTi informaciis gad-
mocemisas.
yovelive zemoT mocemulidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra didi datvirTva aqvs
araverbaluri niSnebis, da konkretul SemTxvevaSi feris sworad SerCevas
iseT komunikaciaSi, rodesac informaciis gamgzavnisTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs icodes konkretuli niSnis Tu simbolos miRma ra grZnoba da emocia ima-
leba konkretuli kulturis matarebeli sociumisTvis. imisaTvis, rom uz-
runvelyofili iyos warmatebuli, efeqturi komunikacia, adresatma delika-
turad unda Seurwyas verbaluri da araverbaluri niSnebiT gamoxatuli Si-
naarsi, rom maqsimaluri Tanxvedra ganapirobebdes sasurveli Sedegis miRebas
an sasurvel reagirebas adresantisgan. erTi kulturuli Rirebulebis sxva
kulturul Rirebulebad gadakeTeba Sesaferisi enobriv-verbaluri Tu ara-
140 nana mazmiSvili

verbaluriniSnebiT SeumCneveli da recipientisTvis umtkivneulo unda iyos
imisaTvis, rom dadebiTi ganwyoba da damokidebuleba da Sesabamisad reagireba
mohyves warmatebuli komunikaciis damyarebis mcdelobas.
literatura:
kaufmani 1991: Kaufman. R. Strategic planning: An organization guide. Sage

Publications;
kolinsis leqsikoni 1988. Collins English Dictionary. 21st Century Edition.
Glasgow;
milenkoviCi 2009: Milenkovic, Mirjana. Global Advertising in a Cultural
Context. Hamburg;
niumarki 1988: Newmark, P. A textbook of Translation. London: Prentice HaH
International;
fernande saint martini 1990: Fernande Saint-Martin. Semiotics of Visual
Language. Indiana University Press;
Nana Mazmishvili
Intersemiotic Translation – Precondition for Understanding Advertisement

Message
The presented article is about the effective application of non-verbal signs in

advertisements. The research is aimed at investigating the effect of various colors –
as the types of non-verbal signs-in perceiving the message of the advertisements by
an addressee in a way he/she reacts as desired by a sender of the information. In
order to ensure correct combination of verbal and non-verbal signs the knowledge
on what feelings various colors convey in the concrete culture and what message
they imply is of particular importance to ensure effective and successful
communication.
emzar makaraZe
,,samarTlianobisa da
ganviTarebis ~ partiis
brZola TurqeTSi
demokratiuli principebis
ganmtkicebisaTvis
2016 wels Cvens mezobel TurqeTSi gan-

viTarebulma movlenebma mTeli msoflios
yuradReba miipyro. bunebrivia, ar SeiZleba
es movlenebi, pirvel, rigSi, saqarTvelos-
Tvis ar iyos mniSvnelovani. is, Tu rogor
ganviTardeba movlenebi TurqeTSi, aucileb-
lad moaxdens gavlenas Cvens qveyanaze, ami-
tom aucilebelia gvqondes wamodgena im
procesebze, romlebic TurqeTSi mimdinare-
obs.
bolo TxuTmeti welia, danarCen msof-
liosTan erTad, interesiT da garkveuli SeS-
foTebiTac vadevnebT Tvalyurs TurqeTSi mim-
dinare politikur movlenebs, misi qarizma-
tuli lideris, prezident rejef taif erdo-
Ranisa da islamuri xasiaTis mqone ,,samar-
Tlianobisa da ganviTarebis” partiis saqmia-
nobas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom respublikuri
TurqeTis damaarsebelma qemal aTaTurqma
axali TurqeTi daafuZna sekularizmisa da
evropeizmis principebze, Tanamedrove Tur-
qeTis politikuri cxovreba, mniSvnelovan-
wilad iqca am principebsa da religiuri xa-
siaTis mqone e. w. Turqul `tradiciona-
lizms~ Soris brZolis mizezad.
142 emzar makaraZe

cxadia, `laicizmad~1 wodebulma aTaTurqis sekularizmis tradiciam
seriozulad daimkvidra adgili Turqul sazogadoebaSi, magram TurqeTis mo-
saxleobis udidesi nawili, gansakuTrebiT provinciuli mosaxleoba, dRemde
ufro `tradicionalizmis~ zne-Cveulebebis matarebelia.
swored amitom TurqeTis respublikis laicisturi kursis uzrun-
velyofas yovelTvis sWirdeboda mZlavri garanti, romelsac aTwleulebis
manZilze laicizmis principebze myarad mdgomi TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Za-
lebi warmoadgenda. Turqi samxedroebi tradiciulad Rrmad iyvnen CarTu-
li qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi da TurqeTis istoriis mniSvnelovan mo-
mentebSi mkveTri CareviT gadamwyvet sityvas ambobdnen TurqeTis cxovreba-
Si (manCxaSvili, makaraZe 2014: 6). maT samjer moaxdines samxedro gadatri-
aleba _ 1960, 1971 da 1980 wels, 1997 wels ki, damajerebeli zewolis Se-
degad, xelisuflebas CamoaSores maSindeli islamisti premier-ministri
nejmeTin erbaqani da daxures islamuri `keTildReobis partia~. islamisti
premieris droSa mtkiced aitaca xelSi misma yvelaze niWierma da energi-
ulma mowafem rejef taif erdoRanma, man daSlili ,,keTildReobis~ parti-
is bazaze daaarsa ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis’’ partia, daZlia yvela-
nairi politikuri devna, akrZalvebi da 2002 wels saparlamento arCevnebSi
damajerebeli gamarjvebis Semdeg movida xelisuflebaSi (alasania
2015:206).
erdoRanisa da misi ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiis gamar-
jveba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom Turquli sazogadoeba gadaRlili da
gawbilebuli iyo aTwleulebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli da korufciaSi
Rrmad Cafluli elitiT. mis fonze ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~
partiis warmomadgenlebi ufro meti patiosnebiT, ubraloebiTa da xalxTan
siaxloviT aSkarad momgebianad gamoiyurebodnen. partiam aRmavali warmate-
biT gaimeora Tavisi gamarjveba 2007 da 2011 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi
(makaraZe 2012 :130).
rogorc Cans, am warmatebebma Tavbru daaxvia ,,samarTlianobisa da gan-
viTarebis~ partias da mis sulier liders _ erdoRans. xelisuflebaSi
yofnis manZilze misi avtoritarizmi da ambiciuroba TandaTan ufro metad
gaizarda. saparlamento umravlesobis faqtoris gamoyenebiT mmarTvelma
partiam mniSvnelovanwilad daimorCila saxelmwifo aparati. erTparti-
ulma mTavrobam Tavis radikalur gadawyvetilebebSi TiTqmis Sewyvita opo-
ziciuri speqtris azris gaTvaliswineba da daufaravad daadga qveynis is-
lamizaciis kurss.
Tanamedrove TurqeTis istoriaSi erdoRanma TiTqmis SeuZlebeli SeZlo
_ man mniSvnelovanwilad SezRuda xelSeuxebeli da Zlevamosili samxedro
elita da CamoaSora is politikur xelmZRvanelobas. amisTvis marjved gamoi-
yena e. w. èrgenekonis~ SeTqmulebis saqme da, farTo sazogadoebriv mxardaWe-
1
laicizmi (Laiklik _ warmodgeba franguli sityvidan `laicite,~ rac niSnavs saero
xasiaTs. igi gulisxmobs religiis gamoyofas saxelmwifosagan.
`samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiis brZola TurqeTSi demokratiuli principebis ganmtkicebisaTvis 143

raze dayrdnobiT, uprecedento ram moaxerxa _ cixeSi moaTavsebina TurqeTis
umaRlesi generalitetis warmomadgenlebi (Turkish Studies 2012(2):45). maT-
Tan erTad Tavisufleba aRekveTa Zveli politikuri elitis mraval warmomad-
genels: biznesmenebs, Jurnalistebs, sazogado da politikur moRvaweebs, im
adamianebs, vinc gabeda da win aRudga erdoRanis ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTa-
rebis~ partiis axal kurss.
generalitetis SesustebasTan erTad, pirdapirproporciulad gaZli-
erda religiur liderTa erTianoba. religiis saqmeTa sammarTvelo Turqe-
Tis saxelmwifo sistemis erT-erT yvelaze gavlenian struqturad gadaiq-
ca.
marTalia, ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partia da misi lideri
kvlavac oficialurad inarCunebs evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis kurss, mag-
ram paralelurad mimarTavs otomanuri imperiis aRdgenis alternatiul
kurssac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom otomanuri periodis idealizacia da propa-
ganda mmarTveli partiis erTgvar simbolodac iqca, Tavad mas xSirad
sulTansac ki uwodeben.
albaT ar Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, rom rejef taif erdoRani TurqeTis res-
publikis damaarseblis, qemal aTaTurqis Semdeg TurqeTis respublikis is-
toriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri da masStaburi figuraa, Tumca, is, amav-
droulad, qemalis politikur antipodad gvevlineba. qemalis kursis mTavari
principebi iyo laicisturi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis SemoReba da uaris
Tqma otomanuri warsulis memkvidreobaze. swored am or fuZemdeblur prin-
cipTan mimarTebiT erdoRani da misi partia diametrulad sawinaaRmdego
kurss atareben da sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi islamizaciisa da
neootomanobis sinTezs nergaven.
am procesebSi umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs qveynis prezidenti, misi
piradi gegmebi da ambiciebi. is udavod Zlieri da ambiciuri pirovnebaa da aSka-
rad lamobs Sevides istoriaSi, rogorc axali diadi TurqeTis saxelovani li-
deri. amitom man inicireba moaxdina sakonstitucio reformisa, romlis Tanax-
madac, TurqeTi saprezidento respublika unda gaxdes, xolo prezidenti, par-
lamentis nacvlad, pirdapir mosaxleobam airCios da didi ZalauflebiT iyos
aRWurvili. am gegmebisa da saerTod, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli avtoritaruli
stilis gamo, oponentebi erdoRans sul ufro xSirad sdeben brals diqtato-
rul miswrafebebSi.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom swored qemal
aTaTurqis figura gaxda 2015 wlis maisis bolos stambolsa da TurqeTis
sxva qalaqebSi saprotesto talRis mizezi. momitingeebi saprotesto moZ-
raobis droSad qemalis portretebs iyeneben da sakuTar Tavs aTaTurqis ja-
riskacebs uwodeben.
qemal aTaTurqis politikuri tradicia Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli
TurqeTSi. aTwleulebis manZilze Turqul sazogadoebaSi aTaTurqis prin-
cipebis mizanmimarTul kultivacias, ra Tqma unda, ukvalod ar Cauvlia.
TurqeTis dRevandeli politikuri situaciis simwvave da sirTule isaa,
144 emzar makaraZe

rom erdoRanis axali kursi radikalurad miuRebelia laicistur tradi-
ciebze aRzrdili TurqeTis sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis da am kursis
mkveTrma ukmayofilebam, romelic TandaTan izrdeboda erdoRanis mmarTve-
lobis periodSi, gamoiwvia is grandiozuli politikuri afeTqeba, romlis-
Tvisac TiTqmis uwyinari da arapolitikuri ,,gezis~ parkis gaCexvis Tema ga-
modga sababad.
2015 wlis 7 ivniss TurqeTSi Catarda saparlamento arCevnebi (ala-
sania 2015 :206), sadac mmarTvelma ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis’’
partiam 550 mandatian parlamentSi dakarga umravlesoba. man miiRo 256 man-
dati, meore adgilze gavida ,,saxalxo – respublikuri’’ partia – 132 adgi-
li, mesameze ,,nacionaluri moZraobis’’ partia – 82 adgili da ,,saxalxo de-
mokratiuli ’’ partia _ 80 adgili.
TurqeTis premier ministrma ahmed davuToRlum sxva politikur par-
tiebTan koaliciuri mTavrobis Seqmnaze SeTanxmebas ver miaRwia, TurqeTis
prezidentma mTavroba daiTxova da qveyanaSi riggareSe 26-e saparlamento
arCevnebi daniSna.
2015 wlis 1 noembers Catarda vadamdeli saparlamento arCevnebi, sa-
dac erdoRanma gamoiyena mis xelT arsebuli yvela saxelmwifo meqanizmi,
raTa ,,samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partias gamarjveba moepovebina, da
man, marTlac, daabruna parlamentSi umravlesoba, romelic 2015 wlis iv-
nisSi dakarga.
arCevnebSi mmarTvelma partiam 49.4% daagrova, mTavarma oponentma _ ,,sa-
xalxo respublikurma~ partiam ki _ 25.4%. 10%-iani zRvari gadalaxes da
parlamentSi adgilebi moipoves pro-qurTulma da nacionalisturma partiebma.
premierministrma ahmed davuToRlum arCevnebis Sedegs Turqi xalxisa da de-
mokratiis gamarjveba uwoda (,,tabula~ 2015:3).
ismis kiTxva, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdens es movlenebi TurqeTis Sidapo-
litikur partiul brZolaze?
maRali albaTobiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom moxdeba ,,samarTliano-
bisa da ganviTarebis~ partiis mowinaaRmdege politikuri Zalebis mniSvne-
lovani konsolidacia da iqneba erTiani opoziciuri blokis Seqmnis mcde-
loba. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom opoziciurma seqtorma gamoavlinos axali
alternatiuli qarizmatuli politikuri lideri.
mTavari faqtorebi qveynis Sida mdgomareobisa, romlebmac 2015 wlis
1 noembris saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebze SesaZloa gavlena iqonios,
Cveni azriT, Semdegia:
1) e. w. samSvidobo procesi (Çözüm süreci) – romelic TurqeTis xeli-
suflebasa da qurTistanis muSaTa partiis de-iure liders – amJamad patim-
robaSi myof abdula ojalans Soris warmoebuli mravalraundiani molapa-
rakebebis Sedegad daiwyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom samSvidobo procesis far-
glebSi gadaidga garkveuli nabijebi, erdoRanma CaTvala, rom am sakiTxs
omis gziT moagvarebda da SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi gadaiyvana urTierToba;
2) dRiTidRe mwvavdeba dapirispireba avtoritarul rejef taipf er-
`samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis~ partiis brZola TurqeTSi demokratiuli principebis ganmtkicebisaTvis 145

doRanis xelisuflebasa da TurqeTis erT–erT yvelaze gavlenian gaerTia-
nebas – ,,hizmeTs’’ da mis lider feThulah giulens Soris (Yayin organi:
Zaman Gazetesi). prezidentma erdoRanma feThulah giuleni da misi mim-
devrebi Riad daadanaSaula 2016 wlis 15 ivnisis gadatrialebis mcdelo-
baSi, rasac mohyva masobrivi dapatimrebebis talRa sxvadasxva saxelmwifo
da media struqturaSi, policiam daakava policiisa da religiur saqmeTa
saministros aTasobiT TanamSromeli jaSuSobis, gadatrialebis mcdelobi-
sa da sxva msgavsi braldebebiT;
3) siriisa da erayis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli sagareo politikis wa-
rumatebloba;
4) mzardi da TiTqmis yvela sferoSi sagrZnobi korufcia da mflangve-
loba, romlis kvalic TviT prezidentis ojaxamde midis.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TurqeTSi dawyebuli mRelvareba ukva-
lod ar Caivlis. dRes zusti prognozis gakeTeba Zalze Znelia, magram va-
raudebis da daskvnebis gamoTqma mainc SeiZleba. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniS-
nos, rom TurqeTis sazogadoebis evropeizebuli nawili sakmaod mraval-
ricxovania da sekularizmis principebs iolad ar daTmobs. amave dros, Se-
imCneva, rom Turquli sazogadoebis dasavluri mentalitetis matarebeli
nawili da, gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrdoba, Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT da
moTxovnebiT ukve aTaTurqiseul sekularizmzec amaRlda da ikavebs demok-
ratiisa da adamianis uflebebis maRali evropuli standartebis platfor-
mas. rac Seexeba prezident erdoRans, marTalia, is dRes rCeba Zlier poli-
tikur figurad, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, TurqeTSi ganviTarebulma bo-
lodroindelma krizisma garkveuli xnis Semdeg ,,samarTlianobisa da ganvi-
Tarebis~ partias da misi politikuri lideris karieras wertili dausvas.
literatura:
alasania 2015: saxelmwifosa da religiis urTierToba TurqeTis respub-

likaSi, aRmosavleTmcodneoba, N4, Tbilisi;
makaraZe 2012: TurqeTis saSinao politika 1980–2011 wlebSi, Tbilisi;
manCxaSvili, makaraZe 2014: qemalizmi da demokratizacia TurqeTSi, Tbili-
si;
,,tabula~ 2015: TurqeTSi mmarTveli partia parlamentSi umravlesobas ib-
runebs. J., 1 noemberi, http://www.tabula. ge/ge/story/ 101291-turqetshi-
mmartveli-partia-parlamentshi-umravlesobas-ibrunebs;
Turkish Studies, 2012(2): Aydinli Ersel 2011. Ergenekon. New pacts and the
Decline of the Turkish ,,Inner State’’;
Yayin organi: Zaman Gazetesi, 01.11.2014; 02.11.2014; 11.11.2014; 16.01.2015;
17.01.2015;18.01.2015.
146 emzar makaraZe

Emazar Makaradze
The Fight of ~Justice and Development” Party for Strengthening

Democratic Principles in Turkey
The events, occurring in neighboring Turkey in 2015, attracted the

attention of the whole world. Naturally, these events have become, first of all, the
focus of interest for Georgia. As the situation in Turkey has always had a great
influence on our country, consequently, it is necessary to have an idea of the
processes, developing in the neighboring state.
For the last fifteen years together with the rest of the world we have been
observing with an interest and some anxiety the current political events, the
activities of its charismatic leader – the president Recep Tayyip Erdogan and an
Islamic party ~The Justice and Development”.
Although the founder of the Turkish Republic _ Kemal Ataturk has
established the new Turkey on the principles of secularism and europeism, a
political life of the modern Turkey has become the symbol of the fight with these
principles and so called Turkish religious ~Traditionalism”.
Obviously, the Ataturk secularist tradition called `the laicism” (Laiklik –
from French `laicite~- ~national charater"; it means the separation of religion
from the state) has seriously consolidated itself in the Turkish society. However,
the most part of the Turkish population, especially, the provincial one, still keeps
to the side of the ~Traditionalism”.
That is why the provision of the laicism course in the Turkish Republic has
always needed a powerful guarantee, which role was performed by the Turkish
armed forces, based on the strict principles of laicism. The Turkish soldiers were
traditionally deeply involved in the political life of the country and at the important
moments of the history they played a crucial role in the fate of Turkey. They have
committed a military coup three times _ in 1960, 1971 and 1980, and in 1997after
a strong pressure they overthrew the government of the Islamist-Prime Minister
Necmettin Erbakan and shut off the Islamic "Welfare Party". The Islamist-Prime
Minister’s banner was caught by one of his most talented and energetic disciple _
Recep Tayyip Erdogan. On the basis of the broken up "Welfare Party" he
established a new ~Justice and Development Party”, overcame all the political
obstacles and came to power after a convincing victory in the Parliamentary
elections in 2002.
Tamar maWutaZe
`RmerTis~ metaforuli
saxe qarTul-frangul
andazebSi
andazis Seqmna warmoudgenelia adre mi-

Rebuli codnis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, igi
warmoiqmneba da gamoiyeneba komunikaciis far-
glebSi, misi gagebis problema yovelTvis iar-
sebebda, adamianebi rom ar emyarebodnen ukve
miRebul codnas.
andazis pragmatuli adaptacia aucilebe-
lia, vinaidan sxva enis matarebeli amavdrou-
lad ucxo kulturis warmomadgenelia (Cvens
SemTxvevaSi qarTuli da franguli), mas gaaCnia
sxva fonuri codna, sxva warmodgena wes–Cveu-
lebebze. amitomac sxvadasxva kulturaTa ma-
tarebeli andazebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda
moxdes garkveuli socialuri, kulturuli,
fsiqologiuri da sxva niuansebis transfor-
macia da pragmatuli adaptacia.
am mxriv sagulisxmoa qarTul-fran-
gul andazebSi `RmerTis~ metaforuli xa-
tis kvleva.
andazis gaSifrva (miT ufro, Tu is
Rrmad metaforulia) sametyvelo aqtis
dros fsiqologiurad rTuli saazrovno
procesia. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom j. milne-
ri sakomunikacio aqtebis realizebis pro-
cesSi mimdinare fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis
kvlevisas, swored andazebis magaliTze cdi-
lobs movlenebsa da kategoriebs Soris ar-
sebuli warmosaxviTi urTierTmimarTebis
dadgenas. misi azriT, andazebi SeiZleba Seva-
daroT meqanizms, romlis saSualebiTac cno-
148 Tamar maWutaZe

biereba aSenebs didmasStabian kvanZebs, msgavsad imisa, rodesac TiToeuli
aguriT mSeneblobidan gadasvla xdeba blokur mSeneblobaze
[Milner,1968:34].
rogorc Cans, andazis azrobrivi fabulis Seswavlisas midgoma unda gani-
sazRvros rogorc sakuTriv semantikisa da pragmatikis, ise azrovnebisa da
metyvelebis fsiqologiis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.
adamianis umravlesobisaTvis, metafora aRiqmeba rogorc mxatvruli
saSualeba, romelic gamoiyeneba literaturul enaSi, vidre yoveldRiur
urTierTobaSi. Tumca metafora Semadgenelia Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebi-
sa. is vlindeba ara mxolod enaSi aramed azrovnebas da moqmedebaSic.
metafora – poeturi gamocana, anu erTi sagnis Tvisebis meore saganze
gadatana.
andaza – brZnulad gaazrebuli, xalxuri, alegoriuli, maxvilgoniv-
ruli gamoTqma.
es aris metaforisa da andazis tipiuri ganmarteba. Cven ki SevecdebiT
ganvixiloT andaza, rogorc metafora. ra metaforuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
da raze saubroben masSi gadmocemuli simboloebi.”
am mxriv sagulisxmoa qarTuli da franguli andazebSi `RmerTi~-s saxe:
qarTuli andazebi:
gamqcev _ mimqcevi orive RmerTs exvewebodao;
RmerTi aramzadas urmiT dasdevs, magram mainc moewevao;
roca kacs RmerTi wyalobs eSmaki ras daaklebso;
brma yvavs RmerTi augebs budeso;
aZunZuldi, RmerTs moZuldi;
visac RmerTisa eSinia, imisa nu geSiniao;
arc TavisTvis uqnia RmerTs da arc sxvisTviso;
is Seicnobs RmerTs ukeT, vinc RvTisgan mxolod boZebuls dasjerdebao;
Tu Tavs ar imarTleb, RmerTi gagamarTlebs;
romel kacsac RmerTi swyalobs erTi ar daukvnesiao;
visac RmerTi beds miscems, zurgs ukan kombliT miswevso;
ganayofi rom kargi iyos, RmerTsac eyolebodao;
gansacdels qristec eridebao;
Tu RmerTs unda avaanT xevSiac mogvcems simdidreso;
saxre RmerTs daulociao;
gabede da RmerTic giSveliso;
visac RmerTi beds aZlevso, kombliTac aZlevso;
visac RmerTi beds miscems, zurgs ukan kombliT miswevso;
kacs eCqareba RmerTs _ ara;
RmerTi visac miscems, ori xeliT miscems, visac waarTmevs _ ori xe-
liT waarTmevso;
RmerTi mequdeao;
RmerTma qveyanaze gadmoixeda da bevri Cemi uneburi mkvdari ariso;
RmerTs vin gamocvlis aqaoda beberiao;
`RmerTis~ metaforuli saxe qarTul-frangul andazebSi 149

RmerTi daberebula daunda gamovcvaloTo uTqvams qiziys;
oblis mama RmerTia...
`RmerTi~ frangul andazebSi:

Le bon Dieu lui-même a besoin de cloches;
Là où Dieu veut, il pleut;
Dieu donne le froid selon la robe;
Dieu donne le drap selon le froid;
À barque désespérée, Dieu fait trouver le port;
Si Dieu quelqu’un veut châtier de bon sens le fait varier;
Ce que Dieu trempe, Dieu le sèche ;
Dieu mesure le froid a la brebis tondue;
Dieu donne le froid selon le drap;
En peu d’heures Dieu labeur (XIII s);
Voix du peuple, voix du Dieu (Vox populi, vox Dei);
En petite maison la part de Dieu est grand;
Dieu fait bien ce qu’il fait;
L’homme s’agite mais Dieu le mène;
Si Dieu n’existait pas il faudrait l’inventer;
qarTul andazebSi `RmerTis~ Tema gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom gamo-
iyos, rogorc `SegonebiTi~, aseve sxva konceptebiT gajerebuli andazebi:
SegonebiTi koncepti `RmerTi~

roca kacs RmerTi wyalobs, eSmaki aZunZuldi, RmerTs moZuldi;
ras daaklebso;
visac RmerTisa eSinia, imisa nu geSi- arc TavisTvis uqnia RmerTs da arc
niao; sxvisTviso;
is Seicnobs RmerTs ukeT, vinc RmerTi aramzadas urmiT dasdevs,
RvTisgan mxolod boZebuls dasjer- magram mainc moewevao;
debao;
romel kacsac RmerTi swyalobs, er- ganayofi rom kargi iyos RmerTsac
Ti ar daukvnesiao; eyolebodao;
kacs eCqareba, RmerTs ara; saxre RmerTs daulociao;
RmerTi mequdeao; visac RmerTi beds aZlevso, kombli-
Tac aZlevso;
visac RmerTi beds miscems, zurgs
ukan kombliT miswevso;
brma yvavs RmerTi augebs budeso; RmerTi visac miscems ori xeliT mis-
cems, visac waarTmevs _ ori xeliT
waarTmevso;
Tu Tavs ar imarTleb, RmerTi gaga- RmerTs vin gamocvlis aqaoda beberiao;
marTlebs; RmerTi daberebula da unda gamov-
cvaloTo uTqvams qiziys;
150 Tamar maWutaZe

RmerTma qveyanaze gadmoixeda da bev-
ri Cemi uneburi mkvdari ariso;
gansacdels qristec eridebao;
gabede da RmerTic giSveliso;
Tu RmerTs unda avaanT xevSiac mog-
vcems simdidreso.
koncepti `RmerTiT~ Sedgenili franguli andazebis ganxilvisa da gaa-

nalizebis Sedegad miviReT Semdegi suraTi:
SegonebiTi koncepti`RmerTi~
Dieu donne le froid selon la robe; Le bon Dieu lui-même a besoin de
Dieu donne le drap selon le froid; cloches;
Dieu mesure le froid a la brebis tondue
;
Dieu donne le froid selon le drap ;
À barque désespérée, Dieu fait trouver En petite maison la part de Dieu est
le port; grand ;
Si Dieu quelqu’un veut châtier de bon
sens le fait varier ;
Ce que Dieu trempe, Dieu le sèche.
En peu d’heures Dieu labeur (XIII s;
Henri Estienne (1594) précise que ce
proverbe ce dit à propos de celui qui
manifeste une conversion soudaine)
Dieu fait bien ce qu’il fait ;
L’homme s’agite mais Dieu le mène ;
Si Dieu n’existait pas il faudrait
l’inventer ;
Là où Dieu veut, il pleut ;
Voix du peuple, voix du Dieu. (Vox
populi, vox Dei)
Tu davakvirdebiT zemoT mocemul andazebs, vnaxavT, rom qarTul anda-

zebSi gamoiyofa rogorc SegonebiTi, aseve sxva konceptis matarebeli anda-
zebi, frangul enaSi ki ZiriTadad mocemulia `RmerTis~ Sesaxeb SegonebiTi
saxis andazebi.
SegonebiT andazebs Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs, rac dagvexmareba erov-
nuli mentalitetis Taviseburebebis kvlevis gamovlenaSi, vnaxavT, rom
orive enis andazebSi Cans, rom ufalia yvelafris sazrisi da sawyisi, gan-
sxvavebuli niuansi am andazebSic moipoveba, rac Semdeg aspeqtebSi gamov-
linda: qarTul andazebSi gamaxvilebulia yuradReba moTminebaze, ufalma
ukeT uwyis ra ra dros gvWirdeba, is aris sazrisi kacTa modgmis da mwya-
`RmerTis~ metaforuli saxe qarTul-frangul andazebSi 151

lobeli. frangulSi aseve yuradReba maxvildeba im Segonebaze, rom roca
adamians RmerTi sjis, es isev misi sikeTisken Semosabruneblad, mis gansa-
kurneblad, aseve naTlad Cans uflis saxe _ RmerTi ganagebs, kaci moqme-
debs...
andazebi enis funqcionirebis Semadgeneli nawilia, isini maTi struq-
turiTa da stilisturi gaformebiT metyvelebis formis simboluri erTe-
ulebia da emsaxureba moralur da utilitarul normebs. es normebi erTi
da imave kulturisa Tu sxva kulturis SigniT SeiZleba emTxveodnen an gan-
sxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan. amis dasturia swored zemoT mocemuli am ori
xalxis andazebis konceptualur- metaforuli kvleva.
literatura:
qurdovaniZe T., àndaza da sityvis masala, qarTuli folklori~, Tbilisi,

2011;
Cqanava m., àndaza da sityvis masala, qarTuli folklori~, Tbilisi, 2011;
Charlotte Schapira « Les stéréotypés en français proverbes et autres formules »,
Ophrys, 1999;
Florence Montreynaud, Agnes Pierron, Francoi Suzzoni « Dictionnaire de
proverbes et dictons », Le robert. Paris.« Dictionnaire de proverbes et
dictons », Le robert. Paris, 2006;
Dictionnaires des proverbes, sentences et maximes ». Maurice Maloux,
Larousse. 1988.
Tamar Matchutadze
Metaphoric Image of ~God” in Georgian-French Proverbs
How ~GOD” face shown is in proverbs, as the best way to access the
mentality, In Georgian it has an admonitory character, but In French proverbs it
has both admonitory and conceptual character as well. In Georgian proverbs, the
attention is directed on the fundamental question – Forbearance of the religion
doctrine, but in French – on GOD`s providence.
In the Proverbs, which are the echo of centuries and the treasure of nation`s
mentality, we saw how great role has God, God`s word, moral suggestion,
church liturgy, prayer, fasting. There has been distrust towards the religious
persons in both language since the ancient time.
Finally, it can be said that, there is insignificant difference in the detection
process of religious aspects, Georgian is much deeper from this point of view,
but I think that the nexttype of my study -the method of interview, makes clear
for us how important are the proverbs nowadays and how great role has the
proverbs, which about religion,in daily life.
Sorena maxaWaZe
qaosisa da kosmosis
konceptebi
`TuTaSxas miTSi~
mxatvruli konceptebis kvleva sain-

teresoa imdenad, ramdenadac maTi saSuale-
biT mwerlebi qmnian samyaros models, ro-
gorc samyaros enobrivi suraTis variants.
rogorc cnobilia, koncepti esaa zoga-
di rigis cneba, romelic Rirebulia mocemu-
li kulturisTvis an/ misi antipodia. Cveu-
lebrivi cnebisgan gansxvavebiT, koncepti ara
marto ganisazRvreba, aramed ganicdeba: mas ga-
aCnia emociuri da mxatvruli komponentebi.
qaosi (pirRia, gaxsna, gaReba, aRmonTxe-
va) _ uZvelesi, upirvelesi da unapiro sam-
yaros pirveli uformo saxe, ukidegano sica-
rielea (gelovani 1983:508). qaosi samyaros
pirvelsawyisia. esaa materiis uwesrigo,
uformo mdgomareoba, yofierebis yovlisdam-
badebeli da yovlisSTanmTqmeli sawyisi. qao-
si mudmivad miiswrafvis TviTorganizaciisa-
ken, aSkaraa, rom es organizacia totalita-
ruli an diqtatorulia, xolo kosmosi, Tu
is ar moZebnis wonasworobis ufro adekva-
tur axal formebs, aucileblad dairRveva.
qaosis mTavari Tvisebaa moZraoba, sxva-
dasxva Zalis urTierTzemoqmedeba, mas ar ga-
aCnia saxe da sibneleSia STanTqmuli, usaxu-
ria da TvaliT uxilavi. qaoss ori aspeqti
aqvs: sivrciTi da sicocxlisgamCeni (Semoq-
medebiTi), adgili da cxovrebiseuli poten-
cia, sadac erTmaneTs emTxveva yvelasa da yve-
lafris sawyisi da dasasruli, masSi cxov-
qaosisa da kosmosis konceptebi `TuTaSxas miTSi~ 153

roben da erTmaneTs ebrZvian urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebi.
kosmosi _ (,,wesrigi~, ,,samyaros wyoba~ ,,cis TaRi~), _ ase uwodes pi-
Tagorelebma umaRlesi ciuri Tu saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigis ideals. esaa
mTlianoba da harmonia, wesrigi da samyaros specifikuri nawili, romelic ga-
remoculia qaosiT. Tu qaosi uzomo da Seuwyvetia, kosmosi zomieri da pro-
porciulia. platoni mas Tvlida umSvenieresad saganTa Soris. is sami nawi-
lisagan Sedgeba: ca, miwa da qveskneli, magram kosmosi ar viTardeba, misi dina-
mika maradiul wrebrunvaSi mdgomareobs, is TviTkmari da TviTmiznuria, Tum-
ca kosmosi iZleva saSualebas, rom masSi raRac zomiT Sevides qaosi, rameTu
uformobis simaxinje nebismieri silamazis aucilebeli fonia.
kosmossa da qaoss Soris brZola samyaros arsebobis umTavresi kanoni
da misi formaa.
rogorc aRvniSneT, qaosi da kosmosi erTdoulad gadajaWvulic arian
da dapirispirebulnic erTmaneTTan. qaosi esaa erTdroulad arseboba da
yofis SesaZlebloba, esaa SesaZlebeli opozicia sinaTlisa da sibnelisa,
miwisa da cisa, qaosi ganimarteba imis saSualebiT, rac jer ar arsebobs,
esaa winarewesrigi.
kosmosisa da qaosis aseTi siaxlove SemaSfoTebelia, maT Soris sazRvari
metismeta myifea. esaa faqizi, Zalian mcire kulturuli fena, romelic pir-
velyofil vnebebs akavebs, romlis iqiT uwesrigoba, ukanonoba iwyeba da rome-
lic adamians monstrad (urCxulad) aqcevs.
ase rom, qaosi da kosmosi binaruli wyvilia, romelTac erTmaneTis ga-
reSe azri ar gaaCniaT. kosmosi mudmivad ibadeba qaosisagan, magram es imav-
droulad niSnavs, rom qaosi mudmivad warmoSobs kosmoss.
qaosis konceptis ambivalenturoba miTologiaSi esaa samyaros qmnado-
bis da samyaros aSenebis energiis wyaro.
qaoss berZen filosofosTagan pirveli axsenebs hesiode Tavis ,,Teo-
goniaSi~. qaosi win uswrebda geas (miwis), tartarosisa da erosis gaCenas.
qaosma dabada Rame da ukuni.
qaosis araerTmniSvnelovnebaze, ufro sworad, mis dadebiT rolze mi-
uTiTeben sxvadasxva ritualebi, gansakuTrebiT _ saaxalwlo, romlebic
dakavSirebulia Tavdapirveli srulyofilebis aRdgenasTan.
mirCa eliadem dawvrilebiT aRwera am ritualTa azri da struqtura,
maT Soris adamianis Tavdapirveli androgenuri mdgomareoba.
Wabua amirejibis mier miTis principebis mixedviT Seqmnil mistifici-
rebul ,,TuTaSxas miTSi~ ZiriTadad gvaqvs sami aRmniSvneli: TuTaSxa, ur-
Cxuli da eri. maTi konceptebi/aRsaniSnebi, Sesabamisad, aris kosmosi (si-
naTle–sikeTe–siyvaruli–zneoba), qaosi (sibnele–boroteba–siZulvili–
uzneoba), eri (adamiani–pirovneba–xalxi–kacobrioba). am triadis pirveli
ori aRsaniSni mudmivad ebrZvis erTmaneTs, brZolis asparezad ki mesame aR-
saniSni: adamiani–pirovneba–xalxi–kacobrioba – qceula.
mwerali gviCvenebs am konceptTa brZolis peripetiebs, maTi dapirispi-
rebis oTx etaps:
154 Sorena maxaWaZe

1. TuTaSxas aqtiur moqmedebas qaosis kosmosad gardasaqmnelad – is
xalxs aZlevs magaliTs da mouwodebs Tavadac ase imoqmedos.
2. TuTaSxas umoqmedobis, gandgomis, Sesabamisad, qaosis gabatonebis
etaps.
3. qaosTan misive meTodebiT brZolis anu borotebis ZaliT daTrgun-
vis etaps.
4. TviTSewirvis anu qaosis – kosmosad: borotebis – sikeTed, sibne-
lis – sinaTled, siZulvilis – siyvarulad, uzneobis – zneobad – gardaq-
mnis etaps.
amirejibiseuli ,,TuTaSxas miTi~ interteqstia: masSi gaerTianebulia
mTvaris RvTaebasTan dakavSirebuli miTebi, wm. giorgis saxe, qristes bib-
liuri aluziebi, uCxulis (gvelveSapis) mier mTvaris STanTqmis miTosuri
paradigma, miTebi tyupi Zmebisa Tu kulturul gmirTa Sesaxeb.
nebismier miTSi, maT Soris, TuTaSxas miTSi, ori semiologiuri siste-
maa gaerTianebuli, romelTagan erTi meoreSia ,,CaSenebuli~. pirveli esaa
enobrivi sistema, meore ki Tavad miTia, romelic am SemTxvevaSi metaenis
rols asrulebs.
TuTaSxas miTisa da masSi mocemuli kosmosisa da qaosis konceptebis
aRsaqmelad unda gaviTvaliswinoT aRsaniSnis ormagi xasiaTi: is erTdrou-
lad aris azrica da formac. imis mixedviT, romelze SevaCerebT yuradRe-
bas, miviRebT miTis wakiTxvis sam variants: Tuki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
mxolod aRsaniSnis azrze, koncepti erTmniSvnelovnad Seavsebs miTis for-
mas. Sesabamisad, miviRebT martiv sistemas, romelSic miTi pirdapiri mniS-
vnelobiT gaigeba.
Tuki miTis aRsaniSnSi gavarCevT azrsa da formas, amasTan gaviTvalis-
winebT, rom forma axdens Sinaarsis deformirebas, maSin miTis mniSvneloba
dairRveva da mas aRviqvamT rogorc tyuils. es midgoma demistifikaciis mi-
zans emsaxureba da, aqedan gamomdinare, miTs anadgurebs, mis intencias aaS-
karavebs.
Tuki miTis aRsaniSns aRviqvamT, rogorc azrisa da formis erTianobas,
miTsac ormagi mniSvneloba eqneba: Cvenze zemoqmedebas moaxdens miTis meqanika
da dinamika; ganvicdiT miTs, rogorc istorias, romelic erTdroulad nam-
dvilicaa da irrealuric – miTi xom arc arafers malavs da arc arafris afi-
Sirebas ar axdens. is ubralod iZleva deformirebul suraTs. is asrulebs
Tavis mTavar princips: istorias gardaqmnis bunebad.
ase gardaqmnian istorias bunebad Wabua amirejibis mier Seqmnili mi-
Tosuri saxeebi: TuTaSxa _ mTvaris naTeli RvTaeba, kosmosis gansaxie-
reba: ,,hyavda ersa ganmgeblad da moriged qveynierTa saqmeTa TvisTa Wa-
buki pirmSvenieri da raindi keTilaRnagi_TuTaSxa. ara iyo igi sul-
dgmuli erTi da Ze xorcieli, aramed suli krebiTi, arsi myofi kacTa
wiaRsa Sina, viTa waxnagTagani maTi upirvelesi~ (amirejibi 1979:4) _
vkiTxulobT da Cvens Tvalwin warmosdgeba fizikurad da sulierad
srulqmnili, gasaocari mSvenebis gmiri, ,,suli krebiTi~, Tavis TavSi
qaosisa da kosmosis konceptebi `TuTaSxas miTSi~ 155

rom aerTianebs yovelgvar wmindas, amaRlebuls, maRalzneobrivs. am ma-
Ralzneobriobis saZirkveli siyvarulis niWi da unaria. aki pirveli
karis epigrafSive gamokveTa avtorma, rom sikeTe da siyvaruli iden-
turi cnebebia.
TuTaSxas gamgeblobis dros kacTa arsebaSi saocrad maRali zne
iyo gamjdari, adamianebi brZnulad irjebodnen, swavlobdnen miwaTmoq-
medebas, xelosnobas, aSinaurebdnen pirutyvs, qmnidnen anbans, akvirde-
bodnen varskvlaveTs, adgendnen rukebs... rogorc vxedavT, TuTaSxa, am
miTis mixedviT, ayalibebs zneobriv normebs, kanonebs, mokled, wesrigis,
kosmosis damamkvidrebelia.
magram TuTaSxas _ kosmosis Semoqmeds _ hyavs Zlieri mowinaaRmdege
urCxulis saxiT, romelic angrevs, aukuRmarTebs, anadgurebs yvela sike-
Tes, rac mas Seuqmnia, urCxuli qaosis Semoqmedia. Tuki TuTaSxas gamgeb-
lobis dros maRalzneobrioba da siyvarulia gamefebuli, urCxulis
zeobisas adamianebis qvena buneba aRzevebula, siZulvili qceula Rmer-
Tad: ,,aRiara erman ganmgeblad da moriged qveynierTa saqmeTa TvisTa
urCxuli igi saSineli, sazrdeli misi_suli da xorci kacTa, muceli
misi_aRuvsebeli marad. ara iyo igi arseba erTi da nadiri xorcieli,
aramed suli krebiTi, arsi myofi kacTa wiaRsa Sina, viTa waxnagTagani
erTi misi, gaZlierebuli aw~ (amirejibi 1979:4)
epigrafebidan naTeli xdeba, rom sikeTeca da borotebac adamianu-
ri arsebis Sinagani Tvisebaa, egaa oRond, romeli maTgani sZlevs, ro-
meli Zlierdeba, Tumca uyuradRebod ar unda dagvrCes erTi detali:
sikeTe_siyvaruli adamianuri bunebis upirvelesi waxnagTagania, xolo
boroteba_erT-erTi, subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo ,,ganZli-
erebuli aw~. es bolo fraza imeds gvitovebs, rom jer kidev SeiZleba
adamianSi naTelis, mSvenieris gadasarCenad brZola. es dausabamo, mara-
diuli Widili keTilisa da borotisa, siyvarulisa da siZulvilisa,
ganzogadebulad _ kosmosisa da qaosisa, aris nawarmoebis ZiriTadi
problemac (maxaWaZe 1996:56).
rogorc vnaxeT, TuTaSxas miTis semiologiuri kvlevis Sedegad Seg-
viZlia gamovyoT kosmosisa da qaosis konceptebi, davadginoT maTi mniSvne-
lobebi da kavSirurTierTobebi, mimarTebebi romanis mxatvrul saxeTa sis-
temasTan.
literatura:
amirejibi 1979: amirejibi Wabua, ,,daTa TyuTaSxia~, gam. ,,sabWoTa saqarTve-

lo~, Tb.
gelovani 1983: gelovani akaki, ,,miTologiuri leqsikoni~, gam. ,,sabWoTa sa-
qarTvelo~, Tb.
maxaWaZe 1996: maxaWaZe Sorena, ,,miTi da realoba ,,daTa TuTaSxiaSi~, gam.
,,merani~, Tb.
156 Sorena maxaWaZe

Shorena Makhachadze,
Concepts of the Chaos and Cosmos in ~Tutashkha Myth”
Studying artistic concepts is interesting as much as writers create a model

of the universe, as a variant of a lingual picture of the universe, by their means.
The chaos and cosmos form a binary pair and there is no sense without
each other. The cosmos constantly originates from the chaos, but at the same
time it means that the chaos constantly creates the cosmos. So, the chaos and
cosmos simultaneously are opposing and interconnected with each other. The
battle between the cosmos and chaos is the basic law and the form of the
existence of the universe.
Ambivalence of the chaos concept in mythology is the source of energy to
create and build the universe. Such proximity of cosmos and chaos is alarming.
The border between them is very fragile. It is a very delicate and too small
cultural layer, that controls primitive passions, beyond which begins illegality
and disorder, where a person becomes a monster.
We can see such a picture of the battle of the chaos and cosmos in a
mystified ~Tutashkha’s Myth”, created according to the myth principles by
Chabua Amirejibi. We mainly have three indications there: Tutashkha, the
monster and the nation. Their concepts, accordingly, are: the cosmos (light –
kindness – love – morality), the chaos (darkness –wickedness – hatred –
immorality), and the nation (a human, a person, people, and mankind). The first
two indications of this triad constantly struggle with each other, but the arena of
the battle becomes the third indication: a human, a person, people, and mankind.
The writer shows the peripetias of the battle of these concepts and four stages of
their confrontation.
nugzar mgelaZe
formaluri meTodebi da
naTesaobis terminologia
— semiotikur niSanTa
sistema anTropologiaSi
gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan

formalurma, transformaciulma, Skalog-
ramulma da komponenturma meTodebma daiwyo
damkvidreba. formaluri modelirebis prob-
lemaTa damuSavebaSi am TvalsazrisiT didi
wvlili amerikel mecnierebs miuZRviT. gasu-
li saukunis 50-ian wlebSi u. gudenafisa da
v. launsberis mier komponenturi analizis
yvela ZiriTadi principi damuSavda (ix.: gu-
denafi 1956; 1964; 1968; 1971; 1971; laun-
sberi 1956; 1962; 1965; 1968). am meTods sa-
fuZvlad struqturuli lingvistikis Teo-
riuli monacemebi daedo, Tumca cnobilia,
rom formaluri analizis Sinagani principe-
bis agebis calkeul cdas, Tu mxedvelobaSi
ar miviRebT n. trubeckois mier fonologiu-
ri Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi masTan
Sexebas, gacilebiT adre, XX saukunis 20-ian
wlebSic hqonda adgili, magaliTad, s. toka-
revis gamokvlebSi, magram garkveuli mizeze-
biT miRebuli Sedegebi sakmaod gvian gamoq-
veynda. specialur literaturaSi xazgasmi-
Taa miTiTebuli, rom a. kroberis naSromebi,
romlebic ufro adre qveyndeboda, vidre u.
gudefanis dakvirvebebi, ukve Seicavda dRes-
dReobiT esoden moduri formaluri _ kom-
ponenturi analizis meTodis elementebs
(dawvr. ix.: mgelaZe 2009; 2010). 50-iani
wlebidan u. gudenafisa da v. launsberis
158 nugzar mgelaZe

garda, komponenturi meTodis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi arsebiTi wvlili a.
uelsim da j. etkinsma, u. liCim, x. konklinma, p. fridrixma, a. rimnim, i. bux-
lerma, m. kriukovma, m. Clenovma da sxva mravalma eTnologma Tu socio-kul-
turuli anTropologiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma Seitana.
formaluri midgoma naTesaobis sistemis mTlianobaSi Seswavlas, cal-
keuli terminis Sinagani cvlilebebis analizsa da struqturaTwarmomSobi
principebis ganxilvas iTvaliswinebs. aRniSnuli meTodis saSualebiT for-
malurad yvela dasaSvebi naTesaobis tipis Cawera xerxdeba. naTesaobis ne-
bismieri sistema esaa semiotikur niSanTa erToblioba, e. i. sistemaSi TiTo-
euli termini Tavis TavSi aRniSvniT da aRsaniSnavs irTavs. pirveli bgeriT
subsantancias gulisxmobs, xolo meore _ terminSi kodirebul naTesaur
urTierTobas. simbolur, ufro zustad, kvlevis `simbolur enaze~ gadas-
vla sistemuri analizis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, Tumca naTesa-
oba mxolod niSan-sityvaTa erTobliobaze ar daiyvaneba. formaluri meTo-
debiT problemebis kvlevisas, Cveulebriv, naTesaoba simboloebiTa da idio-
mebiTaa gamoxatuli da swored esaa misi analizis obieqti. amdenad, igi ga-
cilebiT farTo mniSvnelobas iZens: ena, rogorc simboloTaa sistema fone-
tikur da fonemur safuZvelzea agebuli, xolo simboloTa sistemaSi naTe-
saoba sisxliT da moyvrobiTi, e. i. socialuri urTierTobebis elementebs
eyrdnoba (fablani1965). Cveulebriv, formaluri meTodis specifika ab-
straqciul fonze da erTiani metaenis safuZvelze kodebis _ indeqsebis
Seqmnas moiTxovs, romlebic biologiur da socialur naTesaobas Soris ar-
sebul zRvars avlens. igi saSualebas iZleva sistemebis msgavsi da gansxva-
vebuli niSnebi ganvsazRvroT, rac sxvadasxva xalxis naTesaobis struqtu-
rebis SedarebiTi SeswavlisaTvis saWiro samecniero fundaments ayalibebs.
kodirebuli terminebis safuZvelze am kategoriebis diferenciuli cvla-
lebadi, denotatebi da designatebi dgindeba, romlebiTac mocemuli naTesa-
obiTi urTierTobebis socialuri funqcia irkveva.
komponenturi analizis meTodiT sxvadasxva procedura xuTi Tanmim-
devruli operaciiT (kriukovi 1972: 1983) gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi,
magaliTad, ruseTSi i. levinis mier damuSavebul kodur sistemaze aigo. me-
Todi dasaSvebia laTinuri Tu inglisurenovani, SesaZloa, rusuli anbanu-
ri kodebiT gamoxatuli biosocialuri matricis umTavres elementebs Sei-
cavdes1. formaluri meTodebis arss ki _ misi ZiriTadi principebi warmo-
adgens, romlebic ramdenime Tanmimdevrul analitikur operacias moicavs.
maTgan mniSvnelovania: 1. naTesaobis terminTa sruli siis Sedgena; 2. ter-
minTa mniSvnelobis kodireba; 3. naTesaobis terminTa diferenciuli cvla-
debis gansazRvra: sqesis, TaobaTa donis linealurobis (pirdapiri da gver-
diTi xazebi) dadgena, 4. makavSirebel naTesavTa garkveva; 5. terminTa Soris
1
naTesaobis terminTa kodireba SesaZlebelia rogorc inglisurenovani,
ise sxva romelime anbanis safuZvelze. aviRoT, vTqvaT, inglisurenovani: F
_ mama; M _ deda; W _ coli, H _ qmari...
formaluri meTodebi da naTesaobis terminologia _ semiotikur niSanTa sistema anTropologiaSi
159

im semantikuri kavSiris gamovlena, romelic sayrdens qmnis sistemis
struqturuli principebis daxasiaTebisaTvis da sxva mravali. saerTod, na-
Tesaobis terminTa sistemis Sinagani TviTganviTarebis zogadi kanonzomie-
rebis dadgena calkeuli kategoriis dezignatebisa da denotatebis amox-
snas, aseve, maT Soris urTierTkavSiris gansazRvras uSualod moiTxovs,
amitom, naTesaobis terminTa formalizacia diferencialuri cvladebis
(sqesi, Taobrivi done, linealoba...) zogadi komponentebis dadgenis gziTac
xorcieldeba. magaliTad: 1. A _ alter-is sqesi: A1 _ mamakaci; A2 -dedakaci;
A _ sqesi gamoyofili araa; 2. Б _ naTesaur kavSirTa xasiaTi: Б1 _ sis-
xliT naTesaoba; Б2 -moyvrobiTi urTierTobebi; 3. B _ alter-is Taoba:
B1=+2T; B2 =+1T; B3=0 T; B4=-1T; B5=-2 T; 4. C _ linealoba: C1 _ pirdapiri
xazi; C2 _ pirveli pirveli gverdiTi xazi; 5. Г _ makavSirebeli naTesavis
sqesi: Г1 _ mamakaci; Г2 _ dedakaci; Г _ aradiferencirebuli sqesi; 6. Д _
naTesaobis linealoba: Д1 _ mamis xazi; Д2 _ dedis xazi; 7. E _ ego-s sqe-
si: E 1 _ mamamkaci; E 2 _ dedakaci; 8. Ж – alter-is SefardebiTi asaki: Ж1 _
SefardebiTi asaki relevanturia; Ж2 _ SefardebiTi asaki aralevanturia;
9. З _ terminebis lingvisturi done: З1 _ elementaruli terminebi; З2 _
Sedgenili terminebi; З3 _ aRwerilobiTi terminebi; 10. И _ terminis so-
cialuri ganzomileba: И1 _ individualuri termini; И1 _ jgufuri termi-
ni; И3 _ klasifikatoruli termini. aRniSnuli kombinaciebis garda socio-
kulturul anTropologiaSi naTesaur kategoriaTa komponentebis gamo-
xatvis, maT Soris, diferenciuli cvladebis ganmsazRvrelad sxva forme-
bic arsebobs. maT safuZvelze Tanamedrove naTesaobis sistemebi aRiwereba.
aseT gamokvlevebSi kodirebisaTvis laTinuri asoebi, SedarebiT algebrize-
buli Canawerebi da sxva xerxebic gamoiyeneba, romelTa daxmarebiT naTesao-
bis terminebi sxvadasxva doneze kombinirdeba. saerTod, abstrahirebisaTvis
TiTqmis yvela anTropologis mier winare safuZvlebis momzadebisa da gan-
sazRvruli procedurebis Catarebis aucilebloba erTxmadaa aRiarebuli.
t. r. treitmani axasiaTebda ra e. w. `dravidul sistemas~ Tvlida, rom
`dravidulis~ meSveobiT SesaZlebeli iyo am tipis yvela problemis gadaw-
yveta, Tumca amis ganxorcieleba mosaxerxebeli iyo mxolod ganmsazRvreli
niSnebis matarebel iseT siaze dayrdnobiT, rogoricaa toloba, magaliTad,
FB=F, MB  F da sxva, anu es igivea mocemuli tipi platonuri ideis gamo-
xatulebas SevadaroT. sakuTriv `draviduli sistema~ genealogiur Tu ge-
netikur klass warmoadgens, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTs Taobebis meSveo-
biT eTanafardebian. ase rom ganmsazRvrel rols warmomavloba da sistemis
memkvidreobiToba TamaSobda. amis safuZvelze t. r. treitmani askvnis, rom
swored amitomaa saWiro sxvadasxva meTodi da kombinacia, romlebis mizania
sistemis yvela magaliTis Sedareba, raTa SemdgomSi dadgenili Tavisebure-
bebis modelireba ukeT ganxorcieldes (treitmani 1987). diferenciuli
cvladebi SeiZleba im saxiTac dajgufdes (Sdr. gudenafi 1964:264-269, 274-
285), rogoradac isini v. arsenevisa da v. popovis naSromSia demonstrirebu-
160 nugzar mgelaZe

li. difernciuli cvladebi Semdegnairadaa gadmocemuli: 1. naTesaur urTi-
erTobaTa xasiaTi: 1.1 – sisxliT naTesaoba; 2.1 moyvrobiTi kavSirebi; 1.3.
sisxliT naTesavi da Sida moyvare; 1.4 _ Sida moyvare; 1.5 _ gare moyvare;
2. genealogiuri Taoba: 2.1 +2 Taoba; 2.2 +1 Taoba; 2.3 -0 Taoba; 2.4 -1 Tao-
ba; 2.5 -2 Taoba; 2.6. -3 Taoba; 3. alteri-s sqesi: 3.1 _ mamrobiTi; 3.2 _
mdedrobiTi; 4. sisxliT naTesavTa lateraluroba: 4.1 patri-lateralu-
roba; 4.2 matri-lateraluroba; 5. Taobis farglebSi alteris SefardebiTi
asaki: 5.1 _ ufrosi; 5.2 _ umcrosi; 6. koneqtoris sqesi: 7.1 _ mamrobi-
Ti; 7.2 _ mdedrobiTi (ix.: arsenevi, popovi, 1978:176-177). am xerxiT ana-
lizis sailustraciod Cven qvemoT pirobiTad warmogidgenT naTesaobis zo-
gad-qarTul terminologias:
naTesaobis Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo terminologia

naTesaobis naTesaobis la-
№ naTesaobis xasiaTi Taob- alteris teraluroba
klasi sis- moy- rivi sqesi patri matri
xlis- vrobi- genea-
mieri Ti logia
1 papa (/babua) 1.1 - 2.1 3.1 4
2 bebia (/dideda) 1.1 - 2.1 3.1 4
3 simamri - 1.2 2.2 3.1 _
4 sidedri - 1.2 2.2 3.2 _
5 mamamTili - 1.2 2.2 3.1 _
6 dedamTili - 1.2 2.2 3.2 _
7 mzaxali - 1.2 2.2 3 _
8 mama 1.1 - 2.2 3.1 4.1
9 deda 1.1 - 2.2 3.2 4.2
10 biZa 1 2.2 3.1 4
11 mamida 1.1 - 2.2 3.2 4.1
12 deida 1.1 - 2.2 3.2 4.2
13 bicola 1.2 2.2 3.2 4
14 Zma 1.1 - 2.3 3.1 _
15 da 1.1 - 2.3 3.2 _
16 biZaSvili 1.1 - 2.3 3 4
17 mamidaSvili 1.1 - 2.3 3 4.1
18 deidaSvili 1.1 2.3 3 4.2
19 coli - 1.2 2.3 3.2 _
20 qmari - 1.2 2.3 3.1 _
21 meuRle - 1.2 2.3 3 _
22 colisda - 1.2 2.3 3.2 _
23 colisZma - 1.2 2.3 3.1 _
24 mazli - 1.2 2.3 3.1 _
161

25 muli - 1.2 2.3 3.2 _
26 siZe - 1.2 2.3;24 3.1 _
27 rZali - 1.2 2.3;2.4 3.2 _
28 qvisli - 1.2 2.3 3.1 _
29 Svili 1.1 - 2.4 3 _
30 vaJiSvili 1.1 - 2.4 3.1 _
31 qaliSvili 1.1 - 2.4 3.2 _
32. ZmisSvili 1.1 - 2.4 3 _
33 disSvili 1.1 - 2.4 3 _
34 SviliSvili 1.1 - 2.5 3 _
anTropologiaSi naTesaobis terminebisa da am terminebSi gamoxatuli

urTierTobebis gamoxatvisa da kodirebis kidev sxva uamravi saSualebac ar-
sebobs. samwuxarod, msoflioSi problemiT dainteresebul mecnierebSi zo-
gadi metaenis struqturis irgvliv erToblivi azri ar arsebobs. aTwleu-
lebis win, 1985-1990-ian wlebSi, amis mogvarebas mixeil kriukovi, aziis
xalxebis, gansakuTrebiT, CinelTa eTnogenezisa da, saerTod, Cinelebis eT-
nologiis ubadlo specialisti Seecada, romelic moskovSi im dros didi
saerTaSoriso konferenciiT dasrulda, magram saerTo SeTanxmebas verc iq
mivaRwieT, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas msoflioSi naTesaobis sistemis sfe-
roSi im dros wamyvani mkvlevrebi eswrebodnen.
amdenad, yvela SemTxvevaSi, formaluri, maT Soris, komponenturi me-
Todis ramdenime safexuriani operacia, xels uwyobs idealuri modelis
agebis process. faqtia, rom naTesaobis terminTa sistemis tipi mecnieruli
abstraqciaa, arsebiTi niSnebis SesatyvisobiT konstruirebuli garkveuli
principebis safuZvelze (kriukovi 1992:222), amitom, naTesaobis terminTa
sistemis yoveli tipi, rogorc idealuri modeli, SeiZleba etalonad gan-
vixiloT. amasTan, es etaloni, rogorc es ama Tu im avtors miaCnia, i. levi-
nis kodTan SedarebiT sul sxva donis modelia. zogadi tipologia mkacrad
gansazRvrul urTierTobebSi myof sxvadasxva tipis struqturuli kavSi-
risa da naTesaobis terminTa sistemis istoriuli ganviTarebisa da Suale-
duri qvetipebis transformaciis TaviseburebaTa amsaxveli procesebis uni-
versaluri modelis Seqmnas gulisxmobs. v. popovis dakvirvebiT, konkretu-
li naTesaobis terminTa sistemis garkveul tipTan Tanafardoba erTob xe-
lovnuri da pirobiTia. ar arsebobs iseTi sistema, romelic absoluturad
yvela parametrSi tip-etalons emTxveodes (popovi 1977:45).
amis Semdeg, semantikuri cvladebis kombinaciiT sxvadasxva xasiaTis
operacia xorcieldeba, dgindeba naTesaobis terminTa paradigmuli Tavisebu-
rebebi, terminologiuri modelis struqturuli principi, rac saboloo
jamSi tipologiuri sqemis gansazRvriT sruldeba. SedarebiTi analizis _
tipologiis fonze calkeuli terminologiuri tipis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeb-
lebi da msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis saklasifikacio sistemaSi am tipis ad-
162 nugzar mgelaZe

gili irkveva. genealogiuri xis es formac naTesaobis terminTa paradigmuli
iersaxisa Tu Sida agebulebis gansazRvris erT-erTi damxmare saSualebaa.
dedisa da mamis filaciaTa zogadi genealogiuri sqema2
EGO
2
M _ mamakaci; _ dedakaci; _ sqesi araa gamoyofili; -------- ma-
miseuli (naTesauri) da dediseuli xazis wevrebi; = saqorwino kavSirebi;
Ego _ aTvlis wertili (nulovani Taoba).
163

literatura:
gudenafi 1956 _ Ward H. G. Goodenough. The Componential Analysis and the

of Meang.-`Leanguage”, vol. 32, №1, 1956.
gudenafi 1964 _ Ward H. G. Goodenough. The Componential Analysis of
Könkämä Lapp Kinship Terminology.-Èxplorations in Cultural
Anthropology”, New York, 1964.
gudenafi 1968 _ Ward H. G. Goodenough. Residens rules.-Marriage, family
and residens, New York, 1968.
gudenafi 1971 _ Ward H. G. Goodenough. A new method of Analysing
Kinship Systems: componential Analysis.-Reading in Kinship and Social
structure, Berkeley, 1971.
gudenafi 1971 _ Ward H. G. Goodenough. The Nature of Formal analysis.-
Reading in Kinship and Social structure, Berkeley, 1971.
kriukovi 1972 _ М. В. Крюков. Система родства китайцев (эволюция и
закономерности), Москва, 1972.
kriukovi 1983 _ М. В. Крюков. О принципах типологического
исследования явлений культуры.- «СЭ», №5, Москва, 1983.
launsberi 1956 _ Floyd G. Lounsbury. A Sematic Analysis of the Pavnee
Kinship Usage.-Language, vol. 1956.
launsberi 1962 _ Floyd G. Lounsbury. The structural Analysis of Kinship
Semantics.-Preprints of Papers for the 9th Interational Congress of
Linguists, 1962.
launsberi 1965 _ Floyd G. Lounsbury. Another viev of the Trobriand Kinship
Categories.-American Anthropologist, vol. 67, №5, 1965.
launsberi 1968 _ Floyd G. Lounsbury. The Structural Analysis of Kinship
Semantics.-Kinship ans social Organization (Edited By Paul Bohannan
and John Middleton), New York, 1968.
mgelaZe 2009 _ Н. В. Мгеладзе. Методы Формального моделирования в
этнологии и социокультурной антропологии-«Археология,
этнология, фолклористика Кавказа”, Тбилиси, 2009.
mgelaZe 2010 _ n. mgelaZe. maTematikuri modelirebis meTodologiuri
problemebi eTnologiasa da socio-kulturul anTropologiaSi.-
`kavkasiis eTnologiuri krebuli”, XII, Tbilisi, 2010.
popovi, 1977 – В. А. Попов. К исторической типологии систем терминов
родства: типы кроу и омаха.-СЭ, №2, Москва, 1977.
treitmani, 1987 _ T. R. Trautmann. lewis henri Morgan and the Invention of
Kinship, London, 1987.
fablani, 1965 _ J. Fablan. Kung Bushman Kinship.-Anthropos, vol 60, №1-6,
1965.
164 nugzar mgelaZe

Nugzar Mgeladze
Formal Methods and Kinship Terminology _ Semiotic System of Signs in

Anthropology
Starting from the 1960s the formal _ transformational, scalographic and

componential methods started to develop. American academics have contributed
largely in processing the problems of formal modeling. It is a semiotic system of
signs _ metalanguage on the basis of which linguistically different types of
people in the world managed to read the intellectual products in the same way.
The method was particularly focused on building of the paradigm models of
kinship terms of various people, which prepared the basis for general typology.
ciala narakiZe
berZnuli enis gavlena
zanuri enis lazur dialeqtze
cnobili faqtia, rom Tanamedrove la-
zeTis teritoria saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
Sedioda romisa da bizantiis imperiis Semad-
genlobaSi da ganicdida berZnul-bizantiu-
ri kulturis did gavlenas. magram ucxoel-
Ta xangrZlivi batonobis miuxedavad aq la-
zur-Wanuri laparaki axlac ismis. es mxo-
lod imis damamtkicebeli da momaswavebeli
sabuTia, rom lazur-Wanuri aq im TaviTve su-
fevda, rom xalibebi, tibarenni, mosinikebi,
drilebi da sxvani swored lazur-Wanurad
metyvelebdnen, rom isini qarTvel erovnebas
ekuTvnodnen (javaxiSvili, 1951:415).
bevri mkvlevari lazeTTan dakavSire-
biT aRniSnavs, rom trapizonSi, gÁumaSxane-
Si, platanasa da sxva adgilebSi mcxovrebi
qristiani lazebi eqvemdebarebian konstan-
tinepolis patriarqs da laparakoben ber-
Znulad (aWariani, 1899-1).
warsulSi berZnul eTnikur samyaros-
Tan lazeTis mWidro kulturuli urTier-
TobebiT aris ganpirobebuli zanuri enis,
lazur dialeqtSi berZnuli enobrivi ele-
mentebis arseboba.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa berZnuli-
dan nasesxebi leqsikuri erTeulebi, romle-
bic metnaklebad lazuris yvela kiloSi
gvxvdeba.
berZnulidan nasesxeb sityvaTa erT na-
wils lazurSi SenarCunebuli aqvs Tavisi
ZiriTadi (berZnuli) mniSvneloba yovelgva-
ri gadaxris gareSe da fonetikur morfo-
logiuri cvlilebebic naklebad ganucdiaT.
166 ciala narakiZe

avli – ezo, mindori saxlis irgvliv. „avli sqanis golovitiSi Ro-
man, Áalis, owketi do icxonti Toma~ (kartozia, 1993:269) Sens ezoSi rom
gaviare guSin, sarkeSi icqirebodi da ivarcxnidi Tmasa.
atekne – uSvilo. „ubeeli koCis Cqin atekne vuwumeT~ (uSvilo kacs
Cven ateknes veZaxiT (narakiZe, 1983:61).
baruTi – denTi.
dimoni – saWe ris saSualebiTac alegulireben navis mimosvlas.
„Cqamli-CquneSi dimoni Cveni saWe arc Txmelaa, ne Txomu Áen, neTi Wko-
ni, arc ki muxa, qale, bozo, Toli moni. qalo, gogo, TvalebmZiva (kartozia,
1993: 248).
dulÁa – saqme. „dulÁa doboCodiniT,
saaTi viTis Áano,
do okule vibiriT
Cqini bira Áamo (kartozia, 1993:252).
saqme dasavruleT
aTi saaTiT gvian,
da mere wavimRereT
Cveni simRera „Áamo.
drepani – celi.
ergati – navis amosazidi xelsawyo.
Temeli – saxlis saZirkveli, Senobis fundamenti.
TenTene – maqmani. „dozenginiT inglisi do avrofa TenTeneTen xvala, e
dadiCqimi. gaamdidreT inglisi da evropa, maqmanebiT marto, e deida Cemo.
Tinusi – sarewao mniSvnelobis Tevzi.
Trica – Tevzis saxeoba.
Troni – skami. „egre momwonduna Troni mefCi qurqoni~... Tu ki mome-
woneba skams mivcem bewviT dafaruls~...
TomaTesi – pamidori. „luyus TomaTesi dido muxTebs – fxals pami-
dori Zalian uxdeba.
kaina – uRlis formis morkaluri viwro ficari, romelic ixmareba
navis agebisas.
karFi – lursmani. „varTi gÁaCen kaFis doRur qesei~ – verc daar-
tyams lursmans sworad CaquCsa (JRenti, 1938:171).
keremidi – kramiti. „keremidiSi Tude, wapa diben, eq wapa – kramitis
qvemoT wveTi isxmeba, wveTi (narakiZe, 2015:100).
kiFali – kefali. „Cvaleri mzoRas kiFali iyven~ – mRelvare zRva ki
kefals gvpirdeba (narakiZe, 2015:8).
kordela – bafTa. „kordela gekieli ginZe Tomafe muSi... bafTiTaa
Sekruli misi grZeli Tmebi.
kumewina – ujra.
kromi – xaxvi. „aq kulani, oraRi, soRani:
aq gogo, namgali, xaxvi
xofas: bozo, mangali, kromi
berZnuli enis gavlena zanuri enis lazur dialeqtze 167

xofaSi: gogo, namgali, xaxvi~ (asaTiani, 1974:80).
laodi – wylis amosaxapavi, niCbis magvari iaraRi, romelic mzaddeba
xisgan.
livadi – bostani.
limani – foni, navmisadgomi.
lodosi – Tbili moRrubluli amindi „lodosi taSi mTvii ordo
ndRulun~–moRrublul amindSi Tovli male dneba.
mamuni – bebia qali, bebia. „bere Áezdifs mamuniq ina dibadetas–bavSvs
iyvans bebia qali, is rom unda daibados (asaTiani, 1974:56-60).
ora – dro. „seri em oras Tanun, mamuliq diyiaSi – Rame im dros Ten-
deba mamali rom iyivlebs (valn. Tand. 1964:157).
potostoma – navis Tavi, romelic moxrili xisgan mzaddeboda.
pote – arasdros. „do e sqani nenafe, ko potes va bognati~ (kartozia,
1993: 253) da es Seni sityvebi, arasdros gamegona.
oFidi – warbi. „oFidefe wifxeri, mis SunaxeT mendili mewifxeri~
(yifSiZe, 2015:253). warbebamoqargulo, vis unaxav cxvirsaxocs amoqar-
guls.
sabatoni – SabaTi. „sabatonis va viCaliSefT~ –SabaTs ar vmuSaobT.
sinori – sazRvari, mijna. „nandidis ontule TurqieSi sinoikala
Áaqini uRutu... bebias bostani TurqeTis sazRvarTan axlos hqonda.
skala – kibe. tkobaSa ebiti, mskalas gebusTvi... Cumad avdiodi, kibe-
dan davcurdi (kartozia, 1993:268).
sira –rigi, jeri. „sira Cqimi qomoxTu, qogebdgiTi oRuuSi gzas~ –
Cemi rigi movida, davadeqi sikvdilis gzas.
tuFeRi – Tofi. „ma miRun arTeRi tuFeRi do eCdoviT FiSeRi (kar-
tozia, 1993:257). me maqvs erTi Tofi da ocdaaTi tyvia.
fafazi – mRvdeli.
fide – saxeldaxelod gamomcxvari Txeli puris an Wadis fena.
Feluka – karapi, navi. „Feluka Áeqeloni, moxTi mendamiyoni... navo af-
rebiano, modi, Tan wamiyvane... (kartozia, 1972:206).
qilise – eklesia. „nadiraTiSi sirTis didi jveSi qiliseSi duvarefe
Áen~ – nadiraTis gorakze. didi Zveli eklesiis balavrebia (yifSiZe,
2015:232).
qireza – ivnisi.
Ronikoni – mamiseuli saxli gaTxovili qalisaTvis.
Silia – aTasi. „dugunis maCodes viT Silia manaTi fara – qorwilSi
dagvexarja aTi aTasi maneTi fuli (asaTiani, 1974:128).
xali – noxi. „xaliTi meCaftes Ceizi kulanis –noxsac aZlevdnen
mziTvSi gogos.
aWarulis msgavsad lazurSi farTodaa damkvidrebuli sityva Tembe-
li, igi Turqulidan aris Semosuli. magram termini berZnulia, radganac
berZnulSi gvaqvs sityva tempelus da aRniSnavs zarmacs, usaqmurs. igi miRe-
168 ciala narakiZe

bulia sityvidan tempo – dro. Tembeli ki is adamiania, romelic dros ver
uwyobs fexs, zanti da uqnara (noRaideli, 2015:389).
gvaqvs iseTi leqsikuri nimuSebic, romlebsac, etyoba lazuris gavle-
niT ganucdiaT garkveuli cvlilebebi rogorc Sinaarsis ise formis mxriv.
magaliTad:
kalaFati – axlad agebul navs zRvaze CaSvebamde ficrebs Soris dar-
Cenil Sualedebs kanafis ZenZiT amouvseben, Semdeg garedan kuprs wausvamen.
am process kalaFaTi ewodeba (Sdr. saba kalaFanti – navis amgebi xelosa-
ni). T. beraZis TqmiT, es termini kalafatie-a da mas Turqulad kalafati Se-
esabameba da igi saerTod navis amgebs ki ar niSnavs, aramed im xelosans, ro-
meli navis ficrebs Soris datovebul sivrceebs ZenZiT avsebs da Semdeg
kuprs usvams garedan (ber.19 :46). laz mTqmelTa ganmartebiT, kalaFati
TviT process aRniSnavs da ara am procesis Semsrulebel xelosans. sagu-
lisxmoa, rom Zvel berZnulsa da Tanamedrove berZnulSi termini kalaFati
niSnavs „dagmanva~-s.
podia – winsafari. lazurSi ixmareba „kalTa~-s mniSvnelobiT. „Áor-
RaniSi Ralis xurma dogibRi, ezdi, gÁuli, podias muSeni gelibRi? (karto-
zia, 1993: 276) – orRanjis ReleSi xurma Camogiyare, aiRe vardo, kalTaSi
ratom Caiyare?
Felengi – specialurad damzadebuli xis Zeli, razedac navs daacu-
reben. momdinareobs berZnulidan da mravalmniSvnelobasTan erTad xis mor-
sac aRniSnavs.
„badi muSi Felengis qogÁoxunu,
sija tuca bureRis qomoxunu~
misi beri Felengze moacura,
siZe ki Tbil namcxvars miujina.
Fenei–fanari „fenei doqaCeri, ser do seri gofTaTen–fanardakavebuli
Ram-RamobiT viaroT (kartozia, 1993:271). fanari Zveli berZnuli sityvi-
dan modis, rac sanTebels, CiraRdans niSnavs. am sityvas sanaTuris mniSvne-
loba pirvelad XIV saukunis qarTul saistorio ZeglSi „xelmwifis karis
garigebaSi~ vxvdebiT.
sayuradReboa berZnuli termini Ramos, romelic niSnavs qorwinebas,
jvrisweras, lazuris saqorwilo leqsikaSi berZnuli fuZe Ram–gvxvdeba
or terminSi. no-Ram-e – sasiZo, saqmro, axladSerTuli qmari „si eko moT
inazeb, noRame va ginoni, Zalian rom inazebi, Sen saqmro xom ar ginda (naraki-
Ze, 2015:75).
da noRamisa – dedofali, axladmoyvanili rZali „si mu gulu buja-
Ris mowifxeri noRamisa – Sen ras dadixar kuTxeSi gamowyobili patarZa-
lo (yifSiZe, 2015:253).
no-Ram-e, no-e mimReobis mawarmoebeli konfiqsia.
no-Ram-isa saxecvlili forma unda iyos kompozitisa noRanisa; noRam
sityva unda momdinareobdes noRamedan, xolo „isa~ unda iyos „nisa~-s Sec-
berZnuli enis gavlena zanuri enis lazur dialeqtze 169

vlili forma, rac rZals niSnavs. Tu es asea maSin mTeli kompoziti Sinaar-
sobrivad ase unda aixsnas: axladmoyvanili rZali.
marTalia, am orive terminSi fuZed gvxvdeba berZnuli warmomavlobis
sityva, magram leqsikuri erTeulebi gaformebulia zanuri warmomavlobis
sufiqsebiT da isea Sesisxlxorcebuli lazur leqsikas, rom erTi Sexed-
viT eWvsac ki badebs maTi berZnuli warmomavloba.
berZnulidan SeiTvisa kavSiri – oti – (rom)
„miwves – oti mzoRas dumani Áulun,
goinwkedim, eSo karavi gÁulun,
man fTqvi – oti beqi gÁuli qomulun
miTxres, rom zRvidan kvamli amodis,
gavixede da mocuravs gemi
vifiqre iqneb momgvaros satrfo (narakiZe, 2015:54).
sainteresoa is terminebic, romlebic berZnulSia damkvidrebuli da
qarTvelur enaTa monacemebiT aixsneba.
berZnuli enis e.w. „pontouri kilo~ umTavresad warmoadgens lazuri
kiloebis kalks da inarCunebs iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
bel yvela afiqsacias, romlebic am metyvelebaSi ise JRers, rogorc qarTve-
lur enebSi. mis leqsikaSi sakmaod bevria qarTveluri enis sityvebi. sainte-
resoa is faqtic, rom samxreT aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnebi, rom-
lebic laparakoben berZnuli enis e.w. pontur-lazur dialeqtebze, eTnoni-
mebis sawarmoeblad iyeneben qarTveluri enebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sufiq-
sebs, rogoricaa – kuTvnilebiTi - „ian~, mravlobiTis mawarmoebeli – „T~
sufiqsi. magaliTad: lazos – lazi, lazanT – lazebi.
cnobilia, rom xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi, neoliTidan moyolebuli, mim-
dinareobda sxvadasxva xalxTa intensiuri gansaxlebis procesebi, arqeo-
logiuri monacemebiT dasturdeba, rom qarTveluri tomebic am procesis
uSualo monawileni iyvnen.
am istoriuli viTarebidan gamomdinare gasagebia, „Tu~ ratom arsebobs
berZnulSi qarTveluri warmoSobis plastebi. mravali berZnuli sityva,
bundovani Tu ucnobi etimologiisa paralelebs poulobs qarTvelurSi
(gordeziani, 1985).
lazurma enam, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
ucxo enebis – berZnulisa da Turqulis gavlenas ganicdida, mainc SeinarCu-
na sakuTari gramatikuli wyoba da ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi. unda aRiniS-
nos, rom lazurs sxva romelime enisagan ar SeuTvisebia fleqsia da arc Tavi-
si sakuTari fleqsia Seuyvania. magram ucxo sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis SeTvi-
sebam lazuris fonetikur modelze Tavisi daRi daaso. amitomac, lazuris
kilokavebSi Rrma cvlilebebicaa momxdari.
170 ciala narakiZe

literatura:
r. gordeziani, winaberZnuli da qarTveluri, Tb., 1985.

g. kartozia, lazuri teqstebi, Tb., I-II, 1972-1993.
m. valniSi, a. Tandilava, lazeTi, Tb., 1964.
n. noRaideli, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo, saerTaSoriso samecniero
konferenciis masalebi, V, 2016.
s. JRenti, Wanuri teqstebi, Tb., 1938.
sulxan-saba-orbeliani, qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1938.
iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. I, Tb., 1951.
ios. yifSiZe, Txzulebani, Tb., 2015.
И.П. Хориков, М.Г. Малев, Новогреческо-русский словарь, Москва, 1980.
Tsiala Narakidze
Influence of Greek on Laz Dialect of Laz Language
The existence of the Greek lingual elements in the Laz dialect of the Laz
language is preconditioned by close cultural relations of Lazika with the Greek
ethnic world in the past.
Lexical units borrowed from the Greek language are of particular interest,
especially that they are met in almost every Laz sub-dialect.
One part of Greek borrowings has preserved the original (Greek) meaning
in Laz speech without any deviations including even phonetic and grammatical
changes.
Despite the great impact of foreign languages - Greek and Turkish - for a
long period of time, the Laz language could preserve its own grammatical
structure and the main lexical stock. It should be noted that Laz language did not
accept flexion from any other languages nor introduced its own flexion.
However, inclusion of foreign words and expressions still made a considerable
impact on the phonetic model. Respectively, many changes have taken place in
the Laz sub-dialects.
ana osefaSvili
arsebobs ki Targmanis
swavlebis meTodika?
informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnolo-
giebis ganviTarebam da globalizaciis pro-
cesma adamianTa cxovrebis wesSi seriozuli
cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. sxvadasxva samecnie-
ro dargSi keTdeba axal-axali aRmoCenebi,
rac Semdeg adamianis yoveldRiur yofaSi po-
ulobs asaxvas. aucilebelia, am axal-axali
aRmoCenebisa da informaciebis sistematuri
gacnoba da adaptacia. swored aq dgeba Tar-
gmnis aucilebloba. rogorc qarTuli ènis
modelirebis asociaciis" wevrebi aRniSna-
ven, samyaro ver daelodeba msoflio mosax-
leobis erT interlingvaze alaparakebas da
uaxlesi informaciis miwodeba sxvadasxva
enebze molaparake xalxisaTvis swored
mTargmnelzea damokidebuli (www.ena.ge)
aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, mTargmnelis pa-
suxismgebloba Zalian didia.
imisaTvis, rom mTargmnelma Seqmnas xa-
risxiani Targmani, mas Camoyalibebuli unda
hqondes mTargmnelisaTvis aucilebeli kompe-
tenciebi da unar-Cvevebi. Sesabamisad, profe-
sional mTargmnelTa momzadebis sakiTxi Tana-
medrove epoqaSi aqtualuria, rogorc aras-
dros. swored mTargmnelebi arian kultura-
TaSorisi komunikaciebis xelSemwyobi da Sem-
sruleblebi, amitomac gaxda Tanamedrove sam-
yaroSi mTargmnelTa momzadebis sakiTxi erT-
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani dRis wesrigSi.
profesionali mTargmnelebis aRzrda
Tanamedrove informaciuli samyaros erT-
172 ana osefaSvili

erTi umTavresi gamowvevaa.
marTalia, mTargmnelebi yvelaze did codnasa da gamocdilebas praq-
tikuli saqmianobis dros iZenen, magram faqtia, rom maT profesional mTar-
gmnelebad CamoyalibaSi gansakuTrebul rols, praqtikul muSaobasTan er-
Tad, Teoriuli codnac asrulebs.
Targmnis swavlebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs Seiswavlis Targman-
Tmcodneobis erT-erTi uaxlesi qvedargi _ `Targmnis didaqtika~. es dargi
axali Camoyalibebulia da jer kidev kvlevis obieqtis Seswavlis procesSia.
`Targmnis didaqtika~ Targmnis swavlebis meTodikaa, romelic cdi-
lobs SeimuSaos werilobiTi da zepiri Targmanis swavlebis meTodebi.
am mimarTulebis Camoyalibebis saWiroeba dadga maSin, roca dagrovda
informacia Targmnis swavlebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze da saWiro gax-
da am codnis daxarisxeba, adaptireba da axali Taobis mTargmnelebisaTvis
miwodeba. umTavresi problema, ramac gamoiwvia am dargis Camoyalibeba, gax-
lavT is, rom ar arsebobda TargmanTmcodneobis Sesaswavli universaluri
saswavlo kusi, romlis mixedviTac ixelmZRvanelebdnen sxvadasxva qveynis
universitetebi mTargmnelTa mosamzadeblad.
gamocdil qarTvel mTargmnelTa azriT, erT-erTi upirvelesi prob-
lema, romelic aferxebs qarTuli Targmanis ganviTarebas, aris is, rom ar
arsebobs saganmanaTleblo resursebi, romlebic axali Taobis mxatvruli
mTargmnelis saqmianobiT dasaintereseblad iqnebian mimarTuli. cnobili
qarTveli mTargmnelis, irma taveliZis, azriT, universitetSi ucxo enebis
fakultetze mosmenili Targmanmcodneobis mokle Teoriuli kursi ar aris
sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom axalgazrda dainteresdes mxatvruli TargmaniT
(qarTul enaze 1991 wlidan mimdinare mTargmnelobiTi procesis mimoxilva.
2012:22)
es problema mxolod qarTul mTargmnelobiT sivrceSi ar gvxvdeba. miu-
xedavad imisa, rom interesi Targmnis fenomenis mimarT dResac ar neldeba da
iqmneba uamravi literatura mis Sesaxeb, arsebobs sakiTxebi am sferoSi, rom-
lebic jer kidev ar aris Seswavlili da saswrafo gadawyvetas saWiroeben.
semionovi Tvlis, rom TargmanTmcodneobis meTodika saganmanaTleblo
sivrceSi ar aris kargad SemuSavebuli da saubrobs mTargmnelobiTi SesaZ-
leblobebis universaluri swavlebis problematikis gadaWris aucileb-
lobaze (latiSCevi, semionovi 2003:162)
granadis universitetis TargmanTmcodneTa gundma, Tanamedrove moT-

xovnebidan gamomdinare, Seqmna mTargmnelTa mosamzadebeli saswavlo prog-
rama romelic Semdegi saxelwodebiTaa cnobili `mTargmnelTa momzadebis
profesiuli midgoma~ (A Professional Approach to Translator Training).
programis xelmZRvanelebi aRniSnaven, rom mTargmnelobiTi bazris ax-
landeli mdgomareoba miuTiTebs mTargmnelTa momzadebis naklebobaze. auci-
lebelia TargmanTmcodneobis saswavlo programebis gadaxedva da maTi Sec-
vla, Tanamedrove moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ mTeli msoflios masSta-
arsebobs ki Targmanis swavlebis meTodika? 173

biT. aucilebelia, saswavlo procesSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyos bazris moT-
xovnebi.
Targmnis didaqtika TargmanTmcodneobis axali mimarTulebaa, romlis
farglebSic intensiurad mimdinareobs kvleva sakiTxebze, Tu rogor unda
SevadginoT saswavlo programa, romelic profesionali mTargmnelebis
momzadebas Seuwyobs xels; rogori unda iyos Teoriuli da praqtikuli ma-
salis Sefardeba da a.S.
Targmnis didaqtikis Seswavlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia
mTargmnelobiTi teqnologiebis dazustebac, romelTa integraciac saswav-
lo procesSi, Tanamedrove moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, didi aqtualobiT
sargeblobs.
dRevandeli mTargmnelis profesiuli moRvaweoba mimdinareobs infor-
maciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis pirobebSi, amitom au-
cilebelia Targmnis procesSi es teqnologiebic iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. wi-
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mTargmneli ver iqneba konkurentunariani SromiT ba-
zarze da, Sesabamisad, ver Sedgeba misi, rogorc mTargmnelis kariera.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania Targmnis maswavlebelTa treningi da gadamza-
deba. dResdReobiT, umetes SemTxvevaSi, studentebs Targmnas aswavlian
(praqtikosi) mTargmnelebi, rac Zalian kargia, magram aqve unda aRvniSnoT,
rom es aris didaqtikuri procesi, Sesabamisad Targmnis maswavlebels unda
hqondes saTanado codna da gamocdileba rogorc TargmanTmcodneobis, aseve
pedagogiur mecnierebebSi. mas unda hqondes dargobrivi codna, Tu ra aswav-
los students, da pedagogiuri _ Tu rogor, ra xerxebiTa da saSualebebiT
aswavlos students. ra meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba an ar iqneba dasaSvebi kon-
kretul SemTxvevebSi da rogor movaxerxoT studentebisaTvis informaciis
gadacema, swavleba, ise, rom swavlebis procesSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyos ro-
gorc maTi individualuri, aseve saerTo maxasiaTeblebi.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, dResdRe-
obiT saqarTveloSi praqtikos mTargmnelTa umetesoba sruliad gansxvave-
buli specialobebis warmomadgenlebi arian. zemoTaRniSnuli kvleva eq-
spertebma: ana kopalianma da salome beniZem warmoadgines naSromSi `qar-
Tul enaze 1991 wlidan mimdinare mTargmnelobiTi procesis mimoxilva~:
`Tumca Cven mier gamokiTxuli TxuTmeti mTargmnelidan profesiiT
Targmanmcodne mxolod oria. Cveni dakvirvebiT, mTargmnelebi ZiriTadad im
enis specialistebi arian, romlidanac Targmnian – savaraudod, es optima-
luri gadawyvetilebaa, vinaidan qarTul universitetebSi ucxo enaTa Sem-
swavlel fakultetebze ,,Targmanis Teoria da praqtika~ savaldebulo sa-
gania da igulisxmeba, rom kursdamTavrebulebi mxatvruli Targmanis xe-
lovnebaSi met-naklebad erkvevian.
amave dros, saqarTveloSi arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba SemTxveva, rode-
sac mTargmnelebi humanitaruli sferosgan sruliad gansxvavebuli profe-
siis warmomadgenlebi: ekonomistebi, inJinrebi Tu arqiteqtorebi arian.~
Sesabamisad, mcdaria gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom Tar-
174 ana osefaSvili

gmna SeuZlia yvelas, vinc erT an ramdenime ucxo enas flobs. mTargmnelis
profesia sakmaod sapasuxismgeblo da mravlismomcveli saqmianobaa da mxo-
lod ucxo enaze leqsikuri ekvivalentebis, Sesatyvisebis codna mTargmne-
lis Camoyalibebas ver Seuwyobs xels. `Targmani, romlis kiTxvisas swora-
daa gadmocemuli teqstis Sinaarsi, sruliad gansxvavebulia im Targmanisa-
gan, romelic enebis codnas efuZneba,~ _ aRniSnaven seleskoviCi da lede-
reri (Targmnis xelovneba da swavlebis meTodi. 2008:11)
leqsikuri ekvivalentebis garda arsebobs uamravi sakiTxi, romlebic
unda gaiTvaliswinos mTargmnelma Targmnis dros: mTargmnelma unda moa-
xerxos wyaro enidan (romeli enidanac Targmnis) samizne enaze (romel ena-
zec Targmnis) teqstis gadatana ise, rom gasagebi gaxados mkiTxvelisaTvis
da amave dros, zustad gadmosces avtoris saTqmeli. Targmnis procesi
mTargmnelis mxridan leqsikuri ekvivalentebis garda, mravali sakiTxis
gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs: lingvoeTnikuri barieris daZleva, sadac lin-
gvistur faqtorSi vgulisxmobT gansxvavebebs enobriv sistemaSi (foneti-
kuri, leqsikuri, morfologiuri), xolo eTnikur (kulturul) faqtorSi
_ gansxvavebul fonur informaciebs; gramatikuli da leqsikuri tran-
sformaciebi samizne teqstSi, rac gamowveulia wyaro da samizne enebs So-
ris gansxvavebuli leqsikur-gramatikuli struqturiT; uzualuri da
enobrivi normebis gaTvaliswineba TargmanSi; eqsplicituri da implicitu-
ri informaciis gadmotana samizne teqstSi. ekvivalenturobisa da adekva-
turobis SenarCuneba TargmanSi da a.S.
imisaTvis, rom mTargmnelma Seasrulos xarisxiani Targmani, aucile-
belia mas gaaCndes Sesabamisi codna, gamocdileba da unarebi. amisTvis ki,
aucilebelia SemuSavdes momavali mTargmnelebis mosamzadebeli specialu-
ri programa,
dResdReobiT praqtikosi mTargmnelebis umetesoba ekonomistebi, iu-
ristebi da sxva msgavsi arafilologiuri profesiis warmomadgenlebi ari-
an. marTalia, bevri maTganis naSromebi Zalian didi mowonebiT sargeblobs,
magram faqtia, rom qarTul realobaSi mTargmnelTa momzadebis sakiTxi
mwvaved dgas.
pirveli sakiTxi, rac saswrafod moiTxovs Cvengan reagirebas, exeba
swored mTargmnelTa momzadebas. saWiroa, Seiqmnas saswavlo programa dRe-
vandeli gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aucilebelia TargmanTmcodneobis
saswavlo programis Secvla, misi ganaxleba da Tanamedrove standartebze
morgeba, raTa SevZloT, mivceT studentebs xarisxiani ganaTleba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes saqarTveloSi yvela mexuTe studenti in-
glisur enas swavlobs, kargi mTargmnelis povna problemuria, gaizarda
sinqronuli Targmnis specialistebis moTxovna. Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos
umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemam unda gaiziaros warmatebuli gamocdileba
da SeimuSaos mTargmnelobiTi kompetenciebis aucilebeli minimumi, rome-
lic iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli sabakalavro da samagistro saganmanaTleblo
programebis Seqmnisas.
arsebobs ki Targmanis swavlebis meTodika? 175

literatura
`qarTuli enis manqanuri Targmanis programa _ problemebi da perspeqtive-

bi~ – www.ena.ge
`qarTul enaze 1991 wlidan mimdinare mTargmnelobiTi procesis mimoxil-
va~ _ ana kopaliani, salome beniZe. Tbilisi. 2012
`Targmnis xelovneba da swavlebis meTodi.~ danica seleskoviCi da marian
ledereri. Tbilisi. 2008
`Перевод Теория, Практика И Методика~ _ Латышев. Семенов. Москва.
2003
`Translator Training And Modern Market Demands~. _ Aula.int. 2005
Ana Osephashvili
Do translation-teaching methods really exist?
Translation is closely related to the field of semiotics. At the present stage

of development of the humanities it has already become an axiom. In the past
years there was widespread a false belief that excellent knowledge of the foreign
language is essential to make good translations. Modern translation theory has
specified theoretical knowledge, skills and abilities that every professional
translator should possess. But the question – ~How to teach translation?” _ still
remains unanswered as well as a good knowledge of both languages (the source
language and the target language). Translator is required to have a semiotic
thesaurus perception, extensive cultural knowledge and so forth.
Prominent academics and translators (M. Lederer, I. Alekseeva, V.
Vinogradov, I. Retsker, M. Semionova, S. Ter-Minasova, etc.) believe that
recently developed Field _ Translation Didactics – is still developing and
making its first steps.
Development of the discipline of translation studies in Georgia is very
important. Since the influence of Russian language has changed by English language,
these changed circumstances require new approach to the translation training.
Despite the fact that every fifth Georgian student studies English language,
it is still very difficult to find a good translator. Demands for simultaneous
translators are rising.
We believe that Georgian higher education system should share other
universities’ innovative and successful experiences to develop minimum
qualification requirements for translators. We also believe that when Bachelor’s
and Master’s degree programs in translation studies are updated, these new
requirements will also be taken into consideration.
qeTevan svaniZe
ilustrireba, rogorc
semiotikaTSorisi
transformaciis xerxi da
cota ram kosmosisa da
qaosis Sesaxeb...
amas rom vfiqrob, bednieri var

da yvela varskvlavi wynarad micinis
cidan...
gavrcelebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad,

ilustracia aris naxati, foto, graviura an
sxva gamosaxuleba, romelic daerTvis
teqsts misi gaSlis, ganmartebis mizniT.
ilustracia emsaxureba mxatvruli nawarmo-
ebis emociuri atmosferos gadmocemas,
Txrobis gmirebis vizualizacias, wignSi aR-
saweri obieqtebis demonstrirebas (botani-
kuri ilustracia), teqnikuri dokumentaci-
is Tanmimdevruli instruqciis asaxvas (teq-
nikuri instruqcia).
ilustraciam farTo gavrceleba hpova
saJurnalo, sareklamo da mwignobrul saqma-
inobaSi. mcire zomis gamosaxulebebs SeuZ-
liaT mkiTxvelamde iolad miitanon teqstis
ZiriTadi idea da vizualuri metaforis
rols asruleben,
teqstebis ilustrireba uZvelesi
droidan xdeba, rodesac iohan gutenbergma
wignis beWdvis iseTi meTodi gamoigona, ro-
melic teqstze gamosaxulebis darTvis sa-
Sualebas iZleoda.
miuxedavad imisa, winamdebare statiaSi
ilustraciaze vsaubrobT, problemaze
(Tumca, samecniero mimoqcevaSi gavrcelebu-
ilustrireba, rogorc semiotikaTaSorisi transformaciis xerxi da ... 177

li am terminis miuxedavad konkretulad am sakvlev masalas `problemas~
ver vuwodebT) muSaobis procesSi cxadi gaxda, rom swored verbalurTan
misi Sepirispireba, verbaluris gverdiT misi warmodgena gaxdida ufro aS-
karas da TvalnaTels ilustraciis arssa da warmoaCenda mas, rogorc Tar-
gmanis (kerZod ki, semiotikuri, semiotikaTSorisi Targmanis) erT-erTi
xerxs. verbaluri teqstis gverdiT ilustraciis darTva an verbaluri
Setyobinebis ilustraciiT Canacvleba da am xerxiT siuJetis gadmocema se-
miotikaTSorisi Targmnis erT-erTi xerxia. TandarTuli ilustracia mkiT-
xvels teqstis vizualur aRqmaSi exmareba. rogorc wesi, ilustraciis Seq-
mnis dros gamomcemlebi iTvaliswineben rogorc sazogadoebis interess,
aseve wignis avtorTa moTxovnebsac. dReisaTvis ilustraciam axali daniS-
nuleba SeiZina: is iolad aRsaqmeli gaxda konkretuli mkiTxvelisTvis. Se-
sabamisad, saTanadod ilustrirebuli wignebi swored mkiTxvelTa katego-
riis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneba.
statiaSi sakvlevi masalis ganxilva xorcieldeba Semdeg veqtorze:
teqsts miiCneva sawyis wyarod, ilustracia ki _ samizne qmedebad.
SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi ilustracia SeiZleba miviCnioT Targmanad,
idenad ramdenadac procesi da meTodologia, romelsac ilustratori iye-
nebs, identuria verbaluri teqstis enaTSorisi Targmnisas mTargmnelis mier
ganxorcielebuli procesisa da mis mier gamoyenebuli meTodologiisa.
vsaubrobT ra Targmanis meTodologiaze, aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti,
rom mTargmnelebi da ilustratorebi identur mTargmnelobiT xerxebsa da
meTodebs mimarTaven. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, iseTi mTargmnelobiT xerxebi,
rogoricaa damateba, gamotoveba, ganmarteba da verbaluri Targmanis sxva ma-
xasiaTeblebi, ilustraciis Seqmnis procesSic gamoiyeneba.
ilustraciam verbaluri teqsti SesaZloa Caanacvlos: teqsturi
elementebis zusti gadmocemiT (ilustracia 1) da specifikuri elemente-
bis xazgasmiT (ilustracia 2,3).
3.3. Cvens naSromSi kreolizebuli teqsti warmoadgens kompleqsur
teqstualur formas, romelSic verbaluri da araverbaluri elementebi
qmnian vizualur, struqturul, azrobriv da funqciur erTeuls.
uiliam Seqspiris komediaTa kreolizebuli teqstebis daxasiaTeba
funqciur–semantikuri velis farglebSi gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba yve-
la kreolizebuli teqstis funqciuri datvirTa. komediaTa Cvens xelT ar-
sebuli kreolizebuli teqstebis nairsaxeoba Semdegnairia: ilustrirebu-
li piesebi bavSvebisTvis; manga Seqspiri; grafikuli novelebi; klasikuri
komiqsebi da Seqspiri bavSvebisTvis.
g) grafikuli novelisTvis, rogorc sxva kreolizebuli teqstisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi Tvisebebi: teqstis gamartiveba, verbalur teq-
stTan siuJeturad axlos mdgomi feradi gamosaxulebebi, TiToeuli gver-
dis Tavebad dayofa da dasaTaureba.
d) klasikuri komiqsi – aris britanuli gamomcemlobis produqti, ro-
melic aqveynebs literaturuli nawarmoebis grafikuli novelebs adaptire-
178 qeTevan svaniZe

buli formiT. arsebobs klasikuri komiqsebis gamomcemebis sami versia: ori-
ginali, martivi teqsti da swrafi teqsti (quick text), romelic saSualebas
aZlevs nebismieri saxis mkiTxvels waikiTxos teqsti maTi SesaZleblobebisa
da saWiroebebis Sesabamisad. klasikuri komiqsebis gamomcemloba gaTvaliswi-
nebulia skolis moswavleebisTvis, maswavleblebisTvis da zogadad, nebismie-
ri dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis, visTvisac teqstis wakiTxva grafikuli
novelebis saxiT gacilebiT martivia.
ilustraciis, rogorc informaciis gadacemis erT-erTi saukeTeso sa-
Sualebis, damadastureblad gamodgeba amonaridebi teqstidan sxvadasxva
enaze, romelTa meSveobiTac xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia amocnoba, Tu
romeli nawarmoebidanaa moyvanili es amonaridi, miuxedavad im martivi aqsi-
omisa, rom veraferi iqneba naTqvam, gagonils daweril Tu wakiTxul sityva-
ze ufro naTeli da gasagebi teqstTagan umravlesobaSi Cven verafers gavi-
gebT an im martivi mizezis gamo, rom ar viciT esa Tu is ena, an is monakveTi
romelic aris mocemuli, ar gvawvdis informaciis im aucilebel minimums,
romelic saWiroa teqstis amosacnobad. xolo Tu ki imave nawarmoebidan
ilustracias moviyvanT, magaliTad, aseTs:
mxolod erTi gamosaxuleba, patara, eqvsi wlis bavSvis naxati gaxda
sakmarisi imisTvis, rom am-
deni ucnobi teqsti erT
wamSi ase axlobeli, Tbili
da `Cveni~ gamxdariyo. da
axla, Tuki nebismier (Cven-
Tvis nacnob Tu sruliad
ucnob) enaze daweril an na-
Targmn `patara uflis-
wuls~ vnaxavT, pasuxi Se-
kiTxvaze,: `saidan aris aRebuli es amonaridi~, yovelTvis martivi da swori
iqneba: ès `patara ufliswulia~.
da am moTxrobis unikalurobaca da genialurobac swored mis or-
mxriv, kreolizebul bunebaSi mdgomareobs: sityvebi mxolod am, avtorise-
uli gamosaxulebiT aRiqmeba srulyofilad da sworad. da nebismieri gamo-
saxulebac, roca ki mas vxedavT, swored im sityvebs gvaxsenebs, romlebic
maT `Tan axlavs~ _ maxrCobela gveli, romelsac spilo gadauylapavs, da-
mixate batkani da a.S. maS, aris ilustracia Targmnis, semiotikaTSorisi
transformirebis da sxva niSanTa sistemiT miwodebuli igive informaciis
meqanizmi? ra Tqma unda, aris. CvenTvis, rasakvirvelia, cnobilia, rom rigi
mecnierebisa ar ganixilavs ilustrirebas rogorc Targmanis erT-erT
xerxs. magram Tuki vaRiarebT semiotikaTSorisi Targmanis arsebobas, niSan-
Ta sistemebis monacvleobas informaciis gacvlis procesSi, maSin ratom ar
unda vaRiaroT ilustrireba rogorc niSanTa erTi sistemidan meore niSan-
Ta sistemaze gadayvanis, anu semiotikaTSorisi cvlilebis, semiotikaTSo-
risi Targmanis ganxorcielebis saSualebas?

vfiqrob, pasuxi cxadze cxadia.
CvenTvis cnobilia, rom rigi mecnierebisa ar aRiarebs ilustracias
rogorc Targmnis xerxs. magram, Tuki Cven veTanxmebiT r.iakobsoniseul
Targmanis tipologias, romelmac Tavis naSromSi `Targmanis Teoriis sa-
kiTxebi sazRvargareTis lingvistikaSi~ (iakobsoni 1978:16-24) mogvca
Targmanis tipebis Semdegi klasifikacia:
`Cven ganvasxvavebT verbaluri niSnis interpretaciis sam xerxs: igi Se-
iZleba gadatanili iqnas imave enis sxva niSnebze, sxvadasxva enaze an sxva, sim-
boloTa araverbalur sistemaze. Targmanis am sam tips SegviZlia vuwodoT:
1) Sidaenobrivi Targmani anu gadarqmeva _ verbaluri niSnebis inter-
pretacia imave enis sxva niSnebis meSveobiT;
2) enaTSorisi Targmani anu kerZod Targmani _ verbaluri niSnebis
interpretacia romelime sxva enis sxva niSnebis meSveobiT;
3) semiotikaTSorisi Targmani anu transmutacia _ verbaluri niSne-
bis interpretacia araverbalur niSanTa sistemebis meSveobiT (iakobsoni
1978: 20).
ra gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, roca semiotikaTSoris Targmanze vsaubrobT?
semiotikaTSoris Targmanebad Cven moviazrebT ilustrirebas (wignis gra-
fikul gaformebas, komiqsebs, srul ilustrirebas verbaluri nawilis ga-
reSe da a.S.), aseve verbaluri teqstebis ekranizacias _ animaciur fil-
mebs, mxatvrul da satelevizio filmebs, film-parodiebs, satelevizio
speqtaklebs da a.S., amas garda _ sasceno dadgmebs, rogorebica Tojinebis
Teatri, speqtakli, miuzikli, saopero dadgma, sabaleto dadgma da a. S.
ratom aris ilustracia Targmani?
miuxedavad imisa, rom iakobsonis mokle klasifikacia ver uzrunvel-
yofs am SekiTxvaze pasuxs, is saerTod ar exeba ilustrirebul wignebs. pa-
suxi scildeba mis Teorias da misive varaudiT, mxatvruli nawarmoebi Se-
saZlebelia iTargmnos mxolod `kreatiuli transpoziciiT~ (iakobsoni
1959/2000: 118).
rekreaciis anu kvlavwarmoebis Teoria pirdapir kavSirSia ilustra-
ciasTan. poeziis Targmanis msgavsad, ilustrireba mxolod SesaZlebelia
teqstualuri elementebis rekreaciiT. isini gansxvavdebian niSanTa siste-
mebisgan, magram enacvlebian igive teqstis sxva konstruqciebs, gansakuTre-
biT ki, kanonikur novelebSi, romlebic umetes SemTxvevaSi ilustrirebu-
lia sxvadasxva mxatvris mier. ilustracia ara mxolod kvlav qmnis teq-
stis literaturul da kulturul faseulobas, aramed aormagebs faseu-
lobebs gansxvavebul kulturul sistemebSi yovel jerze, rodesac is aris
Sesrulebuli da warmogvidgeba rogorc teqstis refraqcia gadasvla
(refraction) /gadawera (rewriting) sxva kulturaSi zustad imave saxiT, rom-
liTac xorcieldeba Targmani.
Tuki `patara ufloswuls~ davubrundebiT, kidev erTi ilustracia
iqcevs Cvens yuradebas:
rac sityvasityviT niSnavs damixate cxvari. marTlac, inglisur (Draw
180 qeTevan svaniZe

me a sheep), italiur (disegnami una pecora), espanur (Píntame un cordero)
(TargmanebSi `damixate cxvari~ meordeba. ai rusul da qarTul versiebSi ki
(нарисуй мне барашка, da damixate batkani). frangul enaSi gvaqvs rogorc
cxvris aRmniSvneli sityva le
mouton, aseve sityva l’agneau,
romelic batkans aRniSnavs.
maSin Tuki Tavad originalu-
ri teqstis avtorma le mouton
gamoiyena da inglisur, ita-
liur, espanur Tu sxva enebze
mTargmnelebma swored ase
Targmnes es sityva, da ara
sityviT batkani saidan gaCnda
is nawarmoebis rusul versiaSi? da amaSi ~damnaSave’ Cveni azriT, swored
ilustraciaa. radgan frangul, originalur versiaSi verbalur informaci-
asa da mis araverbalur gamosaxulebas Soris erTgvari asimetriaa, aq in-
formaciis erTgvar gaorebasTan gvaqvs saqme. italielma, ingliselma da
sxva mTargmnelebma am kreolizebuli informaciis verbaluri nawili, rus-
ma da qarTvelma ki araverbaluri nawili Targmnes, radgan originalis av-
toris mier Seqmnil naxatze swored batkania, da ara didi cxvari. Sesabami-
sad, xdeba ilustraciis verbalizeba saTargmn enaze, da ara Tavad verbalu-
ri informaciisa.da aq kidev erTxel vsvamT SekiTxvas: aris gamosaxuleba,
ilustracia Targmnis, semiotikaTSorisi transformirebis da sxva niSanTa
sistemiT igive informaciis mowodebis meqanizmi? rasakvirvelia, aris.
da rac Seexeba komossa da qaoss: `patara ufliswuli~ kosmossa da qa-
oss uSualod, pirdapir exeba da amavdroulad, moTxrobis Sinaarsi igive
movlenebs qvecnobieradac gvaxsenebs: ratom pirdapir, advili misaxvedria,
(patara ufliswuli patara planetidan àsteroid B-612” Camovida dedami-
waze (rasakvirvelia, nomeri mxolod mosawyen ufrosebs sWirdebaT, bav-
Svebs _ araferSi.
dedamiwa patara ufliswulisTvis meSvide planeta aRmoCnda, romelic
man moinaxula, man eqvsi mezobeli asteroidi gamoiara, anu, kosmosSi imog-
zaura. patara ufliswuli Tavisi patara samyarodan, sakuTari, Tavisi sax-
lisodena planetidan, sakuTari kosmosidan, sadac yvelaferi Tavis adgil-
sa da Tavis rigzea, da romelsac igi yoveldRiurad gulmodgined asufTa-
vebda qaosSi gamovida. Tumca, am mowesrigebulobis, simSvidis, garkveulo-
bis miuxedavad, an iqneb, gamoisobiTac ki mxolod sakuTar kosmosSi arsebo-
ba ufliswulisTvis moswyenia. amitom misTvis erTaderTi gasarTobi mzis
cqeraa. is dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme gadaaadgilebs, ramdenime nabijze
gadaaqvs skami da ase, ramdenjerme SeuZlia mzis Casvlas ucqiros: erT dRes
ormocdasamjer vucqire mzis Casvlas! da cota xnis dumilis Semdeg dasZi-
na: _ roca adamians umZims, mzis Casvlis cqera uyvars...
da moulodnelad misi kosmosis myudroebas vardi daarRvevs. ganicdis

igi kosmosSi qaosuri sxivis SemoWras? (`me megona, rom umdidresi adamiani
viyavi, raki iseTi yvavili mqonda, romlismagvari meore ar moiZebneba qvey-
nad... da swored vardis gamoCena cvlis mis cxovrebas _ ubiZgebs, datovos
Tavisi planeta, gaeqces mas, da misTvis aqamde ucnobs, ucxos, gaurkvevels,
Seucnobelsa da SeuCvevels _ qaoss eziaros.
rogorc vTqviT, dedamiwa patara ufliswulisTvis meSvide planeta
iyo, manamde man pirvel planetaze ucnauri xalxi, pativmoyvare adamiani,
loTs, saqmosans, mexuTeze ki mefarnes... ufliswuli gamodis sakuTari
kosmosidan da qaoss eziareba. Tumca, yvela planetaze igi sakuTar myudro
garss, sakuTar kosmoss poulobs, romelSic igi moxerxebulad moewyoba da
swored es simyudrove SigadaSig afiqrebinebs, rom siamovnebiT darCeboda am
planetaze. vin icis, iqneb es `patara simyudrove~ did qaosSi `bavSvis da,
zogadad, bavSvobis samyaro, bavSvobis kosmosia, bavSvobis, bavSvuri gulub-
ryvilobis, mimndoblobis, bavSvuri sandoobis kosmosi, romelsac nebismier
qaosSi sakuTari simyudrovis, sakuTari `kosmosis~ intuiciurad migneba,
povna SeuZlia.
da ra unda iyos imaze ufro simSvidisa da myudroebis momtani Tva-
luwvdenel kosmossa Tu uimedod mouwesrigebel qaosSi, rogorc patara
ufliswulis sityvebi: ,,amas rom vfiqrob, bednieri var da yvela varskvla-
vi wynarad micinis cidan...~
literatura:
antuan de sent-egziuperi `patara ufliswuli~, 2015.

iakobsoni 1978: Якобсон Р. О лингвистических аспектах перевода
(Вопросы теории перевода в зарубежной лингвистике. _ М.,. _ С.
16-24
iakobsoni 2000: Jakobson, R. (1959/2000) ‘On linguistic aspects of translation’,
in L. Venuti (ed.) pp. 113–118.
Ketevan Svanidze
Illustration as Means Intersemiotic Translation
According to the typology of translation, given by R. Jacobson, there are

three kinds of translation are to be differently labeled: Intralingual translation or
rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same
language; Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of some other language; Intersemiotic translation or
transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal
sign systems.
marine sioriZe
qaosi da fiqcia frangul

àxal romanSi~:
warmosaxva da realoba
alen rob-griesTan
alen rob-gries nawarmoebebis pirve-

lad wakiTxvam mkiTxveli SeiZleba daabnios,
radgan igi ver naxavs maTSi tradiciuli ro-
manisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. rob–gri-
es romanebis ganxilvisas azrTa ukidures
sxvadasxvaobaa. saqme isaa, rom kritikosebis
erTi nawili mis romanebs ise ganixilavs,
rom mwerlis Teoriul gamonaTqvamebs ar aq-
cevs yuradRebas, meoreni ki mxolod mis Te-
oriebs eyrdnobian. mweralma Teoriuli sta-
tiebis wera im mizniT daiwyo, rom Tavi daec-
va mozRvavebuli kritikisa da gauTavebeli
Tavdasxmebisagan, agreTve daxmareboda dabne-
ul mkiTxvelebsa da kritikosebs Tavisi na-
werebis gagebaSi. es aucilebeli iyo, radgan
is mcireodeni qebac, romelic aqa-iq gamoC-
nda, swor safuZvels ar eyrdnoboda: mis ro-
manebSi aqebdnen ara imas, rac axali iyo, ara-
med Zveli, klasikuri romanisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebel niSnebs, imas, rac TviT avtors saku-
Tari Semoqmedebis naklad miaCnda.
franguli ,,axali romanis~ warmomadge-
nelTa Soris alen rob-gries gansakuTrebu-
li adgili uWiravs. misi Teoriuli kredo
da weris manera imdenad gansxvavdeba am mimar-
Tulebis sxva mweralTa Teoriebisa da roma-
nebisagan, rom calke msjelobis sagans war-
moadgens. ,,romani arasodes yofila Tavis
Tavis ase radikalurad winaaRmdegi, rogorc
qaosi da fiqcia frangul àxal romanSi~ warmosaxva da realoba alen rob-greisTan 183

rob-gries romania, igi axal romanistebs Soris erTaderTia, romelmac
sruliad axali ram Semoitana literaturaSi~ (moro 1992:134).
sakmaod didxans kritikosebis erTi nawili rob-gries aRiarebda, da
zogierTi axlac aRiarebs ,,Sozizmis~ (frang. chose _ nivTi, sagani) warmo-
madgenlad. erT-erTma yvelaze cnobilma Tanamedrove kritikosma -rolan
bartma dasabami misca am saxelis damkvidrebas. misi azriT sagani rob-grie-
saTvis aRar aris adamianTa dakavSirebis saSualeba, SegrZnebebis da simbo-
loebis niSani, is aris mxolod ,,optikuri winaaRmdegoba~ (is rac TvalSi
gvxvdeba). samyaro dayvanilia mxolod da mxolod mis zedapirul, ,,bukva-
lur~ aRweraze. samyaros axleburi xedva aris sagnebis aRwera. sagnebi ari-
an ,,iq~, sanam ramed iqcevian, e.i. isini TavisTavad arian. sagnebis amgvari fe-
nomenologiuri aRwera alen rob–gries pirveli mizania. mwerali iqceva
sagnebis romanistad, e. w. ,,Sozistad~. movusminoT isev rob–gries: `samya-
ro arc mniSvnelobis mqonea da arc absurduli (gaixseneT sartrisa da kami-
us koncefcia samyaros absurdulobis Sesaxeb), is ubralod aris. asevea
sagnebic, isini arc mnivnelobis matareblebi arian da arc absurdulni. isi-
ni arian ,,iq~. mwerlebi yovelTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen sagnebs. mi-
si aRwera saWiro iyo socialuri, fsiqologiuri Tu metafizikuri faqto-
ris xazgasasmelad. igi yovelTvis saidumloebis, mniSvnelobis matarebeli
iyo. gamoxatavda individis miswrafebas, tanjvas, mizans (balzaki, zola da
sxva). sagans romantika, ,,Sinaganoba~ (intériorité) axasiaTebda. sinamdvileSi
ki sagani mniSvnelobas moklebulia, amitom mweralma mniSvnelobis mqone
saganTa samyaros nacvlad (fsiqologiuri, socialuri Tu sxva) unda Seq-
mnas uSualo, pirdapiri (immédiat) sagnebis samyaro. amgvar samyaroSi sag-
nebs didi roli ganekuTvnebaT, magram daclilni iqnebian santimentaluri
da metafizikuri mniSvnelobisagan. individic aRar iqneba samyaros centrSi.
is sagnebis mbrZanebeli veRar iqneba, radgan sagnebi misi arsebobis sayrdene-
bi ar arian. sagnebis sruli damoukidebloba naTlad Cans, rob–gries azriT,
deteqtiur romanebSi. im dros, rodesac damnaSave uars ambobs danaSaulis
aRiarebaze, mowmeebic TiTqos damnaSavis sasargeblod laparakoben, WeSma-
ritebas xsnis sagani, misi mdgomareoba Tu nakvalevi.
rob-grie sagnebs iseTive sizustiT aRwers, rogorc balzaki, magram
balzakisaTvis sagans aqvs mniSvneloba, forma, suni, miuTiTebs mogonebebsa
da analogiebze. maTi xatva dakavSirebulia romanis personaJebTan, isini
xazs usvamen maT Tvisebebsa da xasiaTs, iwveven saamur an piriqiT, usiamovno
mogonebebs. rob-gries mier aRwerili sagnebi ki moklebulni arian analogi-
ebs, aRaraferze mianiSneben, araferze miuTiTeben, arafers eZieben, simbo-
los ar warmoadgenen da raime daskvnisaTvis ar arian aRwerilni. maTi aRwe-
ra garegnuli, zedapiruli formebisa da konturebis meSveobiT SeiZleba;
amgvari aRwera arc personaJis da arc sagnis raime Tvisebas privilegias ar
aniWebs. sagnis aRweriT mwerali mis ukan arafers malavs, rogorc es tra-
diciul romanSi xdeba. sagnis fenomenis iqiT araferi imaleba, – arc alego-
riuli, arc simboluri da arc metafizikuri. haidegeris naTqvami adamianis
184 marine sioriZe

Sesaxeb ,,adamianis yofierebis piroba aris ,,iq~ yofna, rob–gries sagnebze
gadaaqvs da mis ZiriTad miznad iqceva aCvenos damoukidebeli, TavisTavSi Ca-
ketili sagnebis ,,iq~ yofna. mas ar ainteresebs sagnis funqcia, romelic, mi-
si azriT, iluziuria. saganSi mxolod misi ,,optikuri xedva~ aris realu-
ri. misi realuri arsi misi gamoyenebis miRma iwyeba. ,,yoveli sagani, yoveli
movlena, yoveli forma aris sakuTari Tavis simbolo... Cveni samyaro... aris
niSnebis samyaro... magram ara raRac sxvisi niSani, ara raRac srulyofili,
romelic CvenTvis miuwvdomelia, aramed misi sakuTari niSani, arsis niSani,
romelic Cven unda aRmovaCinoT~ (oriol-buaie 1990: 97).
literaturis kritikosi, rolan barti, Tvlis, rom tradiciul roman-
Si sagans ar hqonda gankuTvnili misi namdvili adgili. is iyo yovelTvis ada-
mianuri urTierTobis sayrdeni da raimes maniSnebeli. bolos da bolos, sa-
ganma unda ipovos Tavisi damoukidebloba da ise unda aRiweros, rom tran-
scendenturi ar iyos, amitom cdilobs rob-grie, rom sagans moacilos is
mniSvnelobebi, romlebic adamianebma moaxvies Tavs. ugulebelyofs metafo-
rebs da amiT sruliad ukargavs mkiTxvels xaliss raime miniSnebisa, an sagnis
poeturad aRqmisa. igi sagnis zust asls akeTebs, magram es sagani, erTi mxriv,
klasikuria, radganac geometriuli sizustiT ars aRwerili, meore mxriv ki
– axleburi, radgan araviTar transcendentobaze ar miuTiTebs. sagnis amgvar
aRmwerels uwodebs swored barti ,,Sozists~. amrigad, barti Tvlis, rom
rob-grie aris sagnebis mniSvnelobis damamsxvreveli; magram kritikosi mwer-
lis SemoqmedebaSi meore periodsac gamoyofs, romelSic rob-gries ,,humanis-
tad~ acxadebs. marTalia, arc meore periodSi iqcnen sagnebi simboloebad,
magram maT erTgvari mniSvneloba daekisraT (barti 1980: 125).
rob-gries SemoqmedebaSi siurealistebis didi gavlena igrZnoba. mwe-
rals araerTxel aRuniSnavs, Tu ra sizustiT aRweres siurealistebma siz-
marSi nanaxi sagnebi: skami, kenWi, sagnis vardna. sizmarSi bevri ram bundova-
nia, magram sagnebi araCveulebrivi sizustiT cxaddebian, TiTqos gamaradi-
sebulni arian. mwerals moswons agreTve siurealistebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli is idumaleba, romelsac isini yoveldRiurobaSi xedaven.
pirveli romani ,,saSlelebi~ kritikosebma sxvadasxvanairad axsnes.
zogma is klasikur tragediad miiCnia, zogma ki deteqtiuri tipis romanad,
zogma igi ,,Sozismis~ manifestad gamoacxada, zogma ki kinematografiul an-
tiromanad, zogi Tvlis, rom masSi aRdgenilia Zveli miTi, zogi ki piriqiT,
fiqrobs, rom es romani aris cda literaturaSi miTis mospobisa.
cnobili frangi kritikosi pengo (1975) Tvlis, rom am romanis anali-
zi advili ar aris da arc iZleva konkretul axsnas. rolan barti ukuagdebs
yovelgvar ,,argumentirebul analizs~ da yofs romans or nawilad: erTi
aris kvanZi (romelic mas srulebiT ar ainteresebs), meore ki – sagnebi (bar-
tis azriT romanis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala). es sagnebi ,,antiklasiku-
ria~, radganac maT mniSvneloba mocilebuli aqvT, maT mxolod Tvali xe-
davs. sagnebs arc funqcia aqvT da arc substancia, bartsac swored es mos-
wons: ,,rob-griem samyaros mxolod Tvalebis ZaliT Sexedao~. am romanma

naTlad gviCvena, rom ,,araferi imaze Zneli ar aris, rom zustad vicodeT,
ras vxedavT~ (Merleau-Ponty _ ,,Phenomenologie de la perception~).
romanSi didi adgili uWiravs dros. avtori uaryofs Cveulebrivi,
sworxazobrivi drois Cvenebas – drois Tanmimdevrul dinebas da cvlis mas
e.w. adamianuri droiT, romelsac adamiani TviTon qmnis awmyosa da warsulis
erTmaneTSi SereviT. erTi da igive movlenas sxvadasxva aspeqti aqvs, radgan
igi sxvadasxva adamianis mier aris danaxuli, e.i. dro da sivrce pirobiTia da
icvlebian damkvirveblisa da adgilis mixedviT. mkvlelobis garSemo ramdeni-
me adamiani fiqrobs: valasi, komisari da garinati. maTi fiqrebi, cnobierebis
nakadi, Sinagani monologebi Sereulia realobis zust aRwerebSi. warmodge-
niTi suraTebi gadaxlarTulia realobasTan, magram araferi migviTiTebs, sad
Tavdeba realoba da sad iwyeba warmosaxviTi ambebi.
marTalia, rob-grie uaryofs simbolizacias, miniSnebas, magram, amas-
Tan, mkiTxvels misi romanebis interpretaciis srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs.
amiT vsargeblobT Cvenc. ,,saSlelebi~ iwvevs mTel rig asociaciebs, misi
kompozicia, mimdinareoba, adgilebi, epizodebi, gvafiqrebineben, rom romani
SesaZlebelia oidiposis tragediis Tanamedrove versia iyos. amerikeli
lingvisti _ moriseti Tvlis, rom ,,saSlelebi~ aris ,,klasikuri legenda
miTiuri da arqetipuri motivebiT~ (moriseti 1998:67).
mogvaqvs yvelaze mniSvnelovani msgavsebebi Zvel miTTan: epigrafad ga-
moyenebulia sofokles gadakeTebuli gamonaTqvami: ,,drom, romelic yvela-
fers uTvalTvalebs, uSenodac ipova gamosavali~. berZnuli tragediisa da
klasikuri franguli tragediebis msgavsad romans aqvs prologi, epilogi,
xuTi nawili (moqmedeba).
rob-griem romanis centralur Temad oidiposis miTi aqcia, fexdafex
mihyva da TiTqos aRadgina igi. magram sabolood miTi ki ar aRudgenia, ara-
med parodirebis saSualebiT gaaufasura. amisaTvis man originalur meTods
mimarTa: aRadgina Zveli miTis yvela mniSvnelovani, sakvanZo wertili da ma-
Ti sruli usargebloba aCvena; Zieba mimdinareobs danaSaulis garSemo, ro-
melic ar momxdara. mTavari personaJis yoveli saqcieli motivirebulia
mkvlelobiT, romelic ar momxdara. da bolos, valasi sakuTar mamas klavs!
magram gana amaSi darwmunebuli varT? romanis kiTxvisas dabneuli mkiTxve-
li sul imas cdilobs, rom gaerkves ra xdeba, rogorc ki miniSnebas waaw-
ydeba, SvebiT amoisunTqavs, mixvda, rogorc iqna, rom oidiposis miTis aR-
dgenaa, magram Semdgomi teqsti isev eWvs badebs, mere isev miniSneba, isev ga-
baTileba da a.S. asevea sagnebis mimarTac. uamrav sagans Soris mkiTxveli im
sagnebs arCevs, romelTac SeiZleba mniSvneloba mianiWo, xolo imaT, romle-
bic asociaciebs ar iwvvevs, yuradRebas ar aqcevs. sakmarisia mkiTxvelma xe-
li Caavlos sagnis miniSnebas, rom igi ufasurdeba. ase, sul mudam trialebs
eWvi. mTeli romanic raimes mtkiceba ki ar aris, aramed ngrevaa, TavisTavis
negacia. `me mindoda momeTxro ambavi, romelic Tavis Tavs angrevs,~ – ganac-
xada kidec mweralma.
TviT saTauris `saSlelebi~ mniSvneloba ase SeiZleba gavigoT: saWi-
186 marine sioriZe

roa waSla im memkvidreobis, kanonebis, formebis, fsiqologiis, metafiziki-
sa da sxva faqtorebis, romlebic ar eSvebian adaminsa da romans, gamudmebiT
sdeven Tan da sakuTar TavisTavadobas akargvineben.
kritikosebi, romlebic rob-gries Semoqmedebas or periodad yofen,
mwerlis mesame romans èWvianoba~ mis SemoqmedebaSi gardatexis momentad
miiCneven. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirvel periodSi igi ,,Sozistad~ aris aRia-
rebuli, meoreSi ki `humanistad~, misi bolo ori romani ufro axlo dgas
mis Teoriul mrwamsTan, vidre pirvelebi. rob-gries mizani, daweros ,,wmin-
da~ romani, floberis Tqmisa ar iyos, ,,wigni araferze~, sadac kompoziciis,
struqturis da formis meSveobiT unda Seiqmnas iseTi nawarmoebi, romelic
mxolod fiqciaa da romelSic mxatvruli Rirebuleba da `mSveniereba~
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, SedarebiT ufro naTlad gamoC-
nda romanebSi: èWvianoba~ da `labirinTSi~.
Cveni azriT, èWvianoba~ rob-gries yvelaze abstraqtuli romania: sag-
nebis gauTavebeli aRwerebiT, ori adamianis a-si da frankis gauTavebeli sa-
ubrebiT, maTi sruliad meqanikuri moZraobebiT, erTi da imave scenebisa da
suraTebis akviatebuli gameorebebiT.
rob-grie saerTod TiTqmis yvela Tavis nawarmoebs an dasawyisSive wa-
rumZRvarebs xolme Sesavlis magiers, gafrTxilebas an kidev bolo gverdze
iZleva sakmaod bundovan miniSnebas romanis ZiriTadi xazisa. èWvianobis~ bo-
lo gverdidan vigebT, rom ,,am ambis mTxrobeli qmari, romelic uTvalTva-
lebs cols – romanis centria. is mudam pirvel planzea, pirveli frazidan
bolomde, magram miTxveli ver xedavs mas, ar esmis misi. mkiTxveli grZnobs
mxolod mis ìq~ yofnas. is ganalagebs sagnebs, akvirdeba Jestebs, aZlevs sam-
yaros formas, simagres, wonas. personaJs arc saxeli aqvs da arc saxe. is rea-
lurad ar arsebobs – anonimuria, magram yovelive mis warmodgenaSi xdeba da
amitom mkiTxvelma igi konkretulad unda aRiqvas. es kaci eWvianobs colis
mimarT. eWvi ki iseTi vnebaa, romelic arafers iviwyebs: yoveli Jesti, yoveli
warmodgena da moCveneba samudamod CaibeWdeba adamianSi. romanSi mkiTxveli
ver grZnobs am ,,personaJis~ tanjvas, eWvianobiT gamowveul saSinel tkivi-
lebs, rogorsac ganicdis, magaliTad, svani prustis romanSi. qmris eWviani
Tvali TiTqos meqanikurad iwers firze, rac misi TvalTaxedvis areSi xvdeba
(sagnebi, buneba, coli, meore mamakaci da sxva). unda aRvniSnoT, rom zog adgi-
las marTlac ostaturad aris daWerili eWvis atmosfero: xelebis moZrao-
ba, werilis Cadeba, Tavis motrialeba. magram esaa da es. ganzogadeba an raime
daskvnis gamotana SeuZlebelia: Tumca arc avtori Txoulobs amas. nawarmoe-
bis formam da kompoziciam unda aqcios mkiTxveli eWvian qmrad da mxolod ma-
Sin aRiqvams igi romans ise, rogorc es surs avtors.
romanis ,,labirinTSi~ patara Sesavali gvauwyebs, rom ,,es moTxroba
aris fiqcia da ara mtkiceba. is aRwers realobas, romelic aucileblad ise-
Ti ar iqneba, rogoric mkiTxvels ganucdia. magaliTad, franguli armiis qvei-
Ti jariskaci farajis sayeloze nomers ar atarebda, dasavleT evropis axal-
ma istoriam ar icis raime mniSvnelovani brZola reixenfelsSi an mis maxlob-

lad, magram mocemuli realoba zustad materialuria, e.i. mas ara aqvs pre-
tenzia hqondes alegoriuli mniSvneloba. avtoris winaswari gafrTxileba
da romanis emociuri Zala eWvs badebs, rom Txroba ar aris upirovno da obi-
eqturi, rom masSi mxolod sagnebis aRwera ar aris ZiriTadi. ,,labirinTSi~
rob-gries romanebs Soris yvelaze amaRelvebeli da emociuria.
riT aRwevs amas avtori? upirveles yovlisa kompoziciiT. TiTqos
areul-dareuli scenebi da suraTebi (romlebic Tavdapirvelad gza-kvals
ubneven mkiTxvels) sagangebod aris ase ganlagebuli. romanis kompoziciiT
iqmneba labirinTi: Caxuruli oTaxi, kafe, bneli derefnebi, gauTavebeli qu-
Cebi, sagnebi da isev sagnebi; erTi dekori meoreTi icvleba, mere isev pirve-
li scenaa. personaJebi erTsa da imave adgilas sxvadasxva gziT midian, ukan
brundebian, gauTavebeli siaruli quCebsa da derefnebSi, CixSi moxvedra da
isev xelmeored gzis dawyeba, sul raRacis Zieba – yovelive es ise ostatu-
radaa gadaxlarTuli erTmaneTSi, rom Tavisi struqturiT labirinTis
srul asociacias iwvevs da warmodgenaSi waruSlel STabeWdilebad isaxe-
ba. pirveli wakiTxviT rac daulagebeli da areuli gveCvena, nel-nela da-
lagebuli, Sekruli da mTliani gamoCnda. kompoziciuri wonasworobis
TvalsazrisiT yoveli axali suraTi wina suraTis kanonzomieri gagrZele-
baa. gadasvlebis dinamikuri balansireba SemTxveviTi ar aris, quCidan oTax-
Si, oTaxidan quCaSi da sxva. roca oTaxis aRwerisas mTeli rigi sagnebis
Semdeg neitraluri Tvali miadgeba fardebs (romlis ukan fanjara igulis-
xmeba), an roca TviT sityva fanjara warmoiTqmeba, suraTi umalve icvleba
quCiT... roca jariskaci miapyrobs mzeras saxls da fanjaras, aRwera isev
oTaxze gadadis da a.S. ase mTeli teqsti harmoniulad gadadis erTi sura-
Tidan meoreze.
romanSi TiTqos sruli obieqturobiT, neitralur-indiferentuli
toniT aris aRwerili sagnebi da gare samyaro. magram romanis pirveli da
bolo frazebi mowmoben, rom mTel am ,,ambavs~ viRac hyveba: e. i. am ambavs
mTxrobeli hyavs. ,,me marto var axla...~ am fraziT iwyeba romani. amrigad,
obieqturi aRwerebis nacvlad Cven aq gvaqvs mocemuli gamogonebuli, sizma-
riseuli, oniriuli samyaro. rob–grie marTalia, roca Tavs imarTlebs:
,,Cemi aRwerebi yovelTvis adamianis TvaliT aris danaxulio~, èWvianobaSi~
udavod asea, ase unda iyos ,,labirinTSic~.
amrigad, rob–gries moZebnili principi aRmoCndeba mniSvnelobas mok-
lebuli sisavse (opacité), romelsac samyaro sTavazobs Cvens xedviT Wvre-
tas (perception visuelle). rob-grie TiTqos cnobierebisagan damoukideblad
aRwers obieqtur realobas, magram namdvilad es subieqtis mier danaxuli
gaobieqturebuli aRweraa. Zalze padoqsalurad JRers, magram unda vTqvaT,
rom rob-gries Semoqmedeba aris gaobieqturebuli subieqturoba. obieqtu-
ria, radgan mwerali materialur samyarosa da sagnebs zustad aRwers, xo-
lo subieqturia, radgan es aRwera erTi romelime adamianis mier aris war-
modgenili Tu danaxuli. sruli obieqturobis SegrZnebas ki weris manera
iwvevs, igi mSrali da neitraluria.
188 marine sioriZe

literatura:
almani 1996: . Allemand, R-M. Le Nouveau Roman, éd. Ellipses.

barti 1980: Sur la littérature, éd. Presses universitaires de Grenoble.
moro 1992: Moreau, J-L. La nouvelle fiction, Paris, Citerions.
mursia 1998: Murcia, Cl. Nouveau roman, nouveau cinéma, Paris, Nathan.
oriol–buaie 1990: Oriol-Boyer, Cl.. Nouveau Roman et discours critique,
Grenoble.
rikardu 1990: Ricardou, J.. Problèmes du Nouveau Roman, Paris, Seuil.
rob grie 1985: Robbe-Grillet, A. Les Gommes, Paris, Seuil.
Marine Sioridze
Chaos and Fiction in ~New Novel”: Imagination and Reality in Alain

Robbe-Grillet’s Literary Works
One of the prominent figures of French ~New Novel” is Alain Robbe-

Grillet. His motto and style of writing is so different from his contemporaries
that it requires special investigation. Morro once said: Robbe-Grillet is the
exceptional member of The Nouveau Roman who brought absolutely new things
in literature.
Robbe-Grillet rejects the usage of symbols and gives the readers a chance
to interpret his novels in more than one way. Novel ~The Erasers” evokes
different associations in readers. Its composition, setting, episodes make the
readers think that the novel was written in Ancient times. It is the novel that
resembles Ancient tragedy ~Oedipus”. American Linguist Morriset says about
~The Erasers”: ~It is a classic legend with mythical and archetypical motives”.
Time is of great importance in Robbe-Grillet’s novels. The author fractures
timelines and uses so – called « Human time » which is created by mixture of
present and past. One and the same event has different aspects as it is seen by
different people. It means that time and space changes according to person and
place.
~Jealousy” is Robbe-Grillet’s abstract novel that is full of repetitive
descriptions of different objects, endless talks between two characters – A and
Frank, descriptions of their mechanic movements. Even scenes are repeated. The
originality of ~In the Labyrinth” is in using specific scenes and showing the
psychology and interiority of the characters.
Tamar siraZe
axali samyaro da panis

xelaxali dabadeba
(devid herbert lorensis
ùkanaskneli sicili~)
devid herbert lorensi meoce saukunis

pirveli naxevris yvelaze skandaluri repu-
taciis ingliseli mweralia. skandalis mi-
zezi misi mouridebeli damokidebulebaa viq-
torianuli moralis mimarT. igi ewinaaRmde-
geba dromoWmul viqtorianul morals, mag-
ram, amave dros, ver urigdeba burJuazi-
uli samyaros `meqanistur civilizacias~,
radgan igi aClungebs adamianis instinqtur
sawyiss. lorensis esTetikis safuZvelia bu-
nebriobis apoTeozi da samyaros sensualu-
ri aRqma. fonad igi xSirad iyenebs socia-
lur elementebs. romanebis ZiriTadi Temaa
adamianis sulieri da fizikuri harmonia. sa-
ukuneebiT gamomuSavebuli yalbi burJuaziu-
li zneobrivi normebis sawinaaRmdegod lo-
rensi ibrZoda adamianis sxeulis emansipaci-
isaTvis. lorensis Semoqmedebam, misi winaaR-
mdegobrivi xasiaTis miuxedavad, udidesi
gavlena moaxdina XX saukunis inglisuri
romanis ganviTarebaze.
ùkanaskneli sicili~ d. h. lorensis
nakleb cnobili novelaa im romanebis da
moTxrobebis fonze, romlebmac mas didi sa-
xeli moutanes _ `vaJiSvilebi da sayvarle-
bi~, `cisartyela~, `Seyvarebuli qalebi~,
`ledi Caterlis sayvareli~, `qrizanTemebis
surneli~, `boSa da qalwuli~, `Wiamaia~.
TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos, rom es moTxroba
190 Tamar siraZe

aranakleb saintereso mxatvrul saxeebsa da simbolur refleqsias gvTava-
zobs. statiis mizania warmoaCinos miTologiuri panis mxatvruli funqcia
_ gamoaRviZos meqanizirebuli samyaro da daubrunos mas pirvelqmnili ub-
raloeba, miamitoba, sisufTave da sicocxlis siyvaruli (akermani
2006:128).
‘ukanaskneli sicili’ inglisur enaSi idiomaturi gamoTqmaa da niSnavs
saboloo gamarjvebas an triumfs, gansakuTrebiT warumateblobis an dacin-
vis Semdeg, anu im dros, rodesac yvelaze nakleb aris gamarjveba mosalod-
neli. Sesabamisad, sicils da sicilis sxvadasxva formebs mniSvnelovani
datvirTva gaaCnia nawarmoebSi.
novela daiwera 1924 wels da asaxavs swored am drois londons; ker-
Zod, moqmedeba viTardeba hemsTedSi, londonis erT-erT feSenebelur gare-
ubanSi, Tormeti saaTis ganmavlobaSi, sami protagonistis monawileobiT _
mis jeimzi, mister marCbenqsi da policieli. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom da-
sawyisSi gamoyvanili personaJi lorenco aranakleb mniSvnelovani piria,
radgan swored is acilebs Tavisi ezodan (baRidan) stumrebs _ axalgaz-
rda wyvils mis jeimzsa da mister marCbenqss _ Semdegi sityvebiT: `Look at
it! A new world!” (lorensi 1999:47) – `SexedeT, axali samyaro!~. maT Tval-
win axali TovliT dafaruli ulamazesi xedi gadaiSleba. es epizodi aSka-
rad warmogvidgens Tvalwin samoTxidan gaZevebul adamsa da evas, romelTac
axali samyaro da axali cxovreba elodeba win. niSandoblivia, rom rodesac
lorenco karebs gamoiketavs, ~The two were alone in the street, save for the
policeman at the corner” (lorensi 1999:47) – òri arseba marto aRmoCnda
quCaSi, mxolod policieli iyo quCis kuTxeSi~.
ras moaswavebs maTTvis es damoukidebeli svla cxovrebis gzaze? av-
tori aRwers gzas da misi gavlis dros momxdar cvlilebebs, romelTac sa-
boloo jamSi metamorfozisken mivyavarT.
saxlisaken mimaval gzaze, romelic amavdroulad dedamiwaze damkvidre-
bis procesis metaforuli saxea, mniSvnelovani ambebi xdeba. Tavdapirvelad,
mamakacs Tovlze fexi daucdeba da qudi Camouvardeba. qudis asaRebad daxri-
li, gogonas amoxedavs da TiTqosda masSi `satanuri axalgazrda mRvdeli~
gamoikveTeba: ~He seemed like a satanic young priest” (lorensi 1999:48). iwye-
ba empiriuli da magiuri dualizmis seria, romelic fonad gasdevs mTel am-
bavs. mamakacs esmis sicilis xma, romelic ar esmis gogonas. marTalia, gogona
yrua da specialur sasmen aparats iyenebs, magram aparatis meSveobiTac uZlu-
ria gaigonos is, rasac did aRtacebaSi mohyavs misi partniori. sayuradReboa
lorensis mier daxatuli mamakacis portreti: ~His face had beautiful lines,
like a faun, and a doubtful martyred expression. A sort of faun on the Cross,
with all the malice of the complication.” (lorensi 1999:48). [mas lamazi saxis
nakvTebi hqonda, favnis magvari, da meryevi wamebuli gamometyveleba. daaxloe-
biT jvarcmuli favnis msgavsi, garTulebebis mTeli siborotis gamomxatve-
li.] avtori dasawyisSive gviCvenebs, rom TiToeul personaJSi samyaros aR-
axali samyaro da panis xelaxali dabadeba 191

qmis diqotomia Zevs _ RvTiuri da miwieri, mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi, magia
da realoba, dionise da apoloni, pani da nimfa, satana da angelozi.
gogonas aRweraSic SeiniSneba, rom avtors surs igi romeliRac frin-
vels an cxovels mivamsgavsoT, da ara qals: ~The girl, with her alert pink-
and-white face, looked at him sharply, inquisitively. She had an odd nymph-
like inquisitiveness, sometimes like a bird, sometimes a squirrel, sometimes a
rabbit: never quite like a woman.” (lorensi 1999:48). [gogonam mkvircxlad
da cnobismoyvared axeda Tavisi cqviti, moTeTro-movardisfro saxiT. mas-
Si ucnauri, nimfis magvari cnobismoyvareoba Canda _ xan Cits gavda, xan
ciyvs, xanac bocvers, magram arasodes _ qals]. rogorc vxedavT, mamakacSi
panis sawyisi gamoikveTa, qalSi ki _ nimfis. rac Seexeba policiels, igi sa-
zogadoebriv wesrigs ganasaxierebs, romlisTvisac ucxoa yovelgvari sigi-
Je, xmauri, mouwesrigebloba, vneba da xalisi. misTvis, rogorc sazogadoe-
bisaTvis, dadgenili wesebis zedmiwevniT Sesrulebaa cxovrebis ganmsaz-
Rvreli da advilad urigdeba moaxloebul urbanizacias, soflis, da masTan
erTad bunebriobis, gaqrobas. policiels ar esmis sicili, gogonas msgav-
sad, magram mogvianebiT gogona buCqebSi viRac mamakacis saxes SeamCnevs da
gaixarebs _ rogorc iqna vixile, visi naxvac msurdao. ucnauria, magram
verc erTi Tanmxlebi mamakaci ver xedavs imas, rasac gogona xedavs. male
mister marCbenqsi erTi mandilosnis saxlTan SeCerdeba da ver gauZlebs
qalbatonis mier SepatiJebis cdunebas. mis jeimzi da policieli ganagrZo-
ben gzas mis jeimzis saxlisaken. gzadagza kantikuntad Caiqroleben manqane-
bi, irgvliv sicarielea da ukacriel samyaros mxolod Tovlis da ucnauri
xmebis arseboba Tu avsebs. gogonas gamudmebiT Caesmis xmebi da grZnobs, rom
sadacaa ìs mova!~(lorensi 1999:51). uceb Zlieri qarbuqi amovardeba, ek-
lesiis kar-fanjrebs gamoaRebs. gogona ukve sicilis xmasac gaigonebs, ra-
sac Tan erTvis ucnauri musika. eklesiidan gamosul musikis xmas policie-
lic gaigonebs. gogona ambobs: ~And do you get the puff of warm wind?
Smelling of spring. Almond blossom, that’s what it is! A most marvelous scent
of almond blossom. Isn’t it an extraordinary thing!” (lorensi 1999:56). panis
gamoCenis sixaruli nuSis yvavilobis sadaria gogonas cnobierebaSi, TiT-
qos gazafxuli moaxlovda, samyaro xelaxla daibada. saxlSi Sesuli gogo-
na policiels madlobas uxdis, is ki darCenis da gaTbobis nebarTvas iT-
xovs, radgan Tavs SeuZlod grZnobs. policielisTvis damRupveli aRmoC-
ndeba `panikuri~ sicilis gamarjveba da diliT is saxeSecvlili daxvdeba
gogonas, romelsac uve smena daubrunda da axali cxovrebisTvisaa mzad. mis
jeimzi mxatvaria. nawarmoebis bolos is Sescqeris axali TvaliT sakuTar
ferwerul tiloebs da laRi siciliT icinis. sauzmisTvis dabrunebuli
mister marCbenqsi aRmoaCens, rom mis jeimzi yru aRaraa da masSi ucnaurad
gadasxvaferebul pirovnebas xedavs. gogona yurTan maradiul sicils gai-
gonebs da mixvdeba marCbenqsis realur saxes. jeimzis epifania marCbenqsis
sikvdilis momaswavebelia. policieli ki dakoWlda, anu sazogadoebrivi
192 Tamar siraZe

wonasworoba dairRva da gzas uTmobs Tavdapirveli qaosisa da kosmosis Ta-
naarsebobis SesaZleblobas.
inglisuri provinciebis meqanizacia da urbanizacia lorensisTvis
samyaros kosmosur mTlianobaSi qaosis Semotanas niSnavda. soflis simSvi-
de da idilia qarxnis sayvirebis xmam CaaxSo. adamianebmac TandaTan dakarges
bunebasTan harmoniuli Serwymis unari. maT dakarges is Tavdapirveli, `pri-
mitiuli~ realoba, rac miuwvdeneli da gaucnobierebelia Tanamedrove in-
dustriuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. rogorc n. yiasaSvili
aRniSnavs, `viqtorianuli inglisis dasasrulisa da meoce saukunis dasaw-
yisis inglisuri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan
socialur safuZvels inglisis soflis gaqroba, inglisis soflis meurne-
obis mTliani transformacia warmoadgens~ (yiasaSvili 1988). lorensi
iziarebs struqturalisturi Teoriis principebs da gvTavazobs panis dab-
runebis anu xelaxla dabadebis ideas, raTa ar moxdes harmoniis saboloo
ganadgureba.
lorensis novelis literaturuli gaazreba srul TanxmobaSi modis
k. levi-strosis TvalsazrisTan, romlis mixedviT adamianis SegrZnebebi im-
denad ar asaxaven, ramdenadac daSifraven garemomcvel sinamdviles, axdenen
mis kodirebas. yvela movlena da procesi gamoixateba simbolos saxiT. amde-
nad, SeiZleba laparaki iyos or struqturaze: adamianis gonebis struqtu-
rasa da adamianis garemomcveli fizikuri realobis struqturaze. amasTan,
meoris Seswavlis safuZvlad k. levi-strosi adamianis gonebis struqtu-
ras miiCnevs, romelic axdens Cveni gamocdilebis organizebas da gansaz-
Rvravs samyaros Cveneul xedvas.
Tanamedrove industriul da ~primitiul” sazogadoebaTa Soris ur-
TierTobas k. levi-strosi uwodebda Tanafardobas "cxel" da "civ" sazoga-
doebaTa Soris: pirvelni cdiloben awarmoon da moixmaron rac SeiZleba me-
ti energia da informacia, meoreni ki ifarglebian arsebobis martivi da mwi-
ri saSualebebis mdgradi kvlavwarmoebiT. magram Zvel da axal, ganviTare-
bul da "primitiul" adamians aerTianebs kulturis sayovelTao kanonebi,
adamianis gonebis funqciobis kanonebi.
"cxel" sazogadoebebSi Tavdapirveli kavSiri Tavad sagnebsa da Semec-
nebiT simboloebs Soris TandaTanobiT ganidevneba aracnobieris sferoSi,
da mis adgils pirobiTi kavSiri iWers. Sedegad icvleba Tavad samyaros xed-
va, misi pirvandeli saxe TandaTan bundovani xdeba. magram igi mTlianad ki ar
qreba, aramed inaxeba aracnobierSi. gza adamianis garemomcveli samyarosaken
sul ufro metad "ixergeba" sxvadasxva simboluri struqturiT. k. levi-
strosis azriT, jer kidev SemorCenili arqauli _ "civi" _ sazogadoeba-
ni axerxeben dausxltnen zemoT aRniSnul cvlilebas. maTSi SenarCunebu-
lia Tavdapirveli kavSiri adamianis garemomcvel sinamdvilesa da misi cno-
bierebis simboloebs Soris; es kavSiri ar aris gandevnili aracnobier sfe-
roSi. swored am "civi" sazogadoebebis arseboba aZlevs saSualebas Tanamed-
axali samyaro da panis xelaxali dabadeba 193

rove adamians, Seimecnos aracnobier sferoSi gandevnili sakuTari gonebis
struqtura.
Tanamedrove kulturis ama Tu im movlenis WeSmariti azri (anu rasac
is warmoadgens) dafarulia. am azris "amoReba" aracnobieri sferodan SeuZ-
lebelia. amitom unda mivmarToT "civ" sazogadoebebs da movZebnoT maTSi
analogiuri movlena, rac mkvlevrisaTvis naTels gaxdis mis azrs. sxvagva-
rad rom vTqvaT, pirvelyofili adamiani gvevlineba erTgvar sarked, rome-
lic Tanamedrove adamians Tavisi aracnobieri sferos danaxvis SesaZleblo-
bas aZlevs, Sesabamisad, debs xids bunebasa da kulturas Soris.
d. h. lorensis novela exmianeba bunebasa da kulturas Soris xidis ga-
debis problemas da panis dabrunebiT gvTavazobs damakavSirebel xids am or
samyaros Soris. lorensi ar Ralatobs tradicias da saxismetyvelebis ga-
moyenebiT cdilobs personaJTa fizikuri da sulieri mdgomareobis Cvenebas
qvecnobieris gamoaSkaravebis fonze. nawarmoebi gadmogvcems sami persona-
Jis transformaciis process zamTris erT Tovlian dRes, roca samyaros
ubrundeba ganaxlebuli pani da Cveuli ostatobiT axerxebs cvlileba Sei-
tanos mTavari gmirebis yofierebaSi. Sinagani konfliqti da gare samyaros-
Tan kavSiris Sesusteba an zogjer gaqrobac ki, lorensis interesis mTavari
mamoZravebeli RerZia. lorensi mogviwodebs axleburad SevxedoT samyaros
da mivendoT adamianis pirovnuli metamorfozis SesaZleblobas.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
akermani 2006: Akkerman A. Femininity and Masculinity in City-Form:

Philosophical Urbanism as a History of Consciousness. In: Human
Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr. 2006), Springer, pp. 229-256
lorensi 1999: Lawrence D. H., The Last laugh, in: Modern Short Stories,
Penguin Publishing
yiasaSvili 1998: yiasaSvili n. `Tanamedroveoba da modernizmi~, krebulSi:
dasavleT evropis literatura (XX saukune), Tbilisi
Tamar Siradze
The New World and Rebirth of Pan

(David Herbert Lawrence’s “The Last Laugh”)
D. H. Lawrence’s short story “The Last Laugh” traces the path of three
main characters through transformative twelve hours in Hampstead, London
during the winter of 1924. The story addresses themes surrounding society’s loss
of grounding in, and connection to, nature. Lawrence uses the idea of Acadian
deity – Pan – although he is not explicitly mentioned – as the protagonist element
194 Tamar siraZe

that moves the characters through a series of events, moods and changes that
serve to highlight the above mentioned social concern. Lawrence generally plays
upon the considerable tension that exists within the dualities inherent in our
conceptions of the city and the country, masculinity and femininity, objectivity
and intangible, and, as in the case of “the Last Laugh”, the empirical and
magical. The never seen, yet palpable presence of Pan is used as a vehicle for
Lawrence to express and indeed work out some of his own internal conflicts and
yearnings for a more meaningful connection to nature. The inference can be
drawn that this highlights his rejection of the prevailing intellectual and class
exclusivity that he sees as forever preventing a full and unfettered relationship
with the natural world and the internal self. He makes this point in the story
primarily through the device of using Pan as a personality and as a symbolic
vehicle for a change in the way that we perceive and interact with the forces of
nature. Lawrence is pointing to the reader to the new way of looking at the world
and to the possibility of a metamorphosis of personality and lifestyle.
nana stamboliSvili,
anzor abuseriZe,
nunu baxtaZe
tropis saxeebi mxatvrul

teqstSi
rogorc cnobilia, ena aris literatu-

ris specifikuri niSani, masala, romelic
iZleva sinamdvilis mxatvrulad warmosax-
vis saSualebas. saliteraturo enis fun-
qcias mxatvrul enaSi emateba sinamdvilis
mxatvruli warmosaxvis funqcia.
mxatvrul enas axasiaTebs garkveuli
mravalferovneba, romelic ZiriTadad sag-
nis an movlenis warmosaxvas emyareba. warmo-
saxva emyareba gadataniT mniSvnelobiT
naxmar sityvebs, romelsac tropebis saxiT
ganvixilavT. tropi Tropus (berZn. tropoi
`Sebruneba~ enobrivi mxatvrul-gamomsaxve-
lobiTi saSualeba, romelic Cndeba mxat-
vrul teqstSi sityvis `gardasaxvis~ meSve-
obiT. aqedan gamomdinare, tropi ritoriku-
li figurebis garkveuli jgufia, romelic
nagulisxmevs da saTqmels pirdapir da sag-
nobrivad ki ar gamoxatavs, aramed aZlevs mas
irib, gadataniT mniSvnelobas da iseTnair
gamoxatvas, rom gamonaTqvamebisgan miRebu-
li STabeWdileba gaZlierebulad an ufro
Serbilebulad mogveCvenos. imis mixedviT,
Tu ra mizans isaxavs adamiani metyvelebis
procesSi, azrebi sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba
iqnas gamoxatuli. didi mniSvneloba aqvs
molaparakis emociebs, mis survilebs, azre-
bisa da grZnobebis iseTnair gamoxatvas, ro-
ca gamonaTqvamebisgan miRebuli STabeWdi-
leba gaZlierebulad an ufro Serbilebu-
196 nana stamboliSvili, anzor abuseriZe, nunu baxtaZe

lad mogveCvenos. swored am miznebs emsaxureba tropebis mTavari saxeebi:
metafora, ironia, metonimia da sinekdoqe.
metafora berZ. metaforá ~gadatana~ tropis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sa-
xea. metafora warmoadgens dasaxelebis gadatanas erTi obieqtidan (sagni-
dan, pirovnebidan, movlenidan) meore obieqtze (saganze, pirovnebaze, mov-
lenaze), romelic, garkveuli gagebiT, misi msgavsia. amave dros, rig Sem-
TxvevebSi metafora azrovnebis mza Stampad iqceva. magram esTetikurad mim-
zidvel Stampad. erTgvari azriT, es mxatvrulad warmodgenili stereoti-
picaa.
magaliTad: In meinen Augenwimpern flimmerten ebenso kostbare Perlen
wie in den Gläsern des Tals (Heine), – (Cems wamwamebze ise cimcimebdnen
Zvirfasi margalitebi , rogorc saTvale xeobaSi).
aristotele `poetikis~ daskvniT nawilSi amtkicebs, rom `yvelaze
mniSvnelovania – iyo gawafuli metaforebSi. magram amis gadaReba sxvisgan
SeuZlebelia: es niWis niSania, imitom rom kargi metaforebis Seqmna msgav-
sebis SeniSvnis tolfasia~. igi ambobda: `Tu saTqmeli Sedgeba metaforebi-
sagan, igi gamocanaa.~
arCeven ubralo metaforas ~mze amovida, ~wvima saxuravze akakunebs~
da mxatvrul metaforas: ,,naxes, mzisa Sesayrelad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa.”
metaforis saxeebia: 1. gapirovneba (<laT. persona _ saxe, pirovneba da
facere _ keTeba) mxatvruli gamosaxvis xerxi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebe-
lia sagnebisa da movlenebisadmi adamianuri Tvisebebis miwera. igi gansxvav-
deba metaforisagan imiT, Tu metaforaSi yvela Tvisebis gadatana SeiZleba
erTi sagnidan meoreze, gapirovnebaSi ki gadatanilia mxolod adamianuri
Tvisebebi. magaliTi qarTuli mxatvruli teqstidan: `dRem daixura pirba-
de, mTebma daxuWes Tvalebi.~
magaliTi germanuli mxatvruli teqstidan: ,,Dahinter miaut die
Küchentür -ukan samzareulos kari wripinebda, dahinter kratzt die Uhr~
(Borchert); (ukan saaTi wripinebda). ~Derr Befehlshaber bellte sein
Kommando~ (Borchert).(meTaurma dayefa(daiRriala) misi brZaneba). Ich
schließe dem Klavier den Rachen~-me fortepianos yels vxurav (Remarque)
2. alegoria (berZn. allegoria —gadakrulad Tqma, gadakrulad naTqvami
sityva- mxatvruli xerxi, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia sxvadas-
xvagvar zneobriv TvisebaTa gansaxiereba konkretul saxeebSi. mag., qalRmer-
Ti Temida, romelsac berZeni da romaeli moqandakeebi gamosaxavdnen axveu-
li TvalebiTa da sasworiT xelSi, samudamod iqca marTlmsajulebis simbo-
lod. stilistikurad asxvaveben saerTo/zogad da individualur alego-
riebs. saerToa iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa germanul enaSi: der
Sensenmann/Freund Heim –(sikvdili). Liesschen Müller –(gulubryviloba).
individualuria alegoriebi, romlebic xSirad mwerlis arCevanzea damoki-
debuli. mag., Ìn Hamburg ist die Nacht nicht wie in anderen Städten-die sanfte
blaue Frau, in Hamburg ist sie grau.~ .~(Borchert)
3. metaforiis erT-erTi saxea sinesTezia (berZn. synaisthēsis TanaSeg-
tropis saxeebi mxatvrul teqstSi 197

rZneba, erTdrouli SegrZeba). igi SeiZleba warmoiSvas garkveul STabeW-
dilebebze, ama Tu im xatovanebis SegrZnebebze. sinesTeziis movlenebi zo-
gierT adamianSi dakavSirebulia cifrebis, musikaluri bgerebis an aso-bge-
rebis da a.S. `gaferadebul~ SegrZnebebze, roca eCvenebaT, rom cifri an
bgera garkveuli ferisaa.
sinesTeziis uamrav magaliTs vxvdebiT yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi, ro-
melic bevr enaSi zusti SesatyvisebiT iTargmneba: dunkle Töne, schreinde,
weiche, kalte, warme Farben; Sdr. qarT. muqi, myvirala, rbili, civi, Tbili
ferebi. magram mwerlebTan gvxdeba e.w. okazionalizmebic. mag., duftende
Stimme -surnelovani xma (haine).
tropebi kategoriebad dayofisasa arCeven: naxtomisebur da mosaz-
Rvre tropebs. roca Semcvleli da Sesanacvlebeli cnebebis Sinaarsobri-
vi sferoebi erTmaneTs scildeba, saqme exeba naxtomisebur tropebs. meta-
fora da ironia naxtomiseburi tropebis sferos miekuTvneba. mag., Er
donnerte den Ball ins Tor _ burTma karSi daiquxa, igulisxmeba: Er schoss
den Ball mit großer Wucht ins Tor _ man mTeli simZlavriT Seagdo karSi
burTi. zmna donnern (daquxeba), ekuTvnis amindis saxeebis Sinaarsobriv
sferos da mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sportis (der Ball- burTi) sferodan.
ironia- faruli, odnav SesamCnevi dacinva- xSirad axlavs metaforul
gamonaTqvamebs. mag., Das organisierte Verbrechen erpresst Schutzgeld von
Einzelhändlern. (organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufi sacalo movaWreebs
dacvis fuls sZalavs). amas aseTi axsna aqvs: fulis Sovna miRwevebis gare-
Se da iZulebis gziT gamoZalvaa. radganac mafia cdilobs, SeZlebisdagva-
rad regularuli wesrigis damcvelad mogvevlinos, gamoyenebaSia cneba
`dacvis fuli~ gamoTqma `dacvis fuli~-is gamoyenebiT erTis mxriv, vaW-
robis asociacia Segveqmneba (fuli dacvis sanacvlod) meores mxriv ki, da-
rajis (damcveli Zala).
metonimia da sinekdoqe mosazRvre tropebia, sadac Zireuli da Senac-
vlebadi, iribi cnebebi Sinaarsobrivad axlosaa erTmaneTTan. metonimia
(berZn. metonimia gadarqmeva, saxelis Secvla) erTi sityvis Senacvleba mas-
Tan logikurad dakavSirebul sityviT ènamokle metoqea enagrZelisa (T. sa-
xokia). nagulisxmevi sityva sxva, masTan realurad kavSirSi myof sityviT
Seicvleba. xSirad amboben avtoris gvars misi nawarmoebis sanacvlod, mag.,
Ich lese Schiller. mTavari gansxvaveba metaforasa da metonimias Soris is aris,
rom metafora cvlis cnebas sruliad sxva sferodan aRebuli cnebiT, maSin
roca, metonimiis dros naTqvamsa da nagulisxmevs Soris mudmivi kavSiria.
marto amis aRiarebac sakmarisia maTi erTmaneTisagan gamijvnisaTvis.
saerTo orivesTvis swored is niSania, rom cvlian Sinaarsobrivad
dacilebul cnebebs. cnebebi Seicaven sxvadasxva asociaciebs (konotaci-
ebs) da, mxolod saWiroebisamebr Seenacvlebian erTmaneTs.
sinekdoqe (berZn. synekdochē `TanwaReba~ `Tangageba~ metonimiis erT-
erTi saxea, roca xdeba zogadis aRmniSvneli sityvis Secvla kerZoobiTis
aRmniSvneliT, mTelis aRmniSvnelisa _ nawilis aRmniSvneliT. igi sti-

listikuri xerxia, romelic yvela saxis teqstSi da maT Soris mxatvrul
teqstSi gvxdeba. sinekdoqe cvlis erT cnebas iseTi meore cnebiT, rome-
lic amavdroulad imave mniSvnelobis velSi Sedis da amiT TviTonvea sit-
yvis nawili. mniSvneloba SeiZleba farTo an viwro gagebiT gamoiyenebodes.
mag., Wir leben alle unter einem Dach (Cven yvela erT Wers qveS vcxovrobT).
aq sityva Dach (Weri) gamoiyeneba rogorc mTliani saxlis an binis Semcvle-
li. analogiuria Dach über den Kopf haben (Tavze Weri aqvs). uamravi aseTi
formulirebebi gvxdeba yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi, roca nagulisxmevi na-
wili gamodis mTelis Semcvlelad. am movlenas laTinurad Pars pro toto
(nawili mTelis magivrad) ewodeba da igi sinekdoqes gansakuTrebuli for-
maa. sinekdoqes Semdegi saxea Totum pro parte (mTeli nawilis nacvlad).
mag., Deutschland begrüßt das Handeln der USA (germania miesalmeba qmede-
bebs aSS -Si) aq miniSnebaa imaze, rom germania saqmianobis raRac meTods
iwonebs. amiT igulisxmeba, rom qveynis mTavroba miesalmeba garkveul qme-
debas. gamodis, rom nawilis adgili mTelma daikava. garda amisa, aq meta-
foris erT-erT saxesTan gvaqvs saqme, kerZod gapirovnebasTan
(Personifikation) radgan, qveyana gulisxmobs adamianebs, romelTac SeuZli-
aT swored mowonebis an ar mowonebis dafiqsireba.
zogjer Zalian Znelia sinekdoqes gamijvna metaforasa da metonimiisa-
gan, radganac metaforac da metonimiac calkeul sityvebs Soris arsebul
msgavs urTierTkavSirebs emyareba. magram maT Soris gansxvavebacaa. metafora
erT cnebas meore cnebiT cvlis. magram sinekdoqesagan gansxvavebiT, es Sem-
cvleli cneba misive semantikur vels ar ekuTvnis, igi arc mTavari da arc
qvecnebaa da arc nagulisxmevi sityvis nawils warmoadgens. mag., Dieses
Wüstenschiff wird uns sicher ans Ziel bringen (sityvasityviT: es udabnos xo-
maldi Cven usafrTxod migviyvans daniSnulebis adgilze). saqme imaSia, rom
Wüstenschiff-Si (udabnos xomaldi) _ igulisxmeba aqlemi, e. i. igi warmoad-
gens metaforas, Tumca aRniSnul cnebas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs TviT aq-
lemTan. es niSnavs, rom erTi sityva Seicvala sxva iseTi sityviT, romelic
ar aris masTan naTesaur kavSirSi- ar ekuTvnian erT da imave semantikur vels
da warmoqmnilia sxva sityvaTa ojaxidan. sxva SemTxvevasTan gveqneba saqme,
Tu winadadebas gadavakeTebT: Diese Höcker werden uns sicher ans Ziel
bringen.~ es kexianebi (kuzianebi) Cven usafrTxod mogviyvans daniSnulebis
adgilze) -es ukve sinekdoqea, radgan aqlemis Höcker (kexi) am cxovelis mxo-
lod erTi nawilia. aqedan gamomdinare, metafora enaTesaveba sityvas, radgan
igi cvlis ZiriTad sityvas sxva cnebiT, magram gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan
im niSniT, rom sinekdoqe mudam erTi da imave cnebaTa velSi Semavali sityvis
Semcvlelis rolSi gvevlineba. mag., Ein kluger Kopf- brZeni ufrosi (Wkviani
Tavi) ein kluger Mensch-Wkviani adamianis- is nacvlad, sadac Mensch (adamia-
ni hiperonimia, xolo Kopf (Tavi) hiponimi (mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli
cnebebi, romlebic mniSvnelobaTa erT ojaxs ekuTvnian)
metonimiac hgavs sinekdoqes. zogjer mas metonimiis erT-erT specia-
lur formadac Tvlian. magram maSinac ki, roca maT Soris erTmaneTSi aR-
tropis saxeebi mxatvrul teqstSi 199

revis motivebi aSkaraa, arsebobs zogierTi niSani, romelic orive cnebas
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs. metonimia gulisxmobs, rom garkveul viTare-
baSi erTi romelime cneba meoreTi icvleba. amavdroulad es Semcvleli
cneba realur damokidebulebaSia imasTan, rasac TviT sakuTriv pirveli
cneba gamoxatavs. mag., Dieses Eisen wird dein Ende sein! (sityvasityviT: es
es rkina Sen bolos mogiRebs!) sityva Eisen (rkina) _ iaraRis Semcvleli
cnebaa, radgan rkinisagan gamoiwrToba iaraRi. arsebobs realuri damoki-
debulebac metonimiasa da TviT pirvelad cnebas Soris. es ar aris damoki-
debuleba nawilsa da mTels Soris, rac sinekdoqes SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
arsebobdes. ra moxdeboda Tu winadadebas gadavakeTebdiT:: ~Diese Klinge
wird dein Ende sein!” (es dana Sen bolos mogiRebs) -es ukve iqneboda sinek-
doqe, radgan Klinge (maxvili, danis piri) TviT aris iaraRis (xmlis) nawi-
li. aqedan aSkaraa, rom metonimiasa da sinekdoqes Soris Zalian mokle man-
Zilia. igi metonimiis gansakuTrebuli saxea. yvelaze mniSvnelovani gan-
sxvaveba ki isaa, rom sinekdoqe yovelTvis nawilsa da mTels Soris damo-
kidebulebas gulisxmobs, xolo metonimia sxva cnebis Semcvlelad gvevli-
neba, romelic masTan (metaforisgan gansxvavebiT) realur damokidebuleba-
Sia. sinekdoqes mTelsa da nawils Soris damokidebuleba (Pars pro toto
und Totum pro parte), ase SeiZleba warmovidginoT:
Wir müssen uns unter vier Augen unterhalten- (sityvasityviT: oTx
Tvals Soris unda visaubroT), e.i. pirispir unda visaubroT, oTxi Tvali
cvlis pirovnebebs- igulisxmeba ori adamiani.
Unser täglich Brot gib uns heute… puri Cveni arsobisa mogvec Cven dRes
(puri- sakvebis magivrad)
Er machte sich mit Kind und Kegel aus dem Staub. dedabudianad gauCi-
narda (idioma Kind und Kegel -cvlis ojaxs).
amrigad, tropi gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT xmarebuli yvela sityva da

winadadebaa, romelic sityvas xdis poeturs, metyvelebas eqspresiuls da
azrs mravalferovans. tropis yvela saxeebi: metafora, metonimia, Sedare-
ba da sxv. Tavdapirvelad gamoiyeneboda leqsikis msgavsad, magram Semdeg
iqca mxatvruli nawarmoebis samkaulad.
sinekdoqe stilistikuri xer xia, romelic cvlis sityvas imave cneba-
Ta velSi Semavali cnebiT. amiT igi hgavs metaforas da metonimias, magram
metaforisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, maSin roca sazRvrebi metonimiasa da
sinekdoqes Soris pirobiTia.
rogorc metaforebs da metonimiebs, ise sinekdoqebs SeuZliaT siste-
matiuri cvlileba. isini emsgavsebian erTmaneTs, magram gansxvavdebian er-
TmaneTisagan calkeulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSniT.
Cven vcadeT gagverkvia maTi Tavisebureba, maTi mniSvneloba da roli
mxatvrul teqstSi germanuli enis bazaze da, sakuTriv, qarTuli mxat-
vruli teqstSic, radgan tropis am saxeebis urTierTmimarTeba da naTesau-
ri kavSirebi analogiuria yvela enebSi.

literatura
aristotele 1959 ,,poetika”.

aristotele- Аристотель, `О душе~ VIII, 431b 30
aruTinova 1908: Арутюнова Н. Д. Метафора и Дискурс. В книге `Теория
Метафоры~, `Прогресс~
kolmeri da rob-santeri 2002: Lothar Kolmer / Carmen Rob-Santer:
Studienbuch Rhetorik, Paderborn ISBN 3-506-97017-8
lakofi da jonsoni 1998: Lakoff, George/ Johnson Mark/: Leben in
Metaphern. Konstruktion und Gebrauch von Sprachbildern, Heidelberg
Tedo saxokia 2012: qarTuli andazebi. Tbilisi
ruveti 1983: Nicolas Ruwet: Synekdochen und Metonymien,In:Anselm
Haverkamp(Hrsg.): Theorie der Metapher, Darmstadt S. 253-282
(Übersetzung aus dem Frz.)
N. Stambolishvili, A. Abuseridze, N. Bakhtadze
Types of Tropes in Literary Texts
Feature specificity of language function is to live the fiction, artistic and

emotional contrast elevate imagine.
The language is characterized by a diversity that is mainly based on the
representation of an object or event. Imagination is based on shifting the meaning
of the words used, which we consider as a trope. The main types of trope:
metaphor, metonimia, synecdoche _ which serves the speaker's emotions, his
desires, thoughts and feelings in a manner of expression, or to enhance the
impression of the statements seem more relaxed.
Our goal is to find out the rhetorical trope _ a metaphor, and synecdoche
metonimia similarity and to isolate the motives; And their role in the artistic
features of the text and on the basis of the German language, as Georgian
correspondences, since these types of relationship between trope and kinship ties
are similar in all languages.
natalia surgulaZe
kinetikuri da somatizmebiT
motivirebuli
frazeologizmebis
SepirispirebiTi kvleva
frangul da qarTul enebSi
idiomebis motivirebas safuZvlad

udevs ara marto metyvelebis xatovani saxe-
ebi, aramed sxva saSualebebic, romlebic
pirdapir ar aris dakavSirebuli xatovan ga-
daazrebasTan. erT-erTi aseTi saSualebaTa-
gania simbolizacia.
enobrivi simbolos specifika enobrivi
niSnis motivaciaa, romelic dakavSirebulia
ara marto mniSvnelobis gadatanasTan, ro-
gorc es tropebs axasiaTebs, aramed samyaros
suraTTan, fonur codnasTan da pragmatikas-
Tan, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT.
kinetikuri da somaturi idiomatikis
safuZvelze SevecdebiT warmovadginoT enaSi
mimdinare frazeologizaciis rTuli proce-
si, dakavSirebuli rogorc denotatis sim-
bolizaciasTan, aseve metaforasTan.
I. kinetikuri idiomebi frangul enaSi

termins kinetikuri frazeologia vu-
wodebT idiomebs, romelTa motivirebas sa-
fuZvlad udevs erTi mxriv Jestis aRwera,
xolo meore mxriv, Sinagani organoebisa da
sxeulis nawilebis reaqcia garesametyvelo
da arasametyvelo gamRizianeblebze. vey-
rdnobiT ra aq r. iakobsonis cnobil gamo-
naTqvams, rom ,,samyaroSi momxdari yvela
movlena SeiZleba sityvierad gadmoices, ami-
202 natalia surgulaZe

tom mxedvelobaSi viRebT ganvlil frazeologizaciis process, verbali-
zebul Jestebs da Sinagani organoebis reaqciebs gare gamRizianeblebze~
(Cerdanceva 1988: 86).
Jestebis safuZvelze motivirebuli idiomebis Taviseburebebi swored
maTi sityvieri aRweraa da amasTanave masTan dakavSirebuli simbolikac, ro-
melic TiTqmis arasdros emTxveva Tavad Jestis pirvelad simbolikas.
Jestebi, principSi, yovelTvis simboluria, Tumca rodesac Jesti ver-
baluri xdeba (sityvierdeba), is ufro xSirad ganicdis frazeologizaci-
as. rogorc Cans, es imitom xdeba, rom sayrdeni komponentebi, romlebic mo-
nawileobs Jestis aRweraSi, kerZod, sxeulis garkveuli nawili, garkveuli
organo) erTnairad aRiqmebian enis yvela matareblis mier maTi sawyisi mniS-
vnelobebiT, Tavad Jesti ki aRiqmeba araerTmniSvnelovnad. simbolizacia ki
ufro xSirad moiTxovs erTmniSvnelovnebas, romelic upirvelesad miiRwe-
va frazeologizaciis saSualebiT. xdeba erTgvari `xelSekrulebis dadeba~
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Jesti gulze an `mucelze dawyobili xelebi~
(`gulxeldakrefili~) (`Les mains croisées~) frangul da qarTul socium-
Si vlindeba maSin, rodesac adamianma ubralod ar icis, sad waiRos xelebi,
xolo frazeologizirebul SesityvebaSi Jesti `gulxeldakrefili~ Se-
saZlebelia niSnavdes raimes gakeTebis survilis arqonas, usaqmurobas an
piriqiT, Sromis Semdeg dasvenebas. amave Jestma SeiZleba gamoxatos raime
saqmis gakeTebis ganxorcielebis ususuroba.
kinetikur frazeologias miakuTvneben ara marto frazeologizebul
Jestebs, aramed gare gamRizianeblebiT gamowveul Sinagan organoTa reaqci-
ebsac, aseve grimasebs, Tvalebis gamometyvelebas da a.S. aseTi midgoma gamo-
xatavs mis mimarT im Sexedulebas, rom misi funqcionireba ormxrivi komuni-
kaciuri procesis matarebelia.
situaciis orive monawiles, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu romeli enob-
rivi sociumis warmomadgenlebi arian, Tavisi organizmis SesaZleblobebis,
upirvelesad ki Sinagani procesebis garegnuli gamoxatvis Sesaxeb garkveu-
li fonuri codna aqvT, romlebic dakavSirebulia gare gamRizianeblebze,
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maT garkveuli simbolika gaaCniaT, Tumca araerTnai-
rad gamoxatuli.
sakuTari SegrZnebebis gamoxatvisas, adamianebi ar miiCneven TavianT
organizms erTgvar manqanad, romelic Tavisi funqciis `medan~ abstrahirde-
ba, amitomac sakuTar Tavze saubrisas, isini cal-calke organoebs im fun-
qciebs ki ar miaweren, romelsac isini asruleben, aramed garkveuli doziT
im qmedebebs, romelTac TviTon miakuTvneben (Cerdanceva 1988: 89).
amasTan dakavSirebiT aucileblad rTuldeba urTierTgageba da ikve-
Teba frazeologizaciis warmomqmneli sistemis meqanizmi, e. i. motivirebu-
li Jestebis safuZvelze warmoiqmneba idiomebi, organoTa reaqciebi, ro-
melTac gare gamRizianeblebi iwveven. unda aRiniSnos, rom verbalizaciis
dros aRiwereba Jesti da gansakuTrebiT, Sinagani organoebis reaqciebi, rac
SesaZlebelia Zalze miaxloebiTi iyos. frazeologizaciis procesi gan-
kinetikuri da somatizmebiT motivirebuli frazeologizmebis SepirispirebiTi kvleva... 203

sxvavdeba verbalizaciisagan upirvelesad imiT, rom frazeologiur erTe-
ulsa da verbalur Jests, anu gare gamRizianeblis reaqcias Soris pirdapi-
ri kavSiri ikargeba, e.i. ikargeba denotati, mxolod simbolo xdeba saerTo.
amasTanave simbolo gamoixateba sityva-niSnebiT an sityvaTSexamebiT, igi Ta-
visi arsiT niSnis niSnad gvevlineba. `kinetikuri idiomatika~ moicva ànima-
listurma somatizmebma~, romelTa saSualebiT sainteresod gaiSala meta-
forizaciisa da (enobrivi simbolikis) simbolizaciis procesi frangul da
qarTul enebSi.
Jestebis safuZvelze motivirebuli ànimalisturi somatomebi~

frangul enaSi miuTiTeben:
a) Sinagan Tvisebaze: Montrer patte blanche (TeTri TaTis Cveneba) _ pi-
robiTi niSnis micema, raTa gza gauxsnan sadme (momdinareobs zRapridan
mgelsa da kravze) _ keTilsaimedo, loialuri adamiani; an fizikur mdgo-
mareobaze: Ne battre plus que d’une patte (cali TaTiT cema) _ ilajgamoc-
lili; Trainer de l‘aile (frTis Treva) – moqancva, araqaTis gamocla;
b) sxvadasxva saxis moqmedebaze, kerZod, fizikuri Seuracxyofa; coller
/planquer un pain sur la gueule à qn (puris saxeSi srola) _ silis gawvna,
gartyma; carder le poil de qn (vinmes balnis CeCa) _ mibegva; casser les pattes à
qn (TaTebis momtvreva) _ zianis miyeneba; faire des pattes d‘araignée (obobas
sacecebis gakeTeba) _ Ritini, Rutuni; attraper par la peau du dos (zurgis
tyavSi xelis wavleba) _ qeCoSi Cavleba; tanner la peau (tyavis Trimlva) _
cema-tyepa; mésurer leurs (brWyalebis azomva-gazomva) _ Zalebis mosinjva;
souffler au poil de qn (vinmes bewvze sulis berva) _ visime xelisgulze ta-
reba; faire peau de tambour (dolis tyavis gakeTeba) _ Cxirkedelaoba (bi-
bileiSvili 2010: 401, 403, 425-426).
mimikebis safuZvelze motivirebuli idiomebi miuTiTeben:

a) sxvadasxva tipis moqmedebaze: pincer le bec _ tuCebis mopruwva, ga-
butva, gafxorva; Faire le bec à qn (niskartis gakeTeba) _ pranWva-grexa;
donner du bec (niskartis miSvera) _ kocna, ambori; claquer du bec (niskar-
tis wkapuni) _ SimSilisagan kbilebis wakwaki;
b) saxis gamometyvelebis Secvlaze: avoir le bec de travers (moRrecili
niskartis qona) _ saxis moRreca.
g) Taire son bec _ ena daeba, ena gadaylapa, ena mucelSi Cauvarda
d) Tomber sur un bec – usiamovnebas gadaeyara, xaTabalaSi gaexvia.
e) Donner du bec et de l’aile- yvela Rones xmarobs, Tavs ar izogavs, tya-
vidan Zvreba(bibileiSvili 2010: 50-51).
II. kinetikuri idiomebi qarTul enaSi
qarTulSic imave somatizmebiT motivirebuli idiomebi SeviswavleT,

magram frangulisagan gansxvavebiT aq `kinetikuri frazeologia~ warmodge-
204 natalia surgulaZe

nilia mxolod Jestebis safuZvelze motivirebuli idiomebiT, romelTa
birTvs realia `kudi~ warmoadgens da aRniSnavs sxvadasxva xasiaTis moqme-
debas; `kudis qneva~ pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT niSnavs kudis mimoxvras aqeT-
iqiT, rodesac ZaRli an kata adamianisagan saWmels moelis, kuds aqnevs
xolme da amiT gamoxatavs Tavis alerss. adamianSi pirutyvis aseTi moqceva
aRZravs guluxvobasa da misTvis yvelafers gaametebinebs. aqedan gamomdina-
re, `kudis qneva~ iqca alersis, moferebis, gaiZverobisa da TvalTmaqcobis
simbolod. `kudis moqneva~ , romlis pirdapiri mniSvnelobaa kudis momar-
Tva dasartymelad, cud, arasasiamovno saqmis Cadenas gulisxmobs; damorCi-
leba, daWera da daufleba moiazreba idiomSi `kudSi xelis wavleba~. mZime
sasjelis simbolod SegviZlia CavTvaloT `kudiT dabma,~ vinaidan kudiT
dabmuls ar SeuZlia aiwyvitos. aranaklebi agresia igrZnoba idiomSi `ku-
diT daWera~ , rac vinmes Sepyrobasa da argamoSvebas niSnavs. `kudiT qva as-
rolina~ _ ese igi Zalzed SeaSina, gaaqcia. `kudze fexi ar damadga~ _ ve-
ras mavneb, veras damakleb, tyuilad memuqrebi. `kudi ver amiwevia~ _ metad
beberi var, davsustdi, Zal-Rone gamomelia (saxokia 1954: I t. 216-220).
Sinagan mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs Semdegi idiomi `bewvis aSla~ _ gab-
razeba, an arasasiamovno ambis gagebaze dadebiTi an uaryofiTi emociis Seg-
rZneba(saxokia 1954: I t. 33). fizikuri angariSsworeba moiazreba idiomSi
`zurgze tyavis aZroba~ , fizikur mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs `tyavi gaWi-
ma~(an fexi gaWima) (saxokia 1954: II t. 166-167) anu mokvda, xolo realia
`klanWi~ _ warTmevis, motacebisa da xelSi Cagdebis simbolod warmogvid-
geba idiomSi `klanWis gamokvra~(saxokia 1954: I t. 212). .
uaryofiTi konotaciuri mniSvnelobebis sapirispirod Segvxvda idio-
mebi dadebiTi konotaciuri mniSvnelobiTac: `TiTze Sewva qaTmisa~ da `ku-
dis aweva~. pirvel SemTxvevaSi nagulisxmevia adamiani, romelic yvela Ro-
nes ixmars vinmes saameblad, amdenad is Tavdauzogvelobis simboloa, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi ki dasustebuli, davrdomili adamiania mxedvelobaSi,
romelsac daxmareba sWirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, `kudis aweva~ an `kudi
avuwioT~ _ Svela-daxmarebis simbolod SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
amgvarad, Seswavlili empiriuli masalis analizis safuZvelze ganvi-
xileT Semdegi cxovelTa somatizmebiT motivirebuli idiomebi: frangul-
Si -niskarti, tyavi, bewvi da TaTi, xolo qarTul enaSi: kudi, bewvi, klanWi
da tyavi.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kinetikuri da somatizmebiT motivirebuli
idiomebi orive enaSi ufro uaryofiT konotacias gamoxataven, vidre _ da-
debiTs.
kinetikuri da somatizmebiT motivirebuli frazeologizmebis SepirispirebiTi kvleva... 205

literatura:
arzamasceva 2009: Арзамасцева И. В, СЕМИОТИКА(учебное пособие):

http://venec.ulstu.ru/lib/disk/2009/Arzamasceva.pdf
bibileiSvili 2010: bibileiSvili c., daraSvili l., gaCava r. frangul-qar-
Tuli frazeologiuri leqsikoni. Tbilisi, gam-ba `diogene.~
Telia 1988: Телия В.Н. Метафоризация и её роль в создании языковой
картины мира. Глава из книги: Роль человеческого фактора в языке.
Язык и картина мира. М. C. 173-204
saxokia 1954: saxokia T. qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani I-II t. Tbilisi,
saxelgami.
Cerdanceva 1988: Черданцева Т.З. Метафора и символ. М.,Наука.
N. Sourgouladze
Contrastive Research of Kinetically and Somatically Motivated

Phraseological Units in French and Georgian Languages
The aim of this paper is to discuss the lexical structure of phraseologisms

in the French and Georgian languages. Method of functional and semiotic
analysis allows us to investigate motivated idioms based on somatisms and
gestures in the paradigmatic and syntagmatic, inner and outer relations in the
conceptual field.
Motivation of idioms is based not only on figurative speech but on other
means as well, which are not directly related to the figurative interpretation. One
of the means is symbolizing. The specifics of the language symbol are
conditioned by motivation of linguistic sign, which is related not only to the
transfer of meaning, like tropes, but with the picture of the world, the
background knowledge and pragmatics, in a broader sense.
nana tonia

teqstiT TamaSi, rogorc

semiotikuri fenomeni

Tanamedrove samyaroSi mxatvruli qmni-

lebis Sefaseba xdeba SemoqmedebiTi xelovne-
bis axleburi specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. Se-
moqmedebiTi niWi, rogori mZlavric ar unda
iyos igi, mudam aris dakavSirebuli sakuTari
xelovnebis teqnikur warsulTan. am warsu-
lis Seswavlisa da gaazrebis xarisxi garkve-
ulwilad ganapirobebs kidec niWierebis do-
nes. Tanamedrove Semoqmedis individualizmi
upiratesad mis mier SerCeuli meTodis ori-
ginalobiT ganisazRvreba, rac gulisxmobs im
skolis meTodis srulyofas, romelTanac Ta-
vad Semoqmedia dakavSirebuli. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, Semoqmedma, imitom rom iRvawos mis mi-
er arCeuli gzis meTodis srulyofiT, unda
icodes, codna ki Tavis marwuxebSi aqcevs Se-
moqmedebiT fantazias. ase rom, Tanamedrove
xelovani misda uneburad xvdeba winaaRmdego-
baTa sabediswero wreSi: xelovnebaTa teqni-
kuri evolucia mas imorCilebs, warsulis
teqnikur meTodTa gamocdileba ki garkveuli
codniT aRWurvavs, codna TavisTavad mecnie-
rebaa. am logikas Tu mivyvebiT, unda vaRia-
roT, rom teqnikuri progresi xelovnebas
sul ufro metad aaxlovebs mecnierebasTan.
magram mecniereba ver iarsebebda Semoqmedebi-
Ti procesis gareSe, rameTu mxatvruli Se-
moqmedeba Tavad qmnis Semecnebis obieqtebs.
rodesac vcdilobT, SemoqmedebiTi
procesi CavtioT xelovnebis romelime ar-
sebul formaSi, Cven mas meTodis tyveobi-
saTvis vwiravT. magram rodesac xelovans
teqstiT TamaSi – rogorc semiotikuri fenomeni 207
surs axali sityva Tqvas mis mier arCeul SemoqmedebiT gzaze, misi
SemoqmedebiTi meTodi ukidures individualizaciamde midis. es uki-
duresoba SemoqmedebiT miznad iqceva, rasac sabolood xelovnebis
formaTa daSla sdevs Tan.
xelovnebis formaTa kristalizacia antikur samyaroSi dasrulda.
klasikuri xelovnebisTvis niSandoblivi iyo formisa da Sinaarsis har-
monia. Tanamedrove xelovnebis niSandobliv Tvisebad iqca ara formisa
da Sinaarsis harmoniulobis miRweva, aramed sulier ZvraTa siRrmiseul
simboloTa aRmoCena, rac mkiTxvels mravalgvari interpretaciis saSua-
lebas aZlevs. magram es mkiTxveli saTanado codniT unda iyos aRWurvi-
li, raTa man SeZlos avtoriseuli simboloebiT esTetikuri siamovnebis
miRebac. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom esTetizmis gancda TandaTanobiT ad-
gils uTmobs filosofiur Wvretas, rac `mxatvruli qmnilebis~ amave
saxelwodebaSi odiTgan dakanonebul daniSnulebas Crdilavs.
warmosaxvis meTodis es cvlileba dakavSirebulia Semecnebis Teo-
riis im TvisebasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac maradiul drosTan mimarTebiT
Semecnebis SesaZlebloba matulobs. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove xe-
lovnebam `maradiulis~ xedvis funqcia gamokveTa da scada amiT dapi-
rispireboda klasikur xelovnebas. am dapirispirebam siRrmiseuli Zie-
bebiTa da simboloebiT datvirTa poeturi saxeebi, romlebic ukve nak-
lebad arian esTetikuri gancdis matarebelni, isini Semecnebis meTodad
iqcnen. da Tu es asea, maT niSandobliv Tvisebad gamoikveTa ara mSvenie-
rebis gancdis aRZvra, aramed cxovrebiseul movlenebSi maTi arqetipu-
li saxeebis danaxva. Tanamedrove samyaro informaciis samyaroa, rome-
lic emsaxureba Tanamedrove xelovnebis demokratiulobas, rac klasi-
kuri xelovnebis artistokratizms esTetizmis saburvels aclis. Cven
postmodernizmis epoqaSi vcxovrobT da gvsurs es Tu ar gvsurs am
epoqis principebs vemorCilebiT. postmodernizmis TeoretikosTa nar-
kvevebSi am mimarTulebis cnobierebis aRmoceneba dakavSirebulia adre
arsebul RirebulebaTa rwmenis krizisTan da àvtoritetTa krizisad~
aris saxeldebuli. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am TeoretikosTa
argumentaciebSi pirvel adgilze ikveTeba mecnieruli determinizmis,
rogorc umTavresi principis kraxi, im determinizmisa, romlis safuZ-
velzec sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebma Seqmnes iseTi samyaros suraTi,
sadac dominirebda bunebriv, sazogadoebriv da fsiqikur movlenaTa sa-
yovelTao materialur-mizezobrivi aucileblobiT ganpirobebulobis
idea. determinizmis principis uaryofasTan erTad postmodernizmisa
da poststruqturalizmis Teoretikosebma win wamoswies dasavleTev-
ropuli racionalizmis tradiciebis kritikac.
postmodernistuli azri mivida im daskvnamde, rom yvelaferi,
rasac aRviqvamT arsebulad, sinamdvileSi mxolod warmodgenaa mis Se-
saxeb, imavdroulad damokidebuli im Tvalsazrisze, romelsac Tavad
irCevs damkvirvebeli, xolo am Tvalsazrisis Secvla iwvevs arsebul-
208 nana tonia
ze warmodgenis kardinalur Secvlas. anu adamianis aRqma gansazRvru-

lia `multiperspeqtivizmiT~, sinamdvilis mudmivi cvalebadobiT, ro-
melic ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom SevimecnoT misi WeSmariti ar-
si _ misi kanonzomierebani da Zireuli niSnebi.
ase rom, postmodernistuli epistemes umTavres maxasiaTeblad is-
torizmisa da determinizmis uaryofa saxeldeba. mis TeoretikosTa (J.
derida, m. fuko, r. barti da sxva) poziciebis gansxvavebulobis miuxe-
davad, am mimarTulebas erTi safuZveli gaaCnia: es aris samyaros qaosu-
robisa da Seucnoblobis aRiareba. aqedan gamomdinare ki dasabuTeba imi-
sa, rom `samyaro decentrirebulia~, romlis mimarTac adamianebs gaaCniaT
èpistemologiuri da ontologiuri orWofoba~ (Bertens 1986:28)
istoriuli progresis iracionaluri xasiaTis Tema erTob misaRebi
aRmoCnda gasuli saukunis bolo periodis moazrovneebisaTvis, romlebic
Tavs postmodernistebsa da memarcxene dekonstruqtivistebs uwodebdnen.
panenobrivma da panteqstualurma poziciam poststruqturalistebisam,
romelTac adamianuri azrovneba dahyavdaT daweril teqstamde (imavdro-
ulad literaturas, kulturas, sazogadoebas da istoriasac isini uwo-
debdnen teqsts) ganapiroba maT mier pirovnebis subieqturi suverenite-
tis kritika, ramac warmoSva mravali koncefcia. ase magaliTad: `subieq-
tis sikvdili~ Tavisi kulturuli tradiciis diad interteqstSi aTqve-
fili `cnobieris teqstiT~. komunikaciurobis poststruqturalistebis
mier SemuSavebuli kritika ZiriTadad efuZneboda teqstis adekvaturad
gagebisa Tu zusti interpretirebis SeuZleblobis gamovlinebas. buneb-
rivia, am debulebis dasamtkiceblad poststruqturalistebi mimarTav-
dnen iseT avtorebs, rogorebic iyvnen rembo, lotreamoni, rob-griie,
joisi da sxva iseTi Semoqmedebi, romlebTanac dominirebda azrobrivi
gaugebroba, orazrovneba, interpretaciis mravalferovnebis SesaZleblo-
ba. swored aqedan momdinareobs deridas azri, romelic dekonstruqti-
vistebis ZiriTad Tezisad iqca: `SeuZlebelia teqstis adekvaturi azris
dadgena~ (Derrida 1972:256‐271)
literaturuli teqstisadmi amgvari midgomiT dekonstruqtiviste-
bi ganaqiqebdnen im `gulubryvilo mkiTxvelebis~ praqtikas, romlebic
lamobdnen mxatvrul nawarmoebSi aRmoeCinaT ararsebuli erTiani obieq-
turi azri. amerikeli mecnieri jozef mileri aRniSnavda, rom teqstis
kiTxva mkiTxvels subieqtur interpretaciaSi iTrevs. yoveli mkiTxveli
wasakiTx masalas Tavisi azrovnebis gansazRvrul sqemaSi aTavsebs. iSve-
liebda ra nicSes, mileri askvnida, rom `nebismieri teqstis mravalgvari
interpretaciis arseboba maCvenebelia imisa, rom wakiTxva arasodes aris
azris mignebis obieqturi procesi, aramed es aris azris Cagdebis pro-
cesi teqstSi, romelsac TavisTavad, SesaZloa, arc gaaCnia azri~ (Miller
1972:9‐12). amitom mileri da misi mimdevrebi `kritikos-mkiTxvels~ sTa-
vazoben gaacnobieros, rom arsebobs àqtiuri interpretaciis Tavisufa-
li TamaSi~, romelic paninteleqtualobis konvenciis CarCoebiT anu da-
savleTis kulturis werilobiTi tradiciiT aris gansazRvruli da rac
kritikoss SesaZlo mniSvnelobaTa ùZiro morevSi~ iTrevs.
dekonstruqtivistebis am mimdinareobas ramdenime skola gamoeyo.
maT Soris mniSvnelovania memarcxene dekonstruqtivistebis skola,
romlisTvisac miuRebeli aRmoCnda ielis manifestis apolitikuri da
aistoriuli modusi, misi SemosazRvruloba mxolod literaturiT da
misi gausvleloba romelime kulturologiur konteqstze, misi orien-
tacia mxolod romantizmisa da modernizmis literaturaze. memarcxene
dekonstruqtivistebi literaturis interteqstualobis postulatze
dayrdnobiT literaturul teqsts ganixilaven `sayovelTao kulturu-
li diskursis~ farTo konteqstSi religiuri, politikuri da ekono-
mikuri diskursebis TanxlebiT, rac qmnis e.w. `socialur teqsts~.
XX saukunis literaturul kritikaSi gamoikveTa poeziis axali
koncefcia da igi aRqmuli iqna rogorc codna (Poetry as knowledge),
rogorc mecnieruli Semecnebisgan gansxvavebuli specifikuri forma. am
konceftualuri Teoriis mimdevarTa azriT, xelovnebani da mecniereba-
ni erTi da igive cdis gansxvavebuli, damoukidebeli da tolfasi ka-
tegoriebi arian. poeziiT miRebuli cdona da gamocdileba unikaluria.
t. s. elioti, rodesac msjelobda `msoflaRqmis erTianobis~ sakiTxeb-
ze, aRniSnavda, rom poezia emociisa da azris erTianobaa. k. bruksi
sxvaobas mecnierebasa da poezias Soris enis doneze ganixilavda. misi
azriT, mecnierebis e.w. `referentuli~ ena abstraqtulia gansxvavebiT
poeziis emociuri enisagan, romelic datvirTulia mniSvnelobaTa dama-
tebiTi simravliT. wignSi `natifad naZerwi urna~ (1947 w.) bruksi
werda: `mecnierebis ena es abstraqtul simboloTa enaa, romelic ar
icvleba konteqstis semantikuri wnexis qveS. mecnieruli terminebi
zusti (an sizustisaken mswrafi) niSnebi arian, romelTa mniSvnelobe-
bic dadgenilia windawin. ar aris saWiro maTi gacudeba axali mniSvne-
lobebis miniWebiT... poetma ki sityva unda gaiazros ara calkeuli,
gankerZoebuli, damoukidebeli gagebiT, aramed mTeli misi potenciiT,
mniSvnelobaTa simravliT...~ (gv. 219). bruksis azriT, mecnieris mier
gaanalizebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba gansxvavdeba amave gamocdi-
lebis poeturi gaazrebisgan. poets moeTxoveba misi ganzogadeba, ise
warmodgena, rom yoveli CvenganisTvis axlobeli da mniSvnelovani gaxa-
dos. WeSmarit poets SeuZlia gagvinaTos goneba ise, rom Cveni msof-
laRqmis erTianoba ar daarRvios, imavdroulad daamarcxos Cveni cno-
bierebis urTierTdapirispirebuli elementebi maTTvis axali erTiano-
bis miniWebiT. k. bruksis, rogorc e.w. àxali kritikis~ (New criticism
– umniSvnelovaniesi skola XX saukunis anglo-amerikul literatu-
raTmcodneobaSi) Teoretikosis damsaxurebad iTvleba is, rom man wina
planze wamoswia poeturi xelovnebis SemoqmedebiTi funqcia.
poeturi Semoqmedebis formulireba literaturuli kritikis yve-
la skolam scada. Tu Rrmad CavukvirdebiT, isini TiTqmis imeoreben
210 nana tonia
erTmaneTs ama Tu im niuansis wina planze wamoweviT. ase magaliTad, j.

k. rensomi saubrobda poetur SemoqmedebaSi Teoriul koncefciaTa sa-
xeobrivi realizaciis Taobaze. poeturi energia, misi azriT, muSaobs
erTdroulad orTave ganzomilebaSi; Teoriulsa da poeturSi (Rensom
1941: 125). a. teiti miiCnevda, rom namdvili poezia aris codnis is
forma, romelsac Cven uwin ar vflobdiT (Tate 1948: 132). j. a. riCar-
dsis wamodgeniT, poetis goneba drodadro ise Rrmad ganicdis realo-
bas, rom bunebas arsebuli realobis simbolod miiCnevs. poetis goneba
Tavad qmnis kidec realobas, romelSic aTavsebs Tavissave grZnobebs,
aRmafrenas, faseulobebs, rac mecneirul aRmoCenaTa msgavsad ar eqvem-
debareba versifikacias. es sulac ar amcirebs poeturi naRvawis Semec-
nebiT mniSvnelobas. `poezia, – askvnida j. a. riCardsi, – aris azris
gamoTqmis srulyofili forma~ (Richards 1925: 225).
leqsis Txzvis xelovnebaSi, cxadia, moiazreba Txzvis specifikuri
principi, Sinaarsobrivi formis Taviseburi kanoni, romelic gansaz-
Rvravs siuJetis, kompoziciis, mxatvruli enisa da Tavad bgeriTi Se-
satyvisobebis niuansebs. magram es zogadi gansazRvra bevrs arafers
xsnis, ufro metic, mas SeuZlia SecdomaSic Segviyvanos.
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis yuradRebas ipyrobs e.w. figuruli poezia, gra-
fikul-surTovani leqsebis Seqmnis tradicia, romelic elinisturi xani-
dan iRebs dasabams. mis fuZemdeblad miiCneven simias rodosels, rome-
lic Zv.w. 300 wlis maxlobel xanebSi moRvaweobda. gadmocemaTa Tanax-
mad, igi mravalricxovani seriozuli Txzulebis avtori yofila, Tumca
maTgan istorias SemorCa sami eqsperimentul-gasarTobi xasiaTis leqsiT,
romelic Semogvinaxa berZnuli epigramebis krebulma (Anthologia Palatina).
iyo Tu ara simiasi e.w. figurul leqsTa gamomgonebeli, dazustebiT
amis Tqma SeuZlebelia, Tumca mimdevrebi ki mravlad aRmoaCnda rogorc
antikur, ise mTeli Semdgomi epoqebis poeziaSi (gordeziani 2016:245).
figuruli leqsebis aRsaqmelad saWiroa ramdenime komponentis
gaTvaliswineba: a) upirveles yovlisa, es aris poeturi qmnileba, met-
rulad gamarTuli, poeturi gamosaxvis saSualebebiTY warmodgenili
saleqso striqonebis erTianoba; b) es poeturi qmnileba winaswar ga-
miznul grafiks eqvemdebareba, rac teqnologiuri xasaiTis ostatobas
moiTxovs; g) es poeturi qmnileba xSirad `Tavsatexs~ warmoadgens da
mkiTxvels pasuxis mZebnelis rols sTavazobs. dameTanxmebiT, yovelive
amis srulyofilad Targmna, rbilad rom vTqvaT, urTulesia da mTar-
gmnelisagan mravalmxriv codnasa da ostatobas moiTxovs. am SemTxveva-
Si namdvilad gasaziarebelia dekonstruqtivistTa e.w. ielis skolis
manifesti, romelmac ganaviTara semiotikuri filosofiis umniSvnelo-
vanesi figuris deridas mier wamoyenebuli Teza literaturuli teq-
stis sworad gaazrebisa da zustad Targmnis SeuZleblobis Taobaze.
literatura
gordeziani 2016: rismag gordeziani, innovacia, formalizmi, avangardi

antikur literaturaSi; Tb.
Bertens 1986: N. Bertens, The postmodern Weltanschauung and its relation with
modernism // Approaching postmodernism: Papers pres. at a
Workshop on postmodernism, 21-23 Sept. 1984. Univ. of Utrecht /
Ed. by Fokkema D. W., Bertens N.; Amsterdam, Philadelphia
Derrida 1972: J. Derrida, Structure, sign and play in the discourse of the
human sciences // The structuralist controvercy / Ed. by Masksey
R., Donato E.; Baltimore
Miller 1972: J. H. Miller, Tradition and difference, rev. of M. H. Abrams,
`Natural supernaturalism~ // Diacritics; (N. Y.) Baltimore, Vol. 2.
№ 2, p. 9-12.
Ransom 1941: J. C. Ransom, The new criticism; Norfolk
Richards 1925: J. A. Richards, Principles of literary criticism; N.Y.
Tate1948: A. Tate, On the limits of poetry: Selected essays, 1928-1948; N.Y.
Nana Tonia
Text Game as a Semiotic Phenomenon
Since ancient times, literary criticism has gone through many stages. For
quite a while, up until Martin Heidegger and C. Lévi-Strauss, Western
metaphysical thought had been dominated by the logocentric tradition stemming
from the ideas of Plato and Aristotle. On its quest for the teleological truth, this
tradition sought to see an organized system – a structure and the roots of thinking
– in anything human thought could fathom.
More recently, a number of models of text analysis have emerged that
essentially oppose the idea of structuralism. One of the most popular among them is
the so called Yale School of deconstructionists which has developed the thesis put
forward by Jacques Derrida, a prominent figure in semiotic philosophy, on the
impossibility of accurate interpretation and translation of a literary text.
The Deconstructionists endeavor to prove that all systems of artistic
thinking are typically defined by "rhetorical" and "metaphysical" nature.
According to them, every system that entails certain ideological implications is a
reader-oriented "ideological strategy", "rhetoric of persuasion," and claims to be
the foundation for true axioms. Rather than ignoring the fundamental truths
characteristic of every historic period and recorded in artistic texts of pertinent
epochs, Deconstructionism seeks to reveal the internal contradiction of axiomatic
systems persisting on the linguistic level and outline a way to approximate their
meaning to the original text and thus achieve their translatability. However, there
are texts the effective translation of which is basically impossible.
mamia faRava
saxeldebis sakiTxisaTvis
toponimebSi
toponimias ,,miwis enasac~ uwodeben,

ramdenadac geografiuli saxelebi ,,mogviT-
xroben~ aq mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb, aqaur mcena-
reTa safarze, faunaze, geologiur da kli-
matur pirobebze... Cveni mizania sworad ,,
wavikiTxoT~ es moTxrobebi. mkvlevrebi Tan-
xmdebian, rom yoveli toponimi garkveuli
niSniT axasiaTebs geografiul punqts,
sxvagvarad, saxeldebisas saxelmdeblebi iT-
valiswinebdnen konkretuli adgilisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel konkretul niSans. droTa
ganmavlobaSi daviwyebas eZleva es niSani
(SesaZlebelia, ,,daviwyebis~ mizezi adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleobis cvlac iyos) da geog-
rafiuli saxeli iqceva adgilis saxel-sim-
bolod, droSi icvleba sageografio saxe-
lis fonetikuri saxe, Sedegad, sazogadoe-
bis winaSe dgeba toponimis etimologiis
dadgenis amocana. Zieba umetesad ori mimar-
TulebiT warimarTeba: a. xalxSi Seiqmneba ge-
ografiuli punqtis Sesaxeb Tqmuleba-gad-
mocemebi, legendebi, romlebic ,,mogviTxro-
ben~ konkretul istoriebs adgilis Sesaxeb,
,,adgens~ etimologiebs... Tumca umetes Sem-
TxvevaSi es Zieba xalxis gonebamaxvilobis
maCvenebelia da Sorsaa realurisagan. miuxe-
davad amisa, toponimikuri Tqmulebebis Seg-
roveba-Seswavlas aqvs mniSvneloba kultu-
ruli mexsierebisa da eTnokulturuli
TvalsazrisiT. b. mecnieruli Zieba geogra-
fiul saxelTa Tavdapirveli saxisa da amo-
saxeldebis sakiTxisaTvis toponimebSi 213

savali niSnis dasadgenad.
aRvniSnavT, etimologiuri Zieba rTuli da Zneli saqmea, amasTan, mim-
zidveli da matyuara, Sesabamisad, Ziebis Sedegi ki xSirad aradamajerebe-
lia, Cndeba azrTa sxvaobebi. magaliTisaTvis Sors ar wavalT, Cveni qalaqis
_ baTumisa da aWaris (aqve: Woroxi, maWaxeli) Sesaxeb sxvadasxva dros ga-
moTqmuli gansxvavebuli mosazrebebic kmara:
1. baTumi momdinareobs berZnuli baTea//baTos’sagan da Rrmas niSnavs (ya-
uxCiSvili 1965: 10–14; WumburiZe 1987:427; beqiriSvili 1982:53).
2. baTumi miRebulia Turquli baTTumi, batimi’sagan da talaxs, Waobs,
saflobs niSnavs sixaruliZe 1959:86)..
3. baTumi momdinareobs svanuri baC’isagan da qvas, kldes niSnavs (yaux-
CiSvili 1951:22; Sdr. CxeiZe 1959:17; inaiSvili 1976:77–86; qaldani
1983:84–86)..
4. baTumSi gamoiyofa baT’ Ziri da –um sadeterminacio sufiqsi, Zireu-
li masala ki floronimi unda iyos... (faRava 2009:3–14; faRava 2009(1),
289–295).
gamoTqmulia sxva mosazrebac. baTum’Si gamoyofen ba– prefiqss: *ba–
tob–i>*ba–tomb–i>*ba–tom–i>ba–Tom–i (Caganava 2009:285–288).
moyvanili mosazrebebi yvela garkveulad argumentirebulia da aqvs
arsebobis ufleba.
amave konteqstSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT saxeluri fuZeebi – a–War–a,
ma–Wax–el–i da Wor–ox–i. dasaxelebuli geografiuli saxelebis Sesaxeb
gamoiTqva araerTi urTierTgamomricxavi mosazreba (ix. faRava, mgelaZe
2005:3–18). aRvniSnavT, rom samive fuZe erTi da imave Zireuli masalisagan
Sedgeba da amosavali mniSvnelobiT ukavSirdeba wyals.
sxvagvarad, ukve Catarebuli kvlevebiT toponim baTum’is Tavdapirve-
li niSani unda iyos ,,Rrma~, ,,qva~, ,,talaxi~, dabolos, baT’ mcenareuli
fuZea, floronimia (Sdr. baT–ur–a. aseve –um/om’ fuZiani toponimebi: soxu-
mi, leCxumi, borjomi, Rorjomi...), xolo War, Wor, Wax saxeluri fuZeebi-
saTvis amosavali sema unda iyos wyali...
adgilis (miwis) saxelis SerCeva garkveuli niSnis mixedviT damaxasia-
Tebelia sxvadasxva kulturisaTvis, igi zogad, universalur movlenad un-
da CaiTvalos da, rac mTavaria, saxeldebis principi ucvlelia – ase iyo
Zvelad, asea – axlac.
meoce saukuneSi (1925–30, 1934–36, 1960–65 ww) ,,TurqeTis saqarTve-
loSi‘‘ Zveli qarTuli geografiuli saxelebi TurquliT Caanacvles. axal
toponimebs saxeldebisas ramdenime principi daedo safuZvlad:
1. geografiul saxelTa erTi nawili, romelTa mniSvneloba gamWvirva-
lea, pirdapir Targmnes Turqulad (aseTi saxelebi arcTu bevria Woroxis
xeobaSi):
... Safiqles mTis iqiT [ars] gurji boRazis xeoba, anu saqarTvelos ye-
lisa~ (vaxuSti 1973:141),- vkiTxulobT vaxuSti batoniSvilis SromaSi. aq
pirdapir TargmanTan gvaqvs saqme.
214 mamia faRava

Zveli geografiuli saxelebis Targmnis sxva SemTxvevebia:
alTun kala, romelic Zveli oqros cixis Targmania. aseTivea:
SeiTan kala – eSmakis cixe.
dorT qilisa – oTxTa eklesia.
qilise boRazi – eklesiis kari (Sdr. jamikari). kari aq ezos mniSvne-
lobiTaa naxmari (ix. faRava 2014).
mamanin deresi qarTul-Turquli toponimia; Cans, igi mamaTxevis Tar-
gmania. mdebareobs istoriul klarjeTSi, longoTxevTan axlos. Tu gaviT-
valiswinebT, rom erTi, sakmaod gavrcelebuli varaudiT, awindeli eni ra-
baTi Zveli Satberdia (ix. faRava 2007), mamaTxevis aq arseboba mniSvnelova-
ni faqtia (ix. klarjeTi 2016:64, sq. 248).
goldibi – tbis Ziri.
buÁuq duzi – didi mindori/veli, Sdr. didveli.
Camlugi – naZvnari.
pantalugi – pantnari/pantiani.
Áonjalugi – Áonjebi/Áonjnari.
dermandere – wisqvilis xevi. Sdr. wisqvili Rele (aWara).
oquz ÁaTaRi – xaris sawoli.
maral ÁaTaRi – irmis sawoli.
doquzfinari – cxrawyaro.
yara gÁoli – Savi tba.
yamiS gÁoli – lerwmis tba.
sariCaÁri – yviTeli Wala (SavSeTi 2011:326). Cairi aWarulSi saTibs
(igivea rac Wala) da Tivasac aRniSnavs.
qirazli – balvana.
msgavsi toponimebi Woroxis xeobaSi sxvacaa. axali, Turquli geogra-
fiuli saxelebis warmomavloba naTelia.
2. toponimTa didi nawilis semantika dabnelebulia, aseT SemTxvevaSi
axali niSani SeurCeviaT geografiuli punqtisaTvis, igi axali maxasiaTebe-
lia saxeldebuli adgilisa.
axal niSnad upirvelesad aq gavrcelebuli mcenareTa safari gamouye-
nebiaT. ase iqca Zveli:
vanTa – elmalad (Sdr. vaSlovani).
zendaba – arfalad (Sdr. qernali).
iveTi – misirlad (Sdr. simindiani).
muxobani – uzumlud (Sdr. vaziani).
samjeli – armuTlud (Sdr. sxlobani).
svirevani – duTlud (Sdr. TuTnari).
tbeTi – jevizlad (Sdr. nigvziani).
WinkaTxevi – murRulad (Sdr. Sqeris yvavili)...
saxeldebisas SeurCeviaT sxva maxasiaTebelic:
bazgireTi – madeni (q. wiaRiseuli).
gurnaTeli – susuzi (q. uwylo).
saxeldebis sakiTxisaTvis toponimebSi 215

axaldaba – TefeqoÁ (q. sofeli borcvze).
moqvTa – savaSi (q. omi)...
Woroxis xeobaSive gvxvdeba toponimi sintagmebi:
yurT Áoli – mglis gza/biliki.
taSli Tarla – qviani yana.
yuru dere (SavS. morRelis axali saxeli) – mSrali xevi.
qurTigil – qurTebis ubani (SavS. cixisZiri).
demirjigil – mWedlisubani (SavS. sxlobanis ubani).
Cans, zogi axali toponimisaTvis safuZvlad Zveli gadmocema daudvi-
aT. aseTad migvaCnia: yizgoli (Sdr. qalis tba. SavS. sxlobanis ubani).
devegol’i (aqlemis tba. SavS. tbeTi)...
Woroxis xeobis Turqul toponimiaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom geog-
rafiul punqtebze saxelebis gadarqmevis procesSi monawileobda adgilob-
rivi mosaxleobac. axali saxeli nebismieri araa, igi garkveuli niSniTaa
SerCeuli da, rac mTavaria, axali saxelebi saxeldebis Zveli principebiTaa
SerCeuli.
literatura:
yauxCiSvili 1965 – simon yauxCiSvili, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi sa-

qarTvelos Sesaxeb. georgika, 2, Tbilisi.
yauxCiSvili 1951 – antikuri masalebi baTumis istoriis Sesaxeb. quTaisis
pedinstitutis Sromebi, 4, quTaisi.
WumburiZe 1987 – zurab WumburiZe, ,, dedaena qarTuli’, Tbilisi.
beqiriSvili 1982 – ioseb beqiriSvili, narkvevebi baTumis istoriidan, ba-
Tumi.
sixaruliZe 1959 – iuri sixaruliZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos to-
ponimia, nawili, 2, baTumi.
CxeiZe 1959 – jemal CxeiZe, baTumis istoriisaTvis, baTumi.
inaiSvili 1976 – aslan inaiSvili, baTumis etimologiisaTvis. aWaruli di-
aleqtis dargobrivi leqsika, 1, Tbilisi.
qaldani 1983 – maqsime qaldani, kvlav baTumis etimologiisaTvis. Jurnali
,,Woroxi~, 2, 1983, baTumi.
faRava 2009 – mamia faRava, um/om sufiqsi qarTul toponimebSi da zogierTi
geografiuli saxelis etimologiis cda. SoTa rusTavelis saxel-
mwifo universiteti, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis Srome-
bi, 13, baTumi.
faRava 2009(1) – mamia faRava, kvlav toponim baTumis etimologiisaTvis.
kr. baTumi, warsuli da Tanamedroveoba, 1, baTumi.
Caganava 2009 – guram Caganava, toponim ,,baTomis~ warmomavlobisaTvis. kr.
baTumi, warsuli da Tanamedroveoba, 1, baTumi.
faRava, mgelaZe 2005 – mamia faRava,nugzar mgelaZe, aWara, maWaxeli, Woroxi
– etimologiis cda. bsu Sromebi, 7, humanitarul mecnierebaTa seria,
216 mamia faRava

baTumi.
klarjeTi 2016 – mamia faRava, meri cincaZe, maia baramiZe, malxaz CoxaraZe,
Tina SioSvili, SoTa mamulaZe, ramaz xalvaSi, nugzar mgelaZe, zaza
SaSikaZe, jemal karaliZe, klarjeTi, Tbilisi.
SavSeTi 2011 – mamia faRava, meri cincaZe, maia baramiZe, malxaz CoxaraZe, Ti-
na SioSvili, SoTa mamulaZe, vardo CoxaraZe, Tamaz futkaraZe, nug-
zar cecxlaZe, zaza SaSikaZe, jemal karaliZe, ,,SavSeTi,~ Tbilisi.
faRava 2014 – mamia faRava, kar’fuZiani toponimebi klarjeTSi. 34-e respub-
likuri dialeqtologiuri sesia, Tbilisi.
faRava 2007 – mamia faRava, xanZTisa da Satberdis lokalizaciisaTvis. Jur-
nali ,,mnaTobi~, 1, Tbilisi.
faRava 2011 – mamia faRava, SavSuri Canawerebi, Tbilisi.
faRava 2012 – mamia faRava, niko mari da misi mogzauroba SavSeTsa da klar-
jeTSi. gamokvleva wignze: niko mari, SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mogzau-
robis dRiurebi. qarTuli Targmani revaz diasamiZisa. mamia faRavas
saerTo redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT, baTumi.
Mamia Paghava
On the Issue of Naming in Toponyms
Historically the specific sign (inhabitants, vegetation cover, fauna, relief…)

characterized to the place defined the naming of the geographical points. Over
time, the first definition of the toponym is forgotten and the name given to the
geographical point for specific sign becomes its name-symbol.
By analyzing the specific examples, the article discusses the cases of
replacing Georgian toponyms by the Turkish ones. There are two approaches:
when the old Georgian names are translated into the Turkish language
(Sakartvelos Keli – Gurji Boghazi, Eshmakis Tsikhe – Sheitan Kale) or the
new signs are chosen to name them (Vanta – Elmali, Zendaba – Arfali,
Bazgireti – Madeni…).
According to the author, a name is new and naming is old.
naTia qaTamaZe
sintaqtikis, semantikisa
da pragmatikis
istoriuli wanamZRvrebi
sintaqtikas, semantikas da pragmati-

kas Soris urTierTmimarTebis ganxilvas
mivyavarT q. morisTan da r. qarnafTan. mo-
cemul klasifikacia udavod s. pirssac
ukavSirdeba, magram pirveli mecnieri, ro-
melmac sakiTxs aSkarad naTeli mohfina
gaxldaT q. morisi, r. qarnafma ki misi
mosazreba niSandoblivad ganavrco. q. mo-
risi iZulebuli iyo aReniSna, rom ,,prag-
matika~ da ,,sintaqtika~ sakmaod bundovani
cnebebia (morisi 1971: 89).
adreul SromebSi q. morisi pragmati-
kas ganmartavda rogorc swavlebas ,,niSan-
sa da misi momxmareblis urTierTmimarTe-
bis~ Sesaxeb, semantikas niSansa da sagans
Soris urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb swavle-
bas, xolo sintaqsi misi TqmiT, gaxldaT
swavleba ,,niSanTa urTirTmimarTebisa er-
TmaneTTan~(morisi 1971:109). SemdegSi man
ufro daxvewili formulireba warmoadgi-
na, romelic iTvaliswinebda ,,gavrcelebu-
li klasifikaciis Strixebis SenarCunebas
da mis Tavisuflebas yovelgvari SezRud-
vebisa da bundovanebisagan da terminebis
Tavisufal interpretirebas semiotikis
farglebSi~. ganaxlebuli gansazRvreba
Semdegia: pragmatika semiotikis nawilia,
romelic ukavSirdeba niSanTa warmoebas,
gamoyenebasa da efeqts qmedebaTa im nor-
218 naTia qaTamaZe

mis farglebSi, romelsac moicavs. semantika ukavSirdeba im niSandebis
process aRniSvnis yovel aspeqtSi; sintaqtika ki niSanTa kombinacias-
Tan asocirdeba ise, rom mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba specifikuri signifi-
kacia an maTi damokidebuleba Sesabamis qcevis normebTan.
r. qarnafis definicia axlosaa q. morisis adreul formulirebas-
Tan, miuxedavad imisa, rom r. qarnafs yovelive logikurobamde dahyavs:
Tuki kvlevisas eqsplicituri pozicia ukavia mTqmels an ufro zustad
Tu vityviT, enis momxmarebels, saqme gvaqvs pragmatikasTan, Tu mTqmels
gamoveyofiT da calkeul winadadebas da maTi aRniSvnis obieqtebs gavana-
alizebT, am SemTxvevaSi semantikis sferoSi vimyofebiT, da Tuki sabo-
lood am poziciidanac gamovalT da winadadebebs Soris urTierTmimar-
Tebs gavaanalizebT, saqme gvaqvs (logikur) sintaqsTan (qarnafi 1942: 45).
rogorc Cans, am gansazRvrebaSi ,,momxmarebeli~ Canacvlebulia
ufro zogadi terminiT ,,mTqmeli~, magram bundovania ram gamoiwvia am
terminis zogadi xasiaTi: misma kavSirma werilobiTi sityvis avtorTan,
mTqmelTan, msmenelTan, mkiTxvelTan Tu mis momxmarebelTan. erTaderTi,
rac aSkaraa, aris is, rom pragmatikaSi r.qarnafi upiratesobas aniWebs
niSnis mwarmoebels da ara mimRebs. maSin, roca q. morisi adreul naS-
romebSi pragmatikas ganixilavs im TvalsazrisiT, rogor efeqts ax-
dens niSnebi momxmarebelze. erT-erT gamomcemlobaSi gamoqveynda sta-
tiebi, sadac uamravi avtori gamoTqvamda Tavis mosazrebas zemoT gan-
xilul sakiTxze. aRsaniSnavia erTi fraza ,,pragmatika swavlobs niSan-
Ta mimarTebas xalxTan.~
r. qarnafis TvalsazrisiT, semantikasa da pragmatikas Soris gan-
sxvaveba uaxlovdeba enasa da logikas Soris diferenciacias. semantika
da pragmatika mniSvnelobis analizis fundamentalurad gansxvavebul
formebs warmoadgenen. pragmatika Seesabameba istoriulad arsebuli bu-
nebrivi enis empiriul kvlevas maSin, roca wminda semantika swavlobs
konstriqciul enas, rogorc sistemas. deskrifciuli semantika ki misi
TqmiT, SeiZleba CaiTvalos pragmatikis nawilad (qarnafi 1956: 98). ase
Tu ise, miuxedavad imisa, rom, is wminda semantikasa da aRwerilobiT
semantikas ,,analizisaTvis fundamentalurad gansxvavebul formebad~
miiCnevda, Semdeg SromebSi daamtkica, rom wminda semantika SeiZleba Ca-
iTvalos deskrifciuli semantikis modelad, misi es mosazreba aqtiu-
rad gamoiyenes logikuri semantikis mimdevrebma bunebrivi enis anali-
zisas. Tavis naSromSi r. qarnafis filosofiis Sesaxeb q. morisi wer-
da, rom es ukanaskneli pragmatikas empiriul disciplinad miiCnevda da
gamoricxavda mis identurobas wminda semantikisa da wminda sintaqti-
kasTan (morisi 1971:123), ar arsebobs mizezi, ratom ar unda gamoviye-
noT terminebi ,,wminda~ da ,,aRwerilobiTi~ im urTierTobis analizi-
sas, romelic arsebobs niSansa da mis momxmarebels Soris, termini
,,logikuri~ SeiZleboda gamogveyenebina semiotikasTan mimarTebiT, r.
qarnafi am mosazrebas daeTanxma.
sintaqtikis, semantikisa da pragmatikis istoriuli wanamZRvrebi 219

q. morisi da r. qarnafi SeTanxmdnen, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi
bunebriv enaSi mniSvnelobis analizisas yvelaferi daiyvaneba pragma-
tul aspeqtamde. r. qarnafi Tavis uaxloes naSromSi miiCnevs, rom
,,enas gaaCnia pragmatuli xasiaTi~ (qarnafi 1956: 134).
j. laionsi askvnis, rom miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, semantikasa
da pragmatikas Soris srulfasovani gansxvavebis povna SeuZlebelia
(laionsi 1995: 54).
oriode sityviT SevexoT sintaqsis urTierTmimarTebas semantikas-
Tan. lingvistebi da filosofosebi gamoyofen ori saxis idealuri
formulis principebs, romlebic ukavSirdebian winadadebisa da frazis
koncentracias, pirveli ganisazRvreba maTi gramatikuli xasiaTiT, meo-
re ki _ maTi mniSvnelobiT. Tu semantika mniSvnelobas Seiswavlis, maSin
kombinaciuri aspeqti vrceldeba rogorc semantikaze, ise sintaqsze,
magram r. qarnafisa da q. morisis definicias es mosazreba ar esadage-
ba, sintaqsis gansazRvrebis kritikis mizezi isaa, rom masSi ar aris
mocemuli gansxvaveba formas, leqsemasa da gamoTqmas Soris. aqedan ga-
momdinare, ar aris dadgenili, ra principiT unda gamovyoT sintaqsi
iseTi disciplinebidan, rogoricaa ena da morfologia.
da bolos, ganvixiloT TviT termini ,,semiotika,~ gansazRvrebi-
saTvis saukeTeso saSualeba gaxlavT sasignalo Teoriis gamoyofa. sa-
signalo sistemaTa (anu semiotikur sistemaTa) Soris saWiroa ganvas-
xvaoT bunebrivi da xelovnuri sistemebi. bunebrivSi ar igulisxmeba
maTi xatovani an Tundac simboluri xasiaTi. arc is, rom instinqtu-
robiT xasiaTdebian. ,,bunebrivi~ niSnavs, rom isini ,,istoriulad arse-
boben~ da rom ganzrax ar arian Seqmnilni. SeiZleba sasargebloc kia
lingvistikis CarTva semiotikis zogad TeoriaSi, romelic dakavSire-
bulia yvela bunebriv da xelovnur sasignalo sistemasTan.
rogorc vnaxeT, pragmatikas bevri lingvisti ganixilavs, rogorc
semantikis kontrastul mecnierebas, magram aviwydebaT erTi ram, rom
lingvistika semiotikis nawils warmoadgens.
literatura:
qarnafi 1956: Carnap R. Introduction to Semantics. Cambridge, Mass MIT.

Press
frege 1974: Frege G . Logical structure of the language-London
lakofi 1969: Lakoff R. A syntactic argument for negative transportation-
Chicago
liCi 1990: Leech G. M. Semantics. Penguin
levinsoni 1983: Levinson S. Pragmatics-Cambridge
laionsi 1995: Lyons J. Linguistic Semantics. Cambridge University Press.
1995.
morisi 1971: Morris Ch. Writings on general theory of signs.- Paris
220 naTia qaTamaZe

Natia Katamadze
Historical premises of Syntactics, Semantics and Pragmatics
The analysis presented in the article helps us to study the differences and
similarities in terms of relationship between semantics and pragmatics. The
difference between semantics and pragmatics is closely connected with the
differentiation between language and logic. Semantics and pragmatics represent
fundamentally different analysis of the meaning. Pragmatics corresponds to
historically existing empirical research of language whereas pure semantics
studies constructive language as a system. Descriptive semantics may be
considered as a part of pragmatics. Despite the fact that some scholars reckoned
pure semantics and descriptive semantics as ~fundamentally different forms of
analysis”, later it was proved that pure semantics can be considered as the model
of descriptive semantics, this opinion was widely used by the followers of logic
semantics in terms of analyzing the language.
nana qajaia,
viqtoria sitnikova
mxatvruli teqstis
Targmnis semiotikuri
aspeqtebi
yoveli calke aRebuli kultura Tavis

specifikurobasa da kontrastulobas gansa-
kuTrebuli sisavsiT mxolod sxva kultu-
rasTan urTierTqmedebisas, kulturaTa dia-
logis WrilSi gamoavlens. teqstSi dafiq-
sirebuli kulturologiuri informacia
warmodgenas gviqmnis sazogadoebis, epoqis,
socialuri Tu erovnuli fenebis Rirebu-
lebaTa sistemaze. mxatvruli Targmani war-
moudgenelia kulturuli konteqstis gaT-
valiswinebis gareSe.
statiaSi gavaanalizebT kulturis se-
miotikuri aspeqtebis mxatvrul TargmanSi
gadmocemis Taviseburebebs. kvlevis obieqts
warmoadgens n. dumbaZis romanis `maradiso-
bis kanonis~ rusuli da inglisuri Targmane-
bi. Cveni mizania Tvali mivadevnoT ucxoeno-
van variantebSi teqstis kulturuli aspeq-
tebis translirebis process, aRvniSnoT da-
fiqsirebul transformaciaTa Tavisebureba
da mizezebi, romanis erovnuli-specifikuri
koloritis ucxo kulturis warmomadgen-
lis mier aRqmis Tavisebureba, samyaros enob-
rivi da konceptualuri xatis gansxvavebebi.
am mxriv gamovyofT kulturuli specifikis
matarebel niSnebs, radganac mxatvruli teq-
stis adeqvaturi interpretaciisa da ucxo
enaze Sesabamisi gadmocemisaTvis maT pirvel-
xarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWebaT.
n. dumbaZis romanisa da misi rusuli
222 nana qajaia, viqtoria sitnikova

Targmanebis SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvixiloT teqstu-
ri semiotikuri struqturebis kulturuli adaptacia semiosferaTa dia-
logis aspeqtSi.
gamomdinare iqedan, rom semiotika niSnebis samyaroa da miniSnebas
awarmoebs adamiani, niSnebs SeiZleba gaaCndeT sxvadasxva mniSvneloba. Cvens
konkretul SemTxvevaSi gvainteresebs is mniSvnelobebi, romlebsac sityva
iZens konteqstSi. n. dumbaZis romanis rusul variantSi sityvis konotaci-
uri mniSvneloba xSirad Canacvlebulia myari (saleqsikono) mniSvnelobiT.
Sedegad transformacias ganicdis mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi manera, erTgva-
rad knindeba teqstis mxatvruli mxare.
roman `nu geSinia, dedas~ rusuli Targmanis (mTargmneli z. axvlediani)
analizisas Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT im saxe-simboloebze, romlebic, Cveni
azriT, mniSvnelovani azrobriv-mxatvruli datvirTvis matarebelni arian.
maTgan mniSvnelovania mzis simbolika _ mze rogorc sicocxlisa da ukvdave-
bis simbolo, agreTve mze rogorc adamianis Wirisufali da mokavSire.
mze n. dumbaZis romanebis tradiciul alegoriul saxe-simbolos warmo-
adgens. TiTqmis yvela romanSi mas gansakuTrebuli datvirTva gaaCnia da av-
toris mxatvrul-esTetikuri poziciis erTgvar gasaRebs warmoadgens. ro-
gorc e. eligulaSvili SeniSnavs, mze n. dumbaZis mxatvrul samyaroSi sicoc-
xlisa da ukvdavebis simbolod iqca (eligulaSvili 1972: 236). amitomac
epizodebi, romlebSic figurirebs mzis simbolika, gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobas iZens Targmanis TvalsazrisiTac. mxatvrul-Sinaarsobriv aspeqtSi
sainteresoa scena _ isidore daxvretis win. rusul TargmanSi dumbaZiseu-
li Txrobis manera erTgvarad nivelirebas ganicdis. mzis simbolo TargmanSi
garkveulwilad uferuldeba. `da yvelaferi es erTmaneTSi areuli, Sezavebu-
li gril niavsa da veeberTela mzes rom mohqonda, ukanaskneli Wirisufali-
viT rom efereboda gonj saxeze~ (dumbaZe 1989: 25). Targmani: «Жизнь –
вечная, неистребимая – пульсировала и билась кругом, жизнь – любимая,
желанная – струилась, наполняя собой каждую травинку, каждый листок,
каждую песчинку» (Думбадзе 1986: 468-469). rogorc vxedavT, rusul vari-
antSi Tavad mzis simbolo (`veeberTela mze~) ar figurirebs. mTargmnelma is
pirdapiri azrobrivi substitutiT Secvala _ «Жизнь». originalSi aRniS-
nuli azri mxolod igulisxmeba, mwerlis mier SeniRbulia. qarTvel mkiT-
xvels avtori aZlevs saSualebas Tavad gaiazros da Cawvdes aRniSnuli sim-
bolos mxatvrul-Sinaarsobriv sisavses, rusi mkiTxveli ki am SesaZleblo-
bas moklebulia, radganac dumbaZiseuli saxismetyveleba mTargmnelma gaSif-
ruli saxiT SemogvTavaza.
originalSi avtori mzes saintereso da mniSvnelovani epiTetiT axasia-
Tebs _ ùkanaskneli Wirisufali~. aRniSnuli detali mzis simbolos erTgva-
rad avsebs, warmogvidgens mas mTlianobaSi. mze mwerlis mxatvrul samyaroSi
aramarto manaTobeli da mamoZravebeli Zalaa, is amave dros adamianis mokavSi-
recaa, mxsnelic. swored es detali ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli mTargmnelis mi-
er, rac erTgar ukmarisobis grZnobas iwvevs.
mxatvruli teqstis Targmnis semiotikuri aspeqtebi 223

isidores gamojanmrTeleba aseve alegoriul konteqstSia naCvenebi.
midis simboluri brZola ori sawyisisa _ mzis (Sesabamisad, sicocxlis)
da `nabadiviT Savi cisa~ (sikvdilis). originalSi orive simbolo erT fra-
zaSi orjer meordeba: òTxi Tve eZebda nabadiviT Sav caze mzes isidore da
mexuTe Tveze gaxia nabadiviT ca da eaxla mas~. swored am erTi SexedviT
uadgilo ganmeorebis wyalobiT epizodi iZens gansakuTrebul dramatizms,
iqmneba erTgvari daZabuli foni, amaRlebuli JReradoba, romelic Tavisi
eqspresiiT mogvagonebs bibliur intonacias. personaJis rTuli da drama-
tuli brZola sicocxlisaTvis rusul variantSi naklebad dramatizirebu-
lia, mTargmnelma Tavi aarida sikvdilis simbolos (`nabadiviT Savi ca~)
ganmeorebas da Sedegad daikarga emfaturoba da daZabuloba: «...Четыре
месяца искал Исидор солнце на чёрном, словно черкесская бурка, небе. И
лишь на пятом месяце он увидел его...» (Думбадзе 1986: 470).
kidev erT simboloze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. zRva rogorc cxov-
rebis, gancdis, tanjvis metafora. n. dumbaZis personaJebisaTvis, da Tavad
mwerlisaTvis, tanjva da simSvide SeuTavsebeli cnebebia. tanjva, gancda
duRs, iwvis adamianSi. dumbaZis gmiri ganicdis, itanjeba, ibrZvis, marcxde-
ba, kargavs axloblebs, ganicdis bavSvuri uSualobiT, imavdroulad kaJde-
ba, vaJkacdeba da sxvebsac gaiyoliebs. romanis personaJma avTandil jayelma
icis, Tu ra niSnavs axloblis, megobris dakargva. bavSvobidan moyolebuli
cxovrebisagan mware dartymebsaa miCveuli. megobris daRupvis Semdeg arc
dasveneba surs, arc garToba da mSvidi Zili. tanjva da sicocxle misTvis
didi xania sinonimebad iqca. tanjva misTvis zRvaa, saidanac mSrali ver ga-
moxval: «Я только что вышел из моря! Да, да! Вот так – в зелёной
фуражке, с зелёными погонами и с чёрным чемоданчиком в руках! Волной
выбросило! А как вы думали? Разве из воды вылезешь сухим?..» (dumbaZe
1986: 591). es gaxlavT nawyveti avTos Sinagani monologidan, romlis arsic
cxadi xdeba mxolod nawarmoebis mTliani problematikis konteqstSi. yo-
velgvari lokalizacia epizodis semantikas daamaxinjebs. mxolod am kon-
teqstSi SeiZleba visaubroT metaforaze, romelic personaJis monologi-
dan momdinareobs _ tanjvis zRva, ase SeiZleba vuwodoT am metaforas, ro-
melsac n. dumbaZe Semfaseblur funqcias aniWebs. aseT gamocdas uwyobs av-
tori Tavis personaJebs _ vin arian isini? Seexo Tu ara cxovreba maTi su-
lis ufaqizes simebs? faqizi sulis adamiani wylidan, zRvidan (qveteqstis
doneze ki _ cxovrebidan, tanjvis zRvidan) mSrali ver amova.
aseTi gaxlavT n. dumbaZis mrwamsi. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom ganwmen-
disa da davaJkacebis amgvar gzas umzadebs is sayvarel personaJebs. ai, av-
Tos monologis amgvari gagebisaken gvibiZgebs dumbaZiseuli xatovani, ale-
goriuli manera. rac mTavaria, es sakvanZo momenti Sesabamisad aris gadmoce-
muli rusul enaze, SenarCunebulia mwerlis mdidari xatovani azrovnebis
diapazonebi.
mwerali zemoT aRniSnul Temebs organulad ukavSirebs samSoblos
Temas. Tavad samSoblos sazRvrebic arsebul politikur sazRvrebs scdeba.
224 nana qajaia, viqtoria sitnikova

romanSi naCvenebia aramarto mavTulxlarTiT SemosazRvruli samSoblo,
aramed sazRvrebs miRma darCenili saqarTveloc. saqarTvelos istoriuli
bedis tragizmi erTi sazRvrispira soflis magaliTzea naCvenebi. swored am
konteqstSi SeiZleba gamoiyos kidev erTi simbolo _ àvadmyofi gaTxovi-
li qaliSvili~ rogorc samSoblos niSani. saerTo ubedurebam _ xanZarma
droebiT gaaerTiana orad gayofili sofeli, romlis macxovreblebmac kar-
gad ician, Tu ras niSnavs ganSoreba. am ganSorebis tkivils uxmod Cqmalaven
gulSi. samSoblo maTTvis politikosTa mowodebebisa da lozungebidan ki
ar iwyeba, aramed sazRvridan, gaxleCili ojaxebidan. samSoblos ideas isini
TavianT gulebSi swored im ganSorebis tkivilTan erTad inaxaven. ai, am tki-
vilis aRwerisas avtori iyenebs metaforas, romelsac Znelia vuwodoT pi-
robiTi: `gamoRma sofeli am dRes Sewuxebul mSobels gavda, romelic gaT-
xovili avadmyofi Svilis sanugeSod iyo wasuli da valmoxdili Sin brun-
deboda~ (dumbaZe 1989: 233). samwuxarod, metafora rusul variantSi dai-
karga, radganac fraza ar aris gadmocemuli. aRniSnuli azri mniSvnelova-
nia ara mxolod Sinaarsobrivad. frazaSi gvesmis ara marto mesazRvre jaye-
lis azri, aramed mwerlis poziciac. ufro metic, Tu am metaforamde Txro-
ba warmoebda personaJis piriT, Cvens mier aRniSnuli fraza aSkarad mxo-
lod avtors ekuTvnis, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT dabrZenebul adami-
ans, romelic kargad icnobs samSoblos istoriuli bedis peripetiebs. xde-
ba xmaTa Serwyma, avtoriseuli xmis gaZliereba. rusul TargmanSi ki aRniS-
nuli metafora ar fiqsirdeba, rac originalis polifoniurobas erTgva-
rad arRvevs, ikargeba avtoriseuli `reziume~.
mTargmnelobiT danakargebze saubrisas unda iTqvas, rom rusul Tar-
gmanSi mudmivad igrZnoba garuseba, lazaTiani guruli metyvelebis gaufe-
ruleba, ikargeba saxasiaTo epiTetebi, Sedarebebi. rig SemTxvevaSi amgvar
danakargi iZulebiTia, radgan saqme gvaqvs e.w. ùTargmnel~ leqsikasTan.
xSirad mniSvnelovani eTno-kulturologiuri informaciac ikargeba.
ase, magaliTad, mTaSi mwyemsebis qeifis aRwerisas mTargmnelma ar Tu ver
gadmoitana araCveulebrivi fraza _ ìzabela krimanWuliT gadmobrZanda
baCanas jamSi~. epizodi sainteresoa imiT, rom aq SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ki-
dev erTi semiotikuri niSani _ Rvino, rogorc qarTuli mentalitetis
erT-erTi safuZveli. am mokle, magram tevad winadadebaSi igrZnoba qarTve-
li kacis siyvaruli da mowiweba Rvinis mimarT. qarTveli kacisTvis Rvino
gasulierebulia, Rvino gadmobrZanda, da ara uxmod, aramed rakrakiT, kri-
manWuliT, zeimiT. qarTvelisaTvis is ar aris mxolod sasmeli, Rvino saqar-
Tvelos istoriacaa, filosofiac da a. S. samwuxarod, rusuli Targmani am-
gvar kulturologiur informacias ver awvdis rusulenovan mkiTxvels.
politikuri konteqstis Semcveli niSnebi _ `trockisti kasio~.
romanSi avtori mogviTxrobs Tbilisis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detaleb-
ze. avetik babaiancis `palevoi~ Teatri warmoadgens Seqspiris tragediis
Tanamedrove versias. am konteqstSi TiTqosda uneblieT naTqvami sityvebi
`trockisti kasio~ ara marto Rimils iwvevs mkiTxvelSi. mSvidobiani cxov-
mxatvruli teqstis Targmnis semiotikuri aspeqtebi 225

rebis aRweris fonze sityva `trockisti~ mkiTxvelis yuradRebas sruliad
sapirispiro Temaze amaxvilebs. sityva mianiSnebs 30-iani wlebis politi-
kur bataliebze. garda amisa, aRniSnuli sityvebSi igrZnoba faruli kri-
tika ideologiis zegavlenisa xelovnebaze, rac xSirad srualiad uazro
formebSi vlindeboda. rogorc aRniSnul momentSi, sadac sruliad Seusaba-
mo movlenebia dakavSirebuli _ trockizmi da Seqspiris gmiri!
amgvarad, n. dumbaZis romanis `nu geSinia, dedas~ rusuli Targmanis
analizisas Cven gamovyaviT ideur-Sinaarsobrivad mniSvnelovani momentebi,
SevecadeT mogveZia saintereso informaciis matarebeli semiotikuri niSne-
bi da maTi TargmanSi gadmotanis Taviseburebebi. rig SemTxvevaSi leqsikur
erTeulTan erTad mniSvnelovani informacia da mwerluri stilis Tavise-
burebani ikargeba. mimRebi, anu mTargmnelisaTvis mSobliuri kultura gar-
kveul zegavlenas axdens mTargmnelobiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.
literatura:
eligulaSvili 1972: Э.Элигулашвили. «Солнечный полдень Нодара

Думбадзе». М., «Молодая гвардия», 1972.
dumbaZe 1989: n. dumbaZe. Txzulebani 4 tomad. Tbilisi, `merani~,
dumbaZe 1986: Думбадзе Н.В. Собрание сочинений в 2-х т. Тбилиси,
"Мерани", 1986 (на русском языке).
Nana Kajaia,Viktoria Sitnikova
Semiotic Aspects of Literary Text Translation
In attempt to follow the direction of the author's thoughts and the features
of their further reconstruction in another language, we have been analyzing the
important highlights in terms of artistic and semantic plan. We have noted the
originality of the narrative and the role of some stylistic techniques in incarnation
of author's intentions. The author in these episodes willingly uses the symbols for
expressing his position, which typically appears in the text in binary forms.In a
duel of opposite symbolic images the superiority is always on the side of the Sun
and Light.Quoting the G. Gverdtsiteli, "the sun is the most important and
beautiful symbol of light, goodness, love and the whole pure and sublime that
wanders from the novel in a novel.This is how N.Dumbadze expresses his moral
credo which despite some shortcomings was reflected in the other language.
Joanna Szerszunowicz
ON BIEVALUATIVE PHRASEMES
FROM A SEMIOTIC
PERSPECTIVE
Abstract
The general aim of the paper is to discuss the
phenomenon of bievaluative potential of phra-
semes, i.e. the ability of certain fixed multiword
units to express two kinds of evaluation,
positive and negative, without changing their
form. The phenomenon will be described with a
focal issue on the semiotic aspects, especially
those related to semantics and pragmatics. The
feature of dual evaluation manifested in some
phrasemes will be discussed on the example of
selected Polish units which possess the ability
to express two different evaluations. Special
attention will be paid to the causes of dual
evaluation of phrasemes, including various
linguo-cultural factors.
1. Introduction
Phrasemes constitute a group of units

comprising various polylexical fixed express-
ions, which are reproducible (cf. Chlebda
2003). The phrases belonging to this stock may
be both figurative and non-figurative; therefore,
the term phraseme comprises several kinds of
multiword units, for instance, restricted collo-
cations, idiomatic multiword combinations,
proverbial expressions, sayings, formulae and
winged words. Due to their widespreadness and
linguo-cultural significance (cf. Goshkheteliani
2013a, 2013b), such units are important rese-
arch objects from a semiotic perspective,
On Bievaluative Phrasemes from a Semiotic Perspective 227

especially from a semantic and pragmatic viewpoint. In general, as secondary
nomination means, phrasemes tend to express not only meanings, but also
emotions and/or evaluation.
Evaluation consists in developing a positive or negative attitude to an
object, event, behaviour. It expresses approval or disapproval and allows for
considering an object as deserving or not deserving somebody’s efforts (Słownik
etyczny 1990: 259). Generally speaking, fixed word constructions tend to express
or reflect the system of evaluation developed in a given ethnic community over
centuries. As stated by Pajdzińska (2006: 129), phraseological units
communicate and implicate evaluation. Furthermore, such expressions constitute
a source of knowledge on the system of values and preferences of the language
community using these units.
The assessment of various phenomena, characteristics and processes
motivate various units, which, in turn, when used, reinforce given evaluations in
the society. Therefore, it can be assumed that numerous phrasemes are carriers of
the perception of different elements of the reality surrounding man, typical of the
community in question. Certain kinds of phraseological expressions are
predisposed to be such carriers, for instance, fossilized similes (Čermák 1995;
Peters 2007). In fact, many expressions are monoevaluative, i.e. they carry only
one judgement, either positive (Polish: dziewczyna jak malina lit. a girl like a
raspberry, used about a girl: ‘absolutely beautiful’), or negative (Polish: głupi jak
but lit. stupid as a shoe ‘very stupid’).
As the evaluative connotation is a property of a given fixed expressions, a
special parameter, EVAL, can be introduced so that it could be described
properly (Nagórko 1982). The positive assessment can be marked with the
abbreviation posit. or +, while the negative one – with negat. or –. At the system
level, the function of such units is well defined – either EVAL + or EVAL –, yet
their contextual value may be different depending on the speaker’s intention: a
positively marked unit can be changed into a negative description and, vice
versa. It can be achieved by the language user employing special intonation and
accentuation, for instance, to introduce irony into the utterance. It can be
assumed that this property is shared by lexical and phraseological units and it
will not be the object of the analysis in the present paper.
Apart from monoevaluative phrasemes, phraseological stock of a language
may contain bievaluative units, i.e. fixed expressions functioning as carriers of two
different evaluations at the system level. They function as units which can perform
the following evaluative functions: they express a positive assessment or a negative
one, which means that the same phraseme is used to convey opposite judgements.
In terms of parametric description, it would be assigned EVAL + / –.
The aim of the paper is to analyse the phenomenon of systematic
bievaluation of phrasemes, its causes and implications. From a semantic point of
view, the units are polysemous: at the level of the system, each of them can be
defined as having two meanings connoting different kinds of evaluation (e.g.
skazany na sukces lit. sentenced to success: positive markedness – ‘being very
talented and thus highly likely to be successful’, EVAL +, negative evaluation –
‘likely to be successful because of having influential family and friends’, EVAL –).
228 Joanna Szerszunowicz

The general aim of the paper is to discuss the bievaluative potential of
phrasemes. The phenomenon will be analysed on the example of several fixed
expressions possessing the ability which are used in the modern Polish language.
The units chosen for the analysis are the ones included in lexicographic works. In
the present study, special attention will be paid to the causes of bievaluation and
the semantic and pragmatic aspects viewed from a linguo-cultural perspective.
2. Case studies: selected Polish bievaluative phrasemes in a semiotic

approach
The five case studies of Polish phrasemes which possess dual evaluative
potential offer an insight into the phenomenon of bievaluation of fixed
expressions. The units are deeply rooted in the Polish culture, therefore, they are
culture-bound and lacunary from a cross-linguistic perspective (cf.
Szerszunowicz 2014). The examples were chosen since their dual evaluation was
conditioned by different factors: historical change, political transformation,
interpretation difficulties, conscious action taken by a specific group of language
users and cultural knowledge of the native users of a given language.
2.1. Historical background as the key factor of changes: Matka Polka
In the modern Polish language, several phrasemes can express either

positive or negative evaluation. It should be stressed that the form of the unit
does not undergo any changes related with the difference in evaluation. The
causes of bipolar evaluation tend to vary. For instance, it can occur as a result of
historical changes observed over a longer period of time. A good example in case
is the Polish expression Matka Polka lit. mother Pole whose meaning shifted
from ‘a woman who takes care of children, educating them to be patriots’
towards ‘a limited woman who takes care only of her family and does not have
her own interests and passions’ (Szerszunowicz 2013a).
In fact, several general dictionaries of the Polish language include the
phraseme Matka Polka: for instance, Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego
provides the following definition: ‘symbol kobiety polskiej – matki, strażniczki
ogniska domowego i patriotki’ lit. the symbol of a Polish woman – mother, home
guardian and patriot (USJP, 2: 586). Another source, Praktyczny słownik
współczesnej polszczyzny, also contains an explanation of the unit: ‘ideał
patriotycznego postępowania, zwłaszcza rodzenia i wychowywania dzieci’ lit.
the ideal of patriotic behaviour, especially giving birth to children and educating
them (PSWP, 20: 361). As for the second meaning, it has not been registered in
printed sources. Yet, as shown by questionnaire studies (Szerszunowicz 2013a),
Polish native speakers are familiar with it.
The former meaning developed in the time of partitions of Poland, which
took place towards the end of the 18th c., when the country lost its independence
for 123 years and its territory was divided Russia, Prussia and Austria
(Kowalczyk 2003: 11). Under these circumstances, the Polish mother was
responsible for educating the child to be a patriot aiming to defend the country

and to prepare their offspring for dealing with all activities in the case of the
death of her husband who was fighting for freedom of Poland (Budrowska 2000:
193). The role of a woman in the Polish community was defined by these tasks
(Walczewska 1999: 53). Thy notion was to sacrify the individual for the country,
to offer one’s life and happiness to ensure the independence of the country and
the nation. Therefore, the expression Matka Polka conveyed positive evaluation
in those particular historic conditions. Yet, after the situation had changed, the
markedness of the phraseme did, too. The phrase is associated with Poles’
tendency to focus on the past in an exaggerated way, at the expense of dealing
with the present time and planning their future.
As a result of the changes, the units started to be used to name a mother who
sacrifies herself for the family, resigning from her own education, career and
pleasures. From the point of view of a modern person, such sacrifice is not
desirable: the woman should combine both the pursuit of her development and
the family life. The expression Matka Polka can be used as a label denoting a
person without any ambitions, limited to house keeping and raising children.
This image of the Polish mother appears in modern texts of culture, for example,
Internet memes which often contain witty modifications of the phraseme.
Moreover, combined with visual elements, it can also be found on various
artifacts, such as cups or aprons.
In the modern Polish, both the former and the latter evaluations can be
expressed by the unit. The way the unit is used depends on the speaker’s
intention, on other words, it is the sender of the utterance who decides how to
use the evaluative potential of the phraseme in question. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the evaluation of the phraseme Matka Polka, bipolar at the level
system, is context dependent.
2.2. The influence of political changes: Polak potrafi
The course of history also influenced the connotative potential of the

phraseme Polak potrafi lit. A Pole can. Polish: Polak potrafi lit. A Pole can ‘A
Pole can do great things’, ‘A Pole will always ruin everything’) (Szerszunowicz
2013b). Originally, the phraseme was a communist slogan which was painted on
the wall of a steel work. Therefore, it evoked strongly negative association. In
one of the lexicographic sources consulted, the following explanation is found:
Polak potrafi ‘ironiczne hasło pochodzące z epoki Edwarda Gierka, mówiące, że
Polacy są zdolni do każdej działalności zakończonej sukcesem’ lit. an ironic
slogan from the epoch of Edward Gierek, saying that Poles are capable of
[doing] any activity successfully (PSWP, 30: 169). The explanation contains the
information regarding the stylistic markedness and presents the origins of the
phraseme.
Another source containing the unit provides plenty of information on its
origins: Polak potrafi! ‘Mówiąc: Polak potrafi! Wyrażamy pogląd, że Polacy
umieją się zmobilizować, i jeśli tylko chcą, są w stanie wiele osiągnąć. Obecnie
powiedzenia tego używa się głównie ironicznie – by dać do zrozumienia, że Polacy
nie mają oporów moralnych przed popełnianiem złych uczynków, że kreatywność,

którą się im przypisuje, potrafią spożytkować do niecnych celów. „Polak potrafi!”
było hasłem propagandy lat 70. XX wieku, zwanej propagandą sukcesu. Miało
wyrażać dumę Polaków i zachęcać ich do pracy na rzecz socjalistycznej ojczyzny’
lit. Saying “Polak potrafi!” we express the belief that Poles are able to get
motivated, and if they only want, they can achieve a lot. Nowadays this saying is
used mostly to make it clear that Poles do not have moral objections to doing
something wrong, that the creativity attributed to them can be used for
dishonourable aims. “Polak potrafi!” was a slogan of propaganda of the seventies
of 20th c., called the propaganda of success. It was to express Poles’ pride and to
encourage them to work for their socialist motherland (SPP: 160). Again the
markedness is stressed and origins are given. It is worth adding that only in this
source some information on its current use is given of the unit.
The dictionary of winged words also contains the slogan. It provides the
following entry: Polak potrafi ‘Hasło wywieszone na budowie stalowni w hucie
„Katowice” (1975). □ Spopularyzowane przez tytuł książki Tadeusza Strumffa
(ur. 1933) o hucie „Katowice” (1976)’ lit. A slogan hung on the construction site
of the steel works in the "Katowice" works (1975). □ Popularized by the title of a
book about the “Katowice” works by Tadeusz Strumff (b. 1933) (SSWSCPiO:
540). It is worth adding that the phraseme is employed in various texts of culture
which were created at that time: for instance, it slogan also appears in the
political drama Człowiek z marmuru (Man of Marble, 1976) directed by Andrzej
Wajda, a famous Polish director. The film depicts the fall from grace of a Polish
bricklayer, Mateusz Birkut, in Nowa Huta, showing the truth about the life in
1950s in Poland.
After the political transformation in 1989, the associations with the ideology
of the previous system have become weaker, particularly for the young
generation who perceives it as belonging to slogans like Yes, we can!, which
means that the potential of the phraseme has expanded. Nowadays, it can be used
both to express positive evaluation and negative assessment. This function of the
unit, i.e. expressing a positive evaluation, has been observed in the informal
variety of the modern Polish language, especially its spoken variety. It is also
attested in the journalese, especially in the headlines. The phrase Polak potrafi is
the title of a program presenting various Polish factories, shown on TVN Turbo
channel since 2008.
Moreover, the phraseme is used as the name of the crowd-founding website
www.polakpotrafi.pl – Polak potrafi! Its objective is to collect money to finance
some creative ideas, projects etc. of various nature, for example concerts,
exhibitions, journeys, participation in international competitions etc. Everybody
can send the presentation of their projects and prospective donors may sponsor
fully or partially the idea they have chosen to support. Furthermore, in 2011, the
phrase also appeared in advertisements: for instance, it was used in the
commercial of Bank Zachodni WBK, a bank operating in Poland, featuring
Antonio Banderas, saying Polak potrafi, followed by the Spanish interjection
¡olé! The combination is to create a good impression of the service advertised by
means of expressing a positive evaluation of Poles and referring to their

potential. It is worth adding that it was on television, the Internet, the radio, in
press and outdoors.
One more example of using the phraseme can be found in the sphere of
music, where the unit is employed in the function of a title of a song by Funky
Polak, a Polish hip-hop artist, born in 1975 in Kielce, currently living in the
USA. The choice of the title is significant, since the lyrics present a Pole “as he
really is”, giving a holistic presentation of the characteristics attributed to a
typical Polish person, as attested in the excerpt from the song: “Polak potrafi,
wedle powiedzenia / dla Polaka nie ma sprawy nie do załatwienia (...)” lit. A
Pole can, according to the saying / there isn’t a problem which he can’t solve
(...). What the phraseme stresses in this context is the ability to cope with
difficulties and to find solutions to all problems under any circumstances.
In terms of pragmatics, such expressions can be employed in various
contexts, evoking different connotations. In fact, the bipolarity reflects the
autostereotype of a Pole which comprises both negative and positive elements.
As stated by Bartmiński (2003: 73), a Pole evaluates himself positively in the
aspects of personality characteristics (brave, proud, intelligent, educated, wise),
critically in the social aspect (laziness, being unsystematic).
Therefore, it is a useful device of expressing a complex evaluation which is
corroborated by the examples given above. In conclusion, The unit in question is
thus useful in various communication contexts in which there are references to
the stereotypical features of Poles. The phraseme Polak potrafi employed in
many newspaper articles, which either praise great achievements of Poles or
criticise them heavily for making serious mistakes. As for the former use, it tends
to be observed in press texts describing sports and scientific achievements, while
the latter – in those whose focal issues are absurdities of Polish everyday life or
examples of extremely irresponsible behaviour of individuals.
2.3. Confusion regarding the meaning and evaluative connotations of a

phraseme: gruba kreska
In the case of winged words, they are associated with the source, i.e. the
author or the work. Originally, they perform a given function in the text,
verbalizing the thoughts in a particular way. In some contexts, the interpretation
of a phrase can be conducted in more than one way, which can give rise to dual
evaluative load of given words.
An illustrative example of this mechanism is observed in the case of the
Polish phraseme gruba kreska lit. a thick line, also gruba linia, tends to be used
in the journalese and in the political discourse. In the lexicographic work titled
Wielki słownik frazeologiczny języka polskiego (WSFJP), the areas of occurrence
are indicated by labels (dzien. polit.). This dictionary provides the following
definition of the phraseme: ‘odcięcie się od przeszłości przez zaprzestanie
rozliczania czyichś dawnych przewinień, błędów, złych postaw’ (lit. dissociation
from the past by ceasing accounting somebody for their previous offences,
mistakes, wrong attitudes) (WSFJP: 328).

The modern political Polish jargon incorporated the phraseme after it had
been used in the exposé delivered by Tadeusz Mazowiecki on 24th August 1989.
He used the expression in the following way: “Przeszłość odkreślamy grubą
linią. Odpowiadać będziemy jedynie za to, co uczyniliśmy, by wydobyć Polskę z
obecnego stanu załamania” lit. We draw a thick line to mark the past. We will be
responsible only for what we have done to take Poland out of the present state of
collapse (SPP: 82). Mazowiecki himself stressed many times that by using this
phrase he meant dissipating from the Communist past and starting a new period
of Polish history.
Yet, at the beginning of the 1990s, Lech Wałęsa and his supporters used the
phraseme in question to convey a negative evaluation. The meaning which the
unit gained was ‘forgiving mistakes and forgetting about the communist past,
encouragement to resigning from accounting the past, vetting and
decommunisation’. The confusion regarding the interpretation of the meaning of
the excerpt from Mazowiecki’s speech resulted in its being used both to express
a positive evaluation and a negative assessment by representatives of various
political parties. The post-Solidarity group was divided into the supporters of the
thick line and its opponents.
In the contemporary political Polish discourse, the analysed unit can be used
to express two kinds of evaluation. In fact, the assessment conveyed by the
phraseme depends on the political orientation of the language users, the person’s
beliefs and perception of political events and actions, for instance, the evaluation
of the vetting processes after 1989. Therefore, the connotative potential of the
expressions comprises bipolar evaluation, both positive and negative. The
interpretation of its value can be conducted only in a given context. It is worth
adding that it can be assumed that the extralinguistic knowledge regarding Polish
history and political events may be necessary for proper decoding the actual
meaning and evaluation of the phraseme.
2.4. Conscious modelling the meaning and evaluative potential by a group of

language users: moherowe berety
While discussing the causes of bipolar evaluative potential of phrasemes,

attention should be paid to another factor which is the adoption of a given unit by
two groups of language users, consciously employing the phrase to express the
evaluation desired by a given group. It means that each of them models the
evaluation according to their needs, so that the phraseme could be used to
express the assessment desired by a given group. This process may occur in
political discourse due to the fact that a phraseme can be employed as an
effective vehicle of manipulation. Its brevity and connotative potential contribute
to its attractiveness from the point of view of persuasive force.
In the modern Polish language, an example of such a phraseme is the unit
moherowe berety lit. mohair berets. Its dual evaluation results from a conscious
action taken by a group of persons aiming at attributing a positive markedness to
this unit, originally expressing a strongly negative evaluation. The Polish
expression moherowe berety lit. translated ‘mohair berets’ is a depreciative, ironic

phrase used to describe elderly people who identify themselves with the beliefs
expressed by the conservative movement of Polish Catholicism, who listen to
Radio Maryja, a Catholic radio station) and support Father Tadeusz Rydzyk
(Szerszunowicz 2013c).
The phrase was used for the first time in the article by Maja Narbut titled
Labirynty księdza prałata (“Rzeczpospolita”, 23.10.2004): Ekstatycznie wpatrzone
w prałata Jankowskiego starsze kobiety oklaskami przyjmują niemal każde jego
słowo. W Gdańsku mówi się, że ksiądz prałat ma swój „Legion moherowych
beretów”, lit. Old ladies’ eyes are ecstatically fixed on Father Jankowski and
almost each of his words is met with their applause. In Gdańsk, the prelate is said
to have his own “Legion of mohair berets”. The phrase gained popularity due to
being widespread in press and on the Internet. The label began to be used
commonly after Robert Górecki from “Gazeta Wyborcza” published a photograph
showing the 14th anniversary of Radio Maryja in 2005 on the Internet.
As for the motivation of the phraseme, the basis of connecting the source
domain and the target domain of the metaphor is the stereotypical perception of
persons who take part in masses and other religious meetings such as elderly
women in characteristic headdress. In military terminology, there are informal
names, for instance, in the US army – green berets, or in the Polish army – red
berets (SPP: 154).
The phraseme can be found in various texts of culture, in which it expresses
negative evaluation. One of them is the satirical song Moherowe berety (Mohair
Berets) recorded by a Polish group Big Cyc on an album of the same title
released in 2006. Next, a rock band El Doopa recorded a song Moherowy ninja
(Mohair Ninja; the album Gra?). In 2006, a Polish cabaret OT.TO prepared a
hip-hop song Moherowi sąsiedzi (lit. Mohair neighbours), while another cabaret
called Neo-Nówka chose the mohair berets as their skits subject. On YouTube,
one can see several short films which comprise both parodies and documentaries.
What is more, a computer game Moherowe berety (lit. Mohair Berets; part one
and two) was invented: it features an elderly lady who can activate a beret, comb
it, throw it and defend the saffron milk cap. The saffron milk cap alludes to the
surname of Father Rydzyk – in Polish the saffron milk cap is rydz). The game
was a commercial of the House brand and completing it ensured the prize of a
20% discount in their shops till the end of 2005 (Szerszunowicz 2013c).
The persons called moherowe berety, basing on the retorsio argumenti rule,
promoted a different usage of the phraseme, i.e. as a positive lable emphasizing the
values and traditions of the group. A Polish group Kapela znad Baryczy playing
modern town folk based on the dialect of South Greater Poland and Easter
Borderlands was asked by Father Rydzyk to write a song Moherowe berety as a
response. “A my kochamy moherowe berety! / Te nasze mamy w nich pięknie
wyglądają. / To dumne mamy i mądre kobiety, / Co swą rodzinę i swój polski dom
kochają. / My uwielbiamy berety moherowe / Za ich odwagę i życie dla Kościoła!
/ I całujemy z szacunkiem siwą głowę, / Bo moherowy beret serce ma anioła” (lit.
And we love mohair berets! / Our mothers look beautiful wearing them. / They are
proud mothers and wise women, / Who love their family and their Polish home. /
We adore mohair berets / For their courage and life for the Church! ? And we kiss

the silver head with respect, / Because the mohair beret has the heart of an angel
(SPP: 155). The song was played at the 17th anniversary of Radio Maryja in Toruń
where Father Rydzyk was wearing a miniature beret pinned onto his cassock.
To sum up, it can be concluded that for the majority of language users, the
unit moherowe berety is a carrier of negative evaluation. The derivative mohery
(lit. mohairs) can also be used in the same function and so does the form
moheroidy, created so that the word resembled the word hemoroidy (lit.
‘hemoroids’). The last unit has a strongest evaluative load and is most offensive.
If the phraseme is used by those called by the name, it performs the
autoidentifying function, acting as a symbol of solidarity among the group
members. Therefore, in such a situation, it is positively marked and the opposite
is the phraseme aksamitne kapelusze (lit. velvet hats), connoting materialistic
values, nihilism and conformity (SPP: 154-155).
2.5. Native users’ cultural knowlegde as a cause of bievaluation: skazany na

sukces
The knowledge of a given culture may explain some cases of dual

evaluation, which is related to the interpretations of constituents on the cultural
background. For instance, in the Polish culture, many expressions and short
forms of culture reflect the widespread belief that having influential family
members and friends may be more important for being assigned high positions
than professional knowledge and skills. One of such units is the idiom krewni i
znajomi królika lit. Rabbit’s relatives and friends, a phrase from the children’s
book titled” by A. A. Milne, naming incompetent persons who because of such
help have been given well-paid high posts in spite of lack of qualifications,
experience etc. or who have been promoted rapidly due to the influence of
relatives (Nowakowska 2005).
Several years ago, the phraseme skazany na sukces lit. sentenced to success
started to be used in press texts: from the linguistic point of view, the unit was
created as a result of violation of collocability rules. The constituent skazany na
‘sentenced to’ is followed by words denoting various kinds of punishment, for
instance, skazany na dożywocie lit. sentenced to life, skazany na więzienie lit.
sentences to imprisonment. In the standard Polish language, it was the only
pattern of using the element skazany na.
Due to the usage widespreadness of collocational patterns different from that
one, the dictionary of modern Polish phraseological units published in 2003
included the information regarding the changes, listing as many as three
explanations of the expression in question, mainly: dzien. ‘być pod przymusem,
presją, nie mieć wyboru’ lit. journalese ‘to be under pressure, to have no choice’,
praw. ‘dostać określoną karę’ lit. legal jargon ‘to receive a given punishment’,
dzien. żart. ‘mieć określone przeznaczenie, doznawać jakiegoś losu’ journalese
jocular ‘to have a given destiny, to experience a given fate’.
In the case of the phraseme skazany na sukces, the combined meaning can
be derived from those of the constituents: skazany na ‘sentenced to’, thus
‘unavoidably having to be subjected to’ and sukces ‘success’, i.e. ‘unavoidably

going to be successful’. The cultural knowledge of the situation in Poland allows
for two semantic interpretations, basing of indicating different causes of the
achievements of the described person. In the interpretation mentioned above,
‘being very talented / skilled etc. and thus highly likely to be successful’, the unit
conveys a positive markedness, since the achievements are well deserved and
should not be questioned.
Yet, the cultural awareness of the native speakers of Polish provided the
grounds for another interpretation, i.e. ‘likely to be successful because of having
influential friends’. The last explanation given in the dictionary complies with the
interpretation. The phraseme at issue expressing this meaning reflects cultural
perception of success which has undergone changes: after the transformation of
1989, the success began to be desired in all spheres – being successful could result
from being talented and working hard. With the new political system and free
market economy, branches of foreign, mainly American corporation started to be
opened in Polish cities and the career path was open to well educated persons with
adequate hard and soft skills. Yet, at the same time, the previous perception of
achievements, associated with belonging to the Communist Party and being
promoted due to influential acquaintances, was also part of the collective memory.
Therefore, the expression can be used as an exponent of both kinds of
evaluation, depending on the speaker’s intention and the context. In fact, the use
of positively marked noun sukces ‘success’ results in a special stylistic effect due
the innovative character of the word combinations in question. The stylistic clash
between the constituents contributes to the originality of the expression, thus
being especially attractive for the journalese and the informal variety of Polish.
3. Conclusions
From a semiotic perspective, phrasemes whose evaluative potential

comprises both positive evaluation and negative assessment constitute an
interesting phenomenon. Although this feature is observed in a relatively small
number of Polish units, yet is deserves to be studied due to its nature: without
changing the combination of constituents, such phrasemes tend to express one
kind of evaluation which is either positive or negative.
The duality may be conditioned by various factors of linguo-cultural
character, which is of interest in the semiotic approach, especially from the point
of view of semantics and pragmatics. The duality of evaluation tends to be
conditioned by changes in the semantics of the units. Providing that an
expression starts to be used in a new meaning, an evaluative connotation –
different from the one the unit has already had – may develop. The decoding of
the quality of the phraseme evaluation occurs in a given context which can be
analysed by means of tools of pragmatics.
The analysis conducted shows that the bievaluative phrasemes reflect
cultural changes, for instance, those occurring in the sphere of history and
politics, as it is the case of the Polish units Matka Polka and Polak potrafi.
Another course of evaluation duality of phrasemes determined for the Polish
units was the doubts concerning the interpretation of the original meaning of the

unit used by a politician in its speech. Finally, the bipolar evaluation expressed
by the expression moherowe berety results from a conscious action taken by a
group of language users named by the unit.
The analysis of the Polish phrasemes leads to the conclusion that the
secondary evaluative connotations may develop at various times: it can be
observed after centuries, decades or months. The relation between the primary
connotation and secondary one vary: both can be widespread or one of them can
dominate significantly over the other.
From the point of view of pragmatics, such fixed expressions are worth
analysing since they occur in various contexts. Its meaning and evaluation can be
interpreted only by means of multiaspectual analysis, including such factors as
the speaker’s characteristics. Only then can the true semantics and evaluative
connotations of a given expression be determined. Furthermore, the phrasemes
analysed are rich in cultural connotations which are evoked in some
combinations in a particular text. Such expression function as complex labels,
therefore they are useful in the process of communication: brief, with rich
semantics and numerous associations.
In fact, the phrasemes which express dual evaluation are deeply set in the
Polish culture: all of them name phenomena or attitudes related to Poles.
Therefore, it will be worth studying the phrasemes expressing dual evaluation
across languages and cultures. First, it would allow for determining whether such
units are observed in many languages and if yes, the quantitative analysis could
be conducted; then, a qualitative one might follow in order to give an insight into
the nature of such phrasemes in particular languages.
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joana SerSunoviCi
ormagi Sefasebis mqone frazemebis semiotikuri perspeqtiva
statiis mTavari mizania formaucvleli, ormagi (rogorc dadebi-

Ti, ise uaryofiTi) Sefasebis mqone frazebis potencialis ganxilva.
sakvanZo sakiTxebze msjeloba mimdinareobs semiotikur aspeqtSi. empi-
riul masalad gamoyenebulia polonuri Sesityvebebi, romlebic gamoxa-
taven sxvadasxva saxis Sefasebas. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vuTmobT
lingvokulturuli Sinaarsis mqone frazebs.
Tina SioSvili
mSobliur kerasTan
patarZlis gamosaTxovari
ritualuri
leqs-godeba klarjul
zepirsityvierebaSi
qarTuli tradiciuli saqorwilo ce-

remonialis da masTan dakavSirebuli xal-
xuri poeziis erT-erTi saintereso mxarea
mSobliur kerasTan patarZlis gamoTxovebis
rituali da leqs-simRerebi, rac saqarTve-
los yvela kuTxeSi iyo gavrcelebuli.
sapatarZlosTan tradiciulad ikribe-
bodnen misi megobari qaliSvilebi da sasi-
Zos naTesavebi, romelTa daswrebiTac
sruldeboda tradiciuli gamosaTxovari
rituali da masTan dakavSirebuli leqs-sim-
Rerebi. es Tavyriloba TiTqmis bolo drom-
dea daculi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxe-
Si. profesorma qsenia sixaruliZem gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom qarTul saqorwilo ceremo-
nialSi sasiZos mxridan saCuqrebis miRebis
wesi, romelic axla niSnobis dResTan aris
dakavSirebuli, SesaZlebelia, Zvelad gamo-
saTxovar Sekrebas ukavSirdeboda (sixaru-
liZe 1960: 261). am tradicias, romelic
TiTqmis bolo dromde fiqsirdeba, mxolod
garTobis funqciaRa SemorCa.
gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi dawe-
ril naSromSi qs. sixaruliZe imasac miuTi-
Tebda, rom ,,Cvenamde ar aris moRweuli, ag-
reTve, mSobliur ojaxTan patarZlis gamo-
saTxovari simRera-godeba, rac gavrcelebu-
li iyo ruseTSi” (sixaruliZe 1960: 261),
Tumca iqve miuTiTebda, rom es srulebiTac
240 Tina SioSvili

ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos CvenSi ar iyo amgvari simRerebi da amis dasturad
moixmobs aleqsandre yazbegis ,,xevisber goCaSi” aRweril saqorwilo ri-
tuals, romlis Tanaxmadac, ZiZiasa da guguas qorwilis aRwerisas, mwe-
ralma SesaniSnavad daaxasiaTa patarZlis gamosaTxovari simRerebis tra-
dicia: ,,oTaxSi Semovidnen xazua, viRaca moxucebuli kaci, onise da ymaw-
vili qalebi, romelnic Semoexvivnen ZiZias. daiwyes gamosasalmebeli sim-
Rera, sadac sagrZnobeli sityvebiT ymawvils Tavis warsulTan da megob-
rebTan asalmebdnen da tiriliT da kocniT TviTonac esalmebodnen” (yazbe-
gi 1948: 252). rogorc prof. qs. sixaruliZe mianiSnebs, ,,al. yazbegs am
SemTxvevaSi aRwerili aqvs TviT qorwinebis dRe, magram amas ar aqvs mniS-
vneloba, radganac saqorwilo ceremonialSi Serwymulia ara mxolod misi
sxvadsxva momenti, aramed _ sxvadasxva epoqis damaxasiaTebeli wesebic.
amas garda, patarZlis ojaxTan gamosaTxovari simRera-godeba sruldeboda
qalis vaJisas wayvanis momentSic. gamosaTxovar teqsts an TviTon patar-
Zali asrulebda, an kidev, rogorc al. yazbegs aqvs aRwerili, misi toli
qaliSvilebi” (sixaruliZe 1960: 261). aqve mkvlevari paralels avlebs da
am rituals ukavSirebs mecxramete saukuneSi mesxeTSi Caweril leqss:
patarZeulis cixesa
gamouTxrian Zirsao,
gamoiyvanen lamazsa,
cremliT dahbanen pirsao...
(umikaSvili 1964: 109)
mSobliur kerasTan sapatarZlos gamosaTxovari Sekrebis tradici-
uli xasiaTis dakargvas qsenia sixaruliZe ukavSirebs naturaluri me-
urneobis rRvevas, rac ~erTgvarad mainc amsubuqebda qalis xvedrs; da-
qorwinebisas mas aRar hqonda safuZveli moTqma-godebisa” (sixaruliZe
1960: 262).
sabednierod, ZirZvel istoriul kuTxeebSi _ SavSeTsa da klar-
jeTSi _ srulyofilad dafiqsirda saqorwilo ceremonialis es arqau-
li Semadgeneli nawili: imerxevSi patarZlis gamosaTxovar leqs-simRe-
ras dedoflisaTvis xelis gulze da TiTebze inis dadebis ritualis
dros mRerian, rasac ~yina gejes” (inis Rames) uwodeben:
maRal-maRal mTebidan
saxli ar dadgan.
Áabanj memleqeTSi
gogo ar mice!
yina meitane, ane,
TiTi daawe, ane!
ameRam musafiri var,
Cem ukan dawe, ane!
(futkaraZe 2009: 15)
msgavsi varianti gavrcelebulia, agreTve, klarjul zepirsityvie-
rebaSic. sofel avanaSi (avjilari) mkvlevar vardo CoxaraZis mier
2007 wels Cawerili gamosaTxovari leqs-simReris Tanaxmadac, sapa-
mSobliur kerasTan patarZlis gamosaTxovari rituali leqs-godeba... 241

tarZlo wuxs imis gamo, rom mSobliuri saxlidan Sors yofna mouwevs
da ixveweba, amis Semdeg ucxo mxareSi aRar gaaTxovon qaliSvili. erTi
Ramis stumari, dedas sTxovs, masTan dawves:
maRal-maRal mTebidan
iq saxli ar dadgano!
Áabanji memleqeTSi
gogo ar mice!
yina meitane ane,
TiTi daawe, ane!
amesRam mosafiri var,
Cem ukan daweq, ane!
sayuradReboa, rom CveneburebisaTvis Soreul sofelSi gaTxoveba
erTgvar sasjelad aRiqmeba,~_ nenema metyoda, imsoÁ Sor sofelSi’na
migceo, mamalis xma ar unda moideso”, _ gagvando bursas provinciis
mustafa qemalfaSas raionis sofel yarafinarSi mcxovrebma klarj mu-
hajirTa STamomavalma 80 wlis ruyie ildirimma (Caiwera Tina SioS-
vilma 2014 wlis 15 ivliss).
mSobliuri keris datovebis win patarZlis ,,moTqma-godebas~ war-
moadgens, agreTve, klarj muhajirTa STamomavlebs Soris dafiqsirebu-
li gamosaTxovari leqs-simRera (mTqmeli qojaelis provinciis gol-
juqis raionis sofel murkveTSi mcxovrebi 69 wlis osman SimSeqi. Ca-
iwera Tina SioSvilma 2013 wlis 9 ivliss), romelSic gamoTqmulia
qaliSvlis sevda-wuxili dedasTan ganSorebis gamo:
nene, nene, geyrebi,
nene, Sen ver geyrebio!
rogoro mozobeli,
gzaze gedegeyrebio.
sofel devsqelSi mkvlevar vardo CoxaraZis mier 2007 wels Caweri-
li leqs-simReris (mTqmeli nabie ilmazTurqi) Tanaxmad, gamoTqmulia qa-
liSvilis wuxili imis gamo, rom xanmokle iyo mamis saxlSi misi yofna:
civi qari meiqrola,
kalaSia, kalaSi;
ra male moaTave
babos saxlis TalaSi!..
maradideli mTqmelis _ meriem kahramanisagan 2013 wels Cven mier
Cawerili varianti SedarebiT ufro amaRlebuli ganwyobilebis gamom-
xatvelia, Tumca mamiseul saxlTan gamoTxovebiT gamowveuli sevda mas-
Sic gamosWvivis:
mival, mival, adaSi,
vardi vikref kalTaSi;
ra male movaTave
mamis saxlis TalaSi!..
(SioSvili, maxaraSvili 2014: 153)
klarjuli zepirsityviereba mxolod patarZlis gamosaTxovari
242 Tina SioSvili

ritualuri leqs-simRerebiT rodia mdidari; aranaklebia patarZlis
dedis grZnobebis gamomxatveli leqs-simRerebic. jivaneli mTqmelisagan
_ resmie Cavdanisagan prof. ramaz xalvaSis mier 2007 wels Cawerili
leqs-simRera SvilTan sapatarZlos dedis tradiciul gamosaTxovar
wuxilze miuTiTebs; esec ritualuri tirilis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa:
wyali midis adaSi,
vardi vikref kalTaSi;
Cveni gelinis neneÁ
zis da tiris CardaxSi.
amave Temas exmianeba sof. devsqelSi hajer ilmazisagan 2007
wels mkvlevar vardo CoxaraZis mier Cawerili leqsic:
ojaxis karSi kata
,,miav, miav _ iZaxis;
Cveni gelinis neneÁ
,,e ra meqna!” _ iZaxis.
amrigad, istoriuli saqarTvelos ZirZveli kuTxis _ klarjeTisa
da TurqeTis respublikis Sida regionebSi gadasaxlebuli klarji mu-
hajirebis STamomavlebis zepirsityvierebaSi bolo dromde cocxal
folklorul brunvaSia sapatarZlos kerasTan gamoTxovebis tradiciu-
li leqs-godeba, anu ritualuri tirili, rac saqarTvelos sxva kuT-
xeebSi didi xania, daviwyebas mieca.
literatura:
sixaruliZe 1960 _ qsenia sixaruliZe, saweCveulebo poezia. _ krebul-

Si ,,qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedeba~, t. I, Tbilisi;
umikaSvili 1964 _ petre umikaSvili, xalxuri sityviereba, t. II, Tbilisi;
futkaraZe 2009 _ Tamaz futkaraZe, qorwili imerxevSi, baTumi;
yazbegi 1948 _ aleqsandre yazbegi, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. II,
Tbilisi;
SioSvili, maxaraSvili 2014 _ Tina SioSvili, giorgi maxaraSvili, klar-
juli zepirsityviereba (masalebi). bsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa
fakultetis qarTvelologiis centris ,,krebuli~ t. VIII, baTumi.
Tina Shioshvili
Ritual Verse-Lament of Bride’s Farewell to

Native House in Klarjian Folklore
The samples of bride’s ritual lament are still in live folklore circulation to
this day among the descendants of Klarjian Muhajirs settled in inland region of
Turkish Republic and the inhabitants of the ancient historical part of Georgia-
Klarjeti. The laments are performed either by brides or their mothers. They have
been long forgotten in other parts of Georgia.
Tamar CoxaraZe
Tandebulis zogierTi
Tavisebureba samxrul
kiloebSi
TandebulTan dakavSirebiT samxrul

kiloebSi saintereso suraTi ixateba. ni-
Sandoblivia, rom SavSuri, aWaruli, klar-
juli da taouri kiloebi bevr saerTos
avlenen.
upirvelesad ganvixilavT Tandebulis
zmnisarTze darTvis SemTxvevebs, rac, sazo-
gadod, ucxo ar aris da istoriulad Cans
damaxasiaTebeli qarTuli enisaTvis. me-
tic, SesaZloa, pirvelad zmnizedaze Tande-
bulis darTva uZvelesi viTarebis amsaxve-
li iyos, yovel SemTxvevaSi manamdeli,
vidre Tandebuli saxels miekedleboda da
misi mxlebeli gaxdeboda. amasTan, SesamCne-
via, rom umeteswilad Tandebuli daer-
Tvis adgilisa da drois zmnizedebs. am
faqtSi unda veZioT TviT Tandebulis
fesvebi.
amdenad, gasakviri araa, rom zemoxsene-
buli SemTxvevebi bunebrivia samxruli ki-
loebisTvisac, Tumca, cxadia, aq TvalSisa-
cemia swored am kiloebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li formebi. moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs
SavSuridan: igzemidan ar ari petrol
(weTileTi); Cveni baboÁ iyo igze da mok-
da (ifxrevli); Telgan isea, Telgan (zio-
si)...
msgavsi formebi gvxvdeba aWarulSic:
wvimis wveTi agze demeca, ha… (qeda); iq-
Si iyo ... (erge)...
–ken Tandebuli ke’s saxiTaa. daerTvis
244 Tamar CoxaraZe
igi saxelebsac, zmnizedebsac: aqeTke xarT Tqven (bazg.); haide, ase CuuyveT
qomoTke (nioleTi).
ken (>ke) Tandebuli daerTvis –gan TandebuliT nacvalsaxelisagan na-
warmoeb zmnizedas: Telgniske ari gza (ustamisi);
gamoyenebis sixSiriT –ke Warbobs –ken’s. n mokvecili –ken qarTu-
li enis sxva dialeqtebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli.
klarjuli: wineske midis; zeiske Seiara (futkaraZe 1995:17);
taouri: parxliske mixualT? ...wimiyvaneT mSobliskeo (eliasxevi)...
aRvniSnavT, rom –ken>ke qarTuli enis mravali dialeqtisaTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli. cocxali metyvelebidan –ke zogjer samwerlobo
enaSic iCens Tavs (faRava 2011 (I) :231-155).
Tvis Tandebuli SavSursa da aWarulSi dasturdeba –Tvin//Tin
formiTac: kareb vakeTeb... futkrebisTin (bazgireTi); aq movasxi Cem kacis-
Tin (CaqvelTa)...
-Tvin//Tin gvxdeba aWarulSic, sxva samxrul kiloebSic: baRnisTvin
minda, ar momatyvilo (orTabaTumi); CemTin xomar vakeTef, TqvenTin
minda (maxo)...
Tvis varianti iSviaTia.
S. niJaraZe aRniSnavs, rom ,,qobuleTur metyvelebaSi gavrcelebu-
lia –Tvis Tandebulis badali nanaTesaobiTari viTarebiTis -izda||>iza
forma, rac, eWvi araa, gurulis gavlenas miewereba” da mohyavs aseTi
magaliTi: Seni guliza; arif buZeizda (niJaraZe 1975:129 Sdr. imnaiSvi-
li 2006:68). analogiuri movlena marTlac dasturdeba gurulSi:
foTSi dadioden Tebziza, mariliza, puriza; amis gulobiza gavakeTe;
Seni guliza akeTefs...
S. niJaraZis mosazrebas TiTqos amarTlebs gurulSi povnieri
formebi, magram aris winaaRmdegoba, kerZod, -iza(<izda) gvxdeba baTu-
mis mimdebare soflebis (orTabaTumi, kapreSumi, agara, yorolisTavi,
ganTiadi...) mkvidrTa metyvelebaSic: baliza amxela xeze eisleba? marto
mizda unda yvelaferi... (orTabaTumi); baRniza muucia Tofi, yeza ar
qnas (agara)...
-iza dasturdeba SavSurSic: ama muslimanobiza amgvarobai kai ar
ari (nioliTi)...
rogorc vxedavT, -iza//-izda Tandebulis xmarebis areali gafar-
Tovda. Cans, igi araa romelime erTi kuTxis kuTvnileba.
samxruli kiloebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia dan Tandebuli:baTomidan
wamosulan pirvelaT bursas (qob. muhaj.); baTomidan erTi qali gamieT-
xva aqa... (CaqvelTa); maWaxlidan, zedvakidan evkide simindi (svirevani);
samxruli kiloebSive dan’is paralelurad ixmareba dam’ic. magali-
Tad, SavSurSi: Cven karidam gevxede (manatba); iqidam, aba, ase iqiTa Relidam,
am Cveni soflis gaRmidam Rele aris (xoxlevi);
msgavsi viTarebaa aWarulSic: hidam mobrZandiT Tquen, xulidam xoS
ar mobrZandiT?
Tandebulis zogierTi Tavisebureba samxrul kiloebSi 245
sayuradReboa, rom -dam gvxdeba qobuleTel muhajirTa metyveleba-

Sic, rac imis dasturia, rom adre aRniSnuli Tandebuli qobuleTur-
Sic ixmareboda: ,,size yanidam SemeÁarda”... (xaxutaiSvili, 2009;).
-dam Tandebuli Woroxis auzSi sxvaganac dasturdeba:
klarjuli: Tovlidam dedes akeTeben; rizedam mevtane; Cvenidam
gayrilan (qarTla).
taouri: buzdolabidam deÁlia; baTumidam xarTa? aq yofilan Cveni
dedeebi, aWaridam mosulan (xevai)...
niSandoblivia, rom –dam Tandebulis gavrcelebis areali gacile-
biT farToa, vidre es arn. Ciqobavas warmoedgina, igi saerToqarTuli
movlenaa.
SavSurSi –Si Tandebuls zogjer Sigan zmnizedac axlavs da
gvaqvs erTgvari tavtologia:
vaSlsa CavhyriT qvabSi, wyalSi Sigan, meÁxarSvis, yabSi Sigan
eÁbervis, TefsSi Sigan (xoxlevi);
gvxdeba –Si Tandebulis amosavali -Sigan formac: alTunebi veRar
upovnian im bebeqebSigan (xevwrili); vakiTxebdi kidev samsunSigan (zio-
si).
iSviaTad, magram Sigan naTesaobiTis formas axlavs: diobanis Sigan
Teq ar laparakoben (zaqieTi).
moyvanil magaliTSi Sigan calke mdgomi sityvaa da igi jer kidev
araa daclili zmnizedis mniSvnelobisagan.
gvxdeba Cveulebrivi formiTac: kroWebSi, qilkebSi, kolofeb ake-
Tebden SeSidan...(zen.); Cixoridan aq gameveTxue ustamisSi (ustamisi);
dasturdeba calke mdgomi Sina Tandebuli, oRond saxelis fuZesTan:
qarTul Sina TurqCa Serevlia (bazgireTi).
SavSurSi, iSviaTad magram mainc, dasturdeba –Ci(<Si) Tandebuli:
donegCi rom iqnebi, darCebi Sua gzaSi (dasabobi);
-Ci (<–Si) gvxdeba qarTuli enis bevr dialeqtSi. maT Soris aWa-
rulsa da taourSi:
aWaruli: sofelCi aRar Cerdebian, garbian (xulo); midRemCi ar
vifiqrebdi (orTabaTumi);
taouri: imeTCi Cveni dedeebi yofilan iSte (eliasxevi)...
maS ase, SavSur kiloSi Senaxula –Si Tandebulis amosavali for-
ma Sigan;
ze Tandebuli:
axal welze is adeTi maqvan, dilaze ar’na deÁlapariko (qlasku-
ri); gaTendeba, dilaze dedofal gamevyvanT gareT (ziosi); kacebi jame-
ze wevlen, ilocven (ziosi);
SavSurSi dadasturda SemTxveva, roca –ze Tandebuli cvlis -
Si’s: erTi emis efendi iyo oladavrze (xoxlevi)...
analogiuri magaliTebi dasturdeba aWarulSic: qorwilSi viya-
vi//qorwilze viyavi...
246 Tamar CoxaraZe
SavSurSi –Tan Tandebuli Cveulebriv micemiT brunvasTan ixmareba.

saliteraturo enisagan gansxvavebiT, xmovanfuZian saxelebze darTvisas
micemiTi brunvis niSani ikargeba: iq Cem daTan arian (bazgireTi); ho,
zaTi musaTan verafer ver damaxsenebs (ziosi);
aRvniSnavT, rom analogiuri SemTxvevebi sxva kiloebSi ar gvxvde-
ba (yovel SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis araa cnobili). TiTo-orola SemTxveva
dadasturda aWarulSi.
n. maris CanawerebSi gvxvdeba san: weuda qeloRlanma qoroRlisan
igive forma aWarulSic dasturdeba Zmasan, dasan (ZmasTan, dasTan) da
misTana SemTxvevebi.
paralelurad gvxvdeba –Tan formac: ver ikadra arxataSTan esa am
kacma... da sx.
SavSurSi –viT Tandebuli –veT formasac gviCvenebs: SeSasaveT da-
dian falazebi; wuril-wurilia, lobiasaveT; kinasaveT ari qirqiti; mu-
Si ari erTi, baTumsaveT, iq wavlen (xoxlevi)...
aRvniSnavT, rom –viT>veT dasturdeba aWarulSi (niJaraZe,
1975.:129), imerulSi (ZoweniZe, 1973.:80).
aWarulsa da klarjulSi dasturdeba -ven formac: TurisTaven
ÁarebiT, bevri fara gindanan (klarj.); sunag katasaven aafarebden Tva-
lebze (qob. muhaj.)...
Tandebulis funqciiT ixmareba sxvadasxva Sinaarsis zmnizeda.
farTod aris gavrcelebuli Tandebulis mniSvnelobiT ukan (aseve win,
erTad...) romelic daerTvis saxels da aRniSnavs dros. SevniSnavT, rom ukan
da sxva zmnizedebic umetesad daerTvian saxelis fuZes: ega daniSnulia, ba-
iram ukan’na meiyvanos (manatba); aT dRe ukan mival (nioliTi.).
ukan gvxdeba naTesaobiT brunvasTanac: marti iciT? nisani? martis
ukan qi aris, nisani? (CaqvelTa).
iSviaTad ukan dasturdeba micemiT brunvasTan: sam dRes ukan’na moides
(CaqvelTa).
mesame piris CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis micemiTi brunvis forma dair-
Tavs ,,ukan~ zmnizedas: imas ukan rusebma nelnela wamocimcimden (manatba.);
pirveli piris nacvalsaxelis mravlobiTis formasTan brunvis niSani
(albaT –s) ar Cans: Cven vqeneT da Cven ukan – ara (Caq.).
rogorc damowmebuli magaliTidan Cans, ukan ,,Semdgomi, momdevno, gvi-
andeli viTarebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba~ (afridoniZe, 2002.:34).
oriode SemTxvevaSi ukan adrindel, wina viTarebas aRniSnavs: erTi
kvire ukan mosuliyavi, kaჲ iyo (ustamisi);
adgilis aRsaniSnavad saxelTan gvxvdeba uknedan: karCxalis haman ukne-
dan; wiTveTi SavSeTis uknedanaa (bazgireTi); jinali(s) uknedan aWaraa (da-
viTeTi).
ukan analogiuri funqciiT ixmareba aWarulSic. Sesabamisad, aWa-
rel muhajirTa STamomavlebis metyvelebaSic: Cem ukan dabaduli arian
(bursa).
Tandebulis zogierTi Tavisebureba samxrul kiloebSi 247
ukan’s igive mniSvneloba aqvs klarjulsa da taourSic:

taouri: qalis ukan moidoda (=qalis Semdeg modioda) (Sdr. fut-
karaZe, 1995.:32).
klarjuli: erT Tves ukan (=erTi Tvis Semdeg) moval… (ix. faRava,
2011 (I) :251; faRava...2016:567; cincaZe, 2015).
Cans, ukan Tandebuli aRniSnuli funqciiT mTliani samxruli met-
yvelebis kuTvnilebaa.
zmnizedis gamoyeneba Tandebulis funqciiT damaxasiaTebeli movle-
naa qarTuli samwerlobo enisa da kiloebisaTvis. funqciuri Tanaxved-
ris mizezi maT saerTo warmomavlobaSi unda veZioT.
amgvarad, samxruli kiloebi TandebulTan dakavSirebiT bevr saerTos
avlenen da amasTan, xSirad asaxaven qarTuli enis uZveles viTarebas.
literatura:
afridoniZe, 2002: afridoniZe Suqia, Cveni ena qarTuli, Tbilisi;

imnaiSvili, 2006: imnaiSvili grigol, guruli dialeqti, Tbilisi;
klarjeTi, 2016: klarjeTi, monografia. avtorebi: mamia faRava, meri cinca-
Ze, maia baramize, malxaz CoxaraZe, Tina SioSvili, SoTa maulaZe,
ramaz xalvaSi, nugzar mgelaZe, zaza SaSikaZe, nugzar mgelaZe...
masalebi, 2005: taouri metyvelebis nimuSebi, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwi-
fo universitetis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos samecniero
kvleviTi centris krebuli, t. IV, baTumi.
masalebi, 2009: klarjuli masalebi, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos samecniero-kvleviTi cen-
tris krebuli, t VI, baTumi;
niJaraZe,1975: niJaraZe SoTa, aWaruli dialeqti, baTumi;
faRava, 2011 (I): faRava mamia, Tandebuli SavSurSi, lingvisturi qarTve-
lologiisa da afxazologiis problemebi, III, Tbilisi;
faRava, 2016: faRava mamia, muhajirTa STamomavlebTan, baTumi;
futkaraZe, 1993: futkaraZe SuSana, Cveneburebis qarTuli, wigni pirveli,
baTumi;
SavSeTi, 2011: SavSeTi, monografia, avtorebi: mamia faRava, Tina SioSvili,
SoTa mamulaZe, meri cincaZe, malxaz CoxaraZe, zaza SaSikaZe, nug-
zar ceclxaZe, Tamaz futkaraZe, maia baramiZe, jemal karaliZe, var-
do CoxaraZe, Tbilisi;
ZoweniZe, 1973: ZoweniZe q., zemoimeruli kilokavi, Tb.,
cincaZe, 2015 – meri cincaZe, ,,ukan~ sityvis mniSvnelobisa da sintaqsuri
funqciisaTvis klarjulSi. bsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakul-
teti, qarTvelologiis centri, krebuli 10, baTumi.
xaxutaiSvili, 2009; qobuleTuri kilokavis masalebi (muhajirTa STamo-
mavlebis metyvelebis mixedviT), rsu-s kvleviTi centris krebuli.,
VI, baTumi.
248 Tamar CoxaraZe
Tamar Chokharadze
Some Peculiarities of Prepositions in the Samkhruli Dialects
The paper represents the analysis of some peculiarities of prepositions in

the Samkhruli dialects, in particular, the cases of preposition linking to an
adverb, supporting by the appropriate examples. The preposition linking to an
adverb is historically typical to Georgian language. It can be judged by a number
of aspects caused by the phenomena: 1. For the first time the preposition linking
to an adverb reflects the ancient situation, at least, the one until a preposition had
got its name and became the part of it. 2. The primary adverbs are derived from
conjugated words and the preposition linking to them is a reflection of a
historical situation as well. 3. It should be noted that a preposition mostly links
the adverbs of time and place. This fact itself points to the origins of a
preposition. The fact is that the Samkhruli dialects as well as written Georgian
and other dialects have been faced with the cases of the preposition linking to an
adverb.
malxaz CoxaraZe
mesx muhajirTa kvali

klarjeTis mosaxleobaSi
istoriul samxreT saqarTveloSi, Wo-

roxis auzis TurqeTis teritoriaze moqce-
uli nawilis mosaxleobaSi, SeiZleba gamo-
iyos kategoria, romelic Tavs ,,axisxa-
dan~ (axalcixidan) mosuls, ,,axisxel
Turqs~ uwodebs. Turqul cnobarebSic ar-
Tvinis provinciis mosaxleobis nawili
moxseniebulia axalcixel Turqebad an
yivCaRebad.
aRniSnul teritoriaze axalcixelTa
Casaxleba faqtia, magram arc isaa saeWvo,
rom CasaxlebulTa umravlesoba Turqi ki
ara, qarTveli iyo.
rogorc cnobilia, ruseT-osmaleTis
1828-1829 wlebis omis Sedegad, osmalTa
batonoba rusuliT Seicvala da samcxe-ja-
vaxeTi, ase Tu ise, daubrunda saqarTve-
los, romelic manamde qceuliyo ruseTis
koloniad.
erTi mxriv ruseTis Zaladobrivi po-
litikis da meore mxriv osmaleTis pro-
pagandis ESedegad istoriuli mesxeTis
mosaxleobis didi nawili mSobliuri mi-
wa-wylidan aiyara. S. lomsaZis varaudiT,
,,samcxe-javaxeTma omSi daRupulTa da
omis Sedegad TurqeTSi gadaxvewilTa sa-
xiT dakarga daaxloebiT 60 000 kaci _
mosaxleobis ori mesamedi, ZiriTadad,
qarTveli mahmadianebi~ (lomsaZe 1975:
320).
muhajirTa es sakmaod didi talRa
ruseTis xelqveiT moqceul teritorias
250 malxaz CoxaraZe

gaerida da osmaleTSi gaifanta.
amis Semdgom, qarTvelTa TvalsawierSi, axalcixelTa kvali ukve
me-19 saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedis korespondenciebSi Cndeba. maga-
liTad, zaqaria WiWinaZe sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs devsqelis xeobas da
aRniSnavs, rom iqauri mosaxleoba qarTulia, magram cxovrebis wesiT da ri-
giT gansxvavdeba klarjeTis da masTan aWaris, maWaxlis, SavSeTis... qarTvel
muslimTagan. ,,soflebic ufro javaxeTis soflebs waagavso,~- aRniSnavs igi
da mizezebis garkvevas mosaxleobaSive cdilobs. mogzauri gadmogvcems
imas, rac piradad mousmenia moxucebisgan. Sesabamisad, wyaros sandooba
eWvs ar iwvevs. yofiTi detalebis Sesaxeb z. WiWinaZis respondentebic miu-
TiTeben da iqve ganmartavdnen: ,,....aseTi gansxvaveba mitom aris, rom Cven aq
didis xnis mosulebi ara varT, Cven gurjistanidan movsulvarTo, axalci-
xidam. aq Zvelad vinc mdgaran, osmaleTSi gaurekiaT, radganac qristianoba-
ze magra mdgaran da sjulis gamocvla ar sdomebiaTo...~ (WiWinaZe 1913:142)
devsqelSi Cawerili narativis mixedviT gadasaxlebis iniciatorebad
osmalebi Canan, mizezad ki dasaxelebulia qristianobis erTguleba. koleq-
tiur mexsierebaSi epoqebis da movlenebis aRreva Cveulebrivi ambavia, mag-
ram am SemTxvevaSi micemul narativs, SesaZloa, savsebiT realuri istoria
edos safuZvlad, razec qvemoT gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. z. WiWinaZis Cana-
werSi ki religiuri (qristianuli) motivi kidev ufro mwvavdeba: ,,Cvenebic
aq mitom mourekiaT, radganac Cveni Zvelebi gurjistanTan axlos yofilan
da sjulis gamocvlisTvis osmalTan bevri Cxubi hqoniaT gamarTulio. aq
mosvlis Semdeg ki male gaTaTrebulan, magram TaTrobaSic didxans Seuna-
xavT qristianobao. amis gulisTvis naxevarze meti gamwydara Cvenis Zvlebi-
sao (WiWinaZe 1913:143)...
informacia axalcicxelTa Sesaxeb mocemulia `droebis~ koresponden-

ciaSic, sadac aRniSnulia, rom àrTvinSi mometebuli nawili axalcixidan
arian gadmosaxlebulni 1829 wels, roca rusma aiRo axalcixe~ (m-Svili,
1981)
rogorc Cans, samcxe-javaxeTidan ltolvilTa nawili mainc max-
lobel provinciebSi dasaxlda. am azrs, garda Tanamedrove SavSeT-
klarjeTSi ,,axisxadan mosulebis~ arsebobisa, mogzaurTa Canawerebisa
Tu Zveli presis masalebisa, ganamtkicebs isic, rom XIX saukunis 30-
iani wlebis aWara-qobuleTis da sazogadod, Woroxis auzis mosaxleo-
baSi dasturdeba fena, romelic oficialurad iwodeboda axalcixel
muhajirebad, kerZod, osmaleTis imperiaSi CvenTvis saintereso regionSi
1835 wels Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRweris sakmaod bevri ixsenieba
,,axalcixel muhajirad.~ maTi arseboba dasturdeba qobuleTSic, qvemo
aWaraSic, zemo aWaraSic, SavSeTSic da klarjeTSic.
aRniSnuli monacemebze saubrisas veyrdnobiT zaza SaSikaZis informa-
cias, romelmac mogvawoda TurqeTis ministrTa sabWos osmaluri arqivis
reestris (muslimi mamakacebis aRwera kodi NFS. D N 027 59) dokumentebi
mesx muhajirTa kvali klarjeTis mosaxleobaSi 251

(davTari).
am davTris 41-51-e gverdebze dafiqsirebulia Rorjomis xeobaSi (aWa-
ra), kerZod, agaraSi mcxovrebi 34 komli axalcixeli muhajirebisa
(Ahıshavı Muhacirleri).
RorjomSi axalcixelTa Casaxlebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs zaqaria Wi-
WinaZec. soflebis CamoTvlisas zemo aWaraSi asaxelebs sof. tunaZes,
romelSic ,,15 komli aq gadmosaxlebula 1829 wels mesxeTidam~ (WiWi-
naZe 1913: 183).
da rakiRa sityvam moitana, barem imasac aRvniSnavT, rom Tanamedrove
Rorjomis mosaxleobam kargad icis axalcixidan gadmosaxlebul gvareu-
lobaTa Sesaxeb. magaliTad, rogorc profesori nugzar mgelaZe ganmartavs,
mgelaZeTa (sof. agara), iremaZeTa (sof. iremaZeebi) da RorjomelaZeTa (sof.
RorjomelaZeebi) gadmocemiT, maTi sami winapari daaxloebiT ori saukunea
samcxidan, qvablianis xeobis sofel flatedan Camosaxlebula. isini sxva-
dasxva sagvareuloSi mfarvelobis da zedsiZeobis gziT Sesulan da sakuTa-
ri genealogiuri jgufisTvis pirvelsacxovrisis saxelwodeba daumkvid-
rebiaT (mgelaZe 2000: 144).
mesx muhajirebze miuTiTebs z. WiWinaZe qedis raionSic da asaxe-
lebs sofel aliqoRlis1, romelSic ,,dasaxlebulan mesxeTidan mosuli
qarTveli mahmadianebi,~ muhajirobisas gadasaxlebula 10 komli (WiWi-
naZe 1912: 126).
RorjomelTa Tu qedelTa mexsiereba mesxTa migraciis mraval as-
peqts inaxavs, magram gansaxilvel Temas rom ar gavcdeT, mxolod faqtis
aRniSnviT davkmayofildebiT da amave dros mivuTiTebT, rom warmodgenili
informacia ueWvod adasturebs axalcixidan qarTveli da Sesabamisad, qar-
Tulenovani mosaxleobis migracias. xolo Tu isev klarjeTs da z. WiWina-
Zis Canawerebs mivubrundebiT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom mogzauri dabejiTebiT
miuTiTebs: axalcixidan gadmosaxlebuli devsqelelebi, klarjeTis sxva
xeobebisgan gansxvavebiT, ,,metad mZimed da ufro javaxuris kiloTi lapara-
koben qarTulad. enaSi TaTruli sityvebi SehparviaT, TiTqmis igive osma-
luri sityvebi, rac sxva mxaris mahmadianebSi aris Sereuli. qalebma osma-
luri laparaki srulad ar ician. eseni locvis dros ,,alahis~ magier xSi-
rad ,,RmerTs~ axseneben: ,,RmerTo gviSveleo,~ ician agreTve qarTuli Se-
locva~ (WiWiniZe 1913:142)...
samcxe-javaxeTidan gadasaxlebulTa Soris, regionis mosaxleobis
imJamindeli eTnikuri Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare, umravlesoba qar-
Tveli muslimani rom iqneboda, zemoTac mivuTiTebdiT. qarTul garemo-
Si dasaxlebulni, SeinarCunebdnen qarTul enas da identobas, magram,
rogorc Cans, araqarTul garemosa Tu savaWro gzebTan an mimosvlis-
1
aliqoRli (// aliqoRlebi) erT dros qedis raionis sofel oqtom-
bers erqva. dRes es toponimi SemorCenilia oqtombris Temis sof. me-
Zibnas erT-erT ubanSi.
252 malxaz CoxaraZe

Tvis SedarebiT ufro Ria xeobebSi dasaxlebulma, sakuTar miwa-wyals
da fesvebs mowyvetilma mesxebma sabolood dakarges kavSiri winapreb-
Tan da gaTurqdnen. esaa albaT umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom, Tanamedrove
TurqeTSi mesx muhajirTa kvali Zalian Znelad iZebneba.
rac Seexeba qristianobis motivs klarjeTSi dasaxlebul mesxeTTa
pirvel TaobaSi, ver gamovricxavT, XIX saukunemdel Zaladobrivi migraci-
is talRebsac, magram arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom 1828-29 wlebis omis-
Semdgom mesx muhajirebs Soris varaudoben farul qristianebsac mesxeTi-
dan. rasac adasturebs zaqaria WiWinaZis Canawerebic (WiWinaZe 1912: 68)
da sxva avtorebic. S. lomsaZe, moixmobs ra araerT dokuments, aRwers
mesxeTis qristianTa gasaWirs da aRniSnavs: ,,am dros samcxe-javaxeTis
soflebSi mravali qristiani da ufro meti ,,faruli qristiani~ cxov-
robda. marjvena napiris javaxeTisa da axalcixis aqeTa soflebis ume-
tesoba, axlad mahmadiandeboda. saWiro iyo sruliad mcire yuradReba,
rom mTeli es soflebi marTlmadidebel qristianebad darCeniliyvnen,
magram aseTi yuradReba aravin gamoiCina. carizmis moxeleni mcxovreb-
lebs mimarTavdnen, rogorc Turqebs, maTi qarTvelobis gagonebac ar
surdaT. mouwodebdnen ara mama-papaTa zne-Cveulebisa da sarwmunoebis
aRdgenisken, aramed, TurqeTSi gadasaxlebisken~ (lomsaZe 1975: 314).
unda vivaraudoT, rom gadasaxlebul farul qristianTa Soris RvTis-
msaxurebis inercia erTxans axal sabinadroSic gagrZeldeboda. yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, es faqtebi z. WiWinaZis zemoT moyvanil Canawerebsac logikur CarCoSi
aqcevs da Sesabamisad, damajereblobas matebs.
aq kidev erTxel gavixsenebT, rom me-19 saukunis bolo meoTxedSi qarT-
ulenovani sivrce ufro samxreTiTac vrceldeboda da rom muhajirTa STamo-
mavlebSic davafiqsireT xsovna irsadan da sinkoTidan gadasaxlebulTa qarTu-
li metyvelebis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove irsaSi, magaliTad, zogjer winaaRmde-
gobrivia ara mxolod sxvadasxva respondentis, aramed erTi adamianis in-
formaciac. magaliTad, irseli qadrie gurelis TqmiT, 1. misi winaprebi
axalcixidan mosulan; 2. deda da mama qarTvelebi iyvnen da qarTulad la-
parakobdnen (Tavad qarTuli ar icoda); winaaRmdegobrivi ki am istoriaSi
isaa, rom misi azriT, Woroxis auzSi mcxovrebi ,,axisxelebi~ Turqebi
arian... vfiqrobT, es winaaRmdegobac erTgvarad avsebs Cvens mosazrebebs
Woroxis auzis ,,axisxelTa~ qarTuli fesvebis Sesaxeb.
Tanamedrove Turquli istoriografia ugulebelyofs ,,axisxelTa~
realur vinaobas da maT Turqebad, ZiriTadad, yivCaRebad miiCnevs. as-
wleulebis win dawyebuli propaganda gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda XX sa-
ukunis II naxevridan (metadre, fahreTTin kirzioRlus e. w. skolis
farglebSi) da absurduli Teoriebi mesxTa Tu klarjTa vinaobis Sesa-
xeb TandaTan myarad dainerga adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TaobaTa cnobi-
erebaSi. am ,,Teoriebis mixedviT,~ Woroxis auzis araqarTulenovani mo-
saxleobis umravlesoba yivCaRia _ daviT aRmaSeneblis dros Tu ufro
gvian mosuli yivCaRebis STamomavali.
mesx muhajirTa kvali klarjeTis mosaxleobaSi 253

mizanmimarTulad gayalbebuli suraTis Tanaxmad, a) ufro adre Camo-
saxlebuli yivCaRebis pirvelma nakadma SeiTvisa adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
tradiciebi da cxovrebis wesi, aRiara qristianoba, aSena eklesiebi da mo-
nastrebi, cixeebi da xidebi. osmalobisas ki Tavis Tavdapirvel religias
_ islams daubrunda; b) ufro gvian Camosaxlebuli axalcixelebi Tavidanve
muslimi Turqebi iyvnen.
naTelia, rom umowyalod damaxinjebuli suraTi mosaxleobis cno-
bierebis deformacias da TviTSemecnebis ,,koreqtirebas~ isaxavs miznad
da Sesabamis Sedegsac aRwevs. aq unda davesesxoT z. SaSikaZes, romelic
mokled da naTlad ganmartavs TurqeTSi Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinare process, propagandis arss da amasTan, miuTiTebs, rom `qveyanaSi
gaCnda da TandaTan mwyobr sistemad Camoyalibda xelovnuri, yalbi is-
toria, romelic ,,aswavlis~ ama Tu im eTnikur jgufs sakuTar warsuls ise,
rogorc TurqeTis saxelmwifos esaWiroeba.
am mZlavri ideologiuri manqanis msxverpli aRmoCndnen TurqeTSi
mcxovrebi qarTvelebic. saqme isaa, rom daxurul Turqul sivrceSi aR-
zrdil Taobebze efeqturad imuSava am meTodma. maT daSretodaT istoriu-
li mexsiereba da warmodgenac ar hqondaT sakuTari warsulis Sesaxeb _ ma-
mapapiseul teritoriaze stumrad grZnobdnen Tavs da osmalebic mxsnele-
bad, ufros Zmebad miaCndaT. XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan amas daemata pir-
dapiri brZola nacionalur umciresobaTa mSobliuri enebis winaaRmdeg da
dRevandeli viTarebac am yvelafris Sedegia~ (SaSikaZe 2015: 12).
imasRa davamatebT, rom ideologiuri strategiis diapazoni ganu-
sazRvrelia da xSirad moulodneli kuTxiTac gamovlindeba xolme.
amis naTeli magaliTia Tundac cekva ,,sari CiCekis~ Tanmxlebi legenda,
romelic arTvinis provinciaSi yvelgan SeiZleba moismino da romelsac
aSkarad atyvia Tanamedrove Turquli istoriografiis gavlena anu, le-
genda redaqtirebulia ideologiuri manqanis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad:
legendis Tanaxmad, Woroxis sanapiroze mcxovrebi gaqristianebuli
yivCaRebis gamusulmanebis mizniT egviptidan jarTan erTad wamosula
Seixi da Woroxis sanapiroebs mosdgomia, aq unaxavs cisferTvaleba qe-
ra gogo da imwamsve gagiJebamde Sehyvarebia; arc gogo darCenila gul-
grili, magram gogos mama musulmanze gaTxovebis sastiki winaaRmdegi
yofila.
gogos sarwmunoeba Seucvlia da SeixTan erTad gaqceula, magram
gzaSi dawevian mamis jariskacebi da orive daxocavT (Sahini 1997: 28).
bevri rom ar gavagrZeloT, cisferTvaleba yivCaRi gogonas ambavi
mxolod erTi detalia mZlavri ideologiuri manqanisa. sazogado su-
raTis siyalbe ki, saistorio wyaroebze rom araferi vTqvaT, Woroxis
auzis ,,axisxelebad~ da ,,yivCaRebad~ wodebuli mosaxleobis koleqti-
ur mexsierebaze araTu dakvirvebiT, Tvalis gadavlebiTac naTlad Cans.
Tumca iq WeSmaritebas iSviaTad Tu eZebs vinme mosaxleobis am nawils,
ZiriTadad, akmayofilebs wlebis ganmavlobaSi myarad Canergili infor-
254 malxaz CoxaraZe

macia sakuTari vinaobis Sesaxeb. albaT didi dro aRarc mexsierebaSi
CarCenili fragmentebis waSlas dasWirdeba da qarTuli mosaxleobis
didi nawilis ,,gayivCaRebis~ procesic dasruldeba...
literatura:
lomsaZe 1975: lomsaZe S., samcxe-javaxeTi (XVIII saukunis Sua wlebi-

dan XIX saukunis Suawlebamde), Tbilisi.
mgelaZe 2000: mgelaZe n., samcxuri warmomavlobis genealogiuri (naTesau-
ri) jgufebis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi aWaraSi, ivane javaxiSvi-
lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis axalcixis fi-
lialis krebuli ,,mesxeTi, istoria da Tanamedroveoba,~ axalcixe.
SaSikaZe 2015: Turquli istoriografiis tendenciebi saqarTvelos mi-
marT, xelnaweri, baTumi.
CoxaraZe 2015: CoxaraZe m., xanZTa da aTormet savaneTa mxaris Zveli
salocavebi, monografia, baTumi.
WiWinaZe 1912: WiWnaZe z., qarTvel mahmadianTa gadasaxleba osmaleTSi,
muhajiri, emigracia, Tbilisi.
WiWnaZe 1913: WiWnaZe z., musliman qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqar-
TveloSi, Tbilisi.
Sahini 1997: Şahin , 1997: Şahin Remzi, Şahin Zeki,Akalın Zeki, Artvin Yöresi
Folkloru Halk Kültürü Araştırması,Mayıs.
Malkhaz Chokharadze
Muhajir Meskhetian Traces in the Population of Klarjeti
Among the modern population of Klarjeti there is a part that is called the
Àkhiskhan Turks~, because they come from Àkhiskha~ (Akhaltsikhe),
As it is known, after the Russian-Turkish war in 1828-1829 Samtskhe-
Javakheti became a part of the Russian Empire. The Muhajir eviction was
followed by the war, and quite a lot of Meskhetians settled in the Chorokhi basin.
The paper deals with the ethnic identity issues of the Akhaltsikhean
Muhajirs. Such facts as the historical sources (both Georgian and Turkish) and
literature, the press materials of the 19th century and travelers‘ notes, on the one
hand, and the collective memory data of the modern population, on the other
hand, show that the Akhaltsikhean Muhajirs, settled in Klarjeti, were mostly
Georgians. Eventually, part of them has Turkishized, while the others still keep
Georgian language and identity in some places.
mariam CoxaraZe
adamianis sakuTari
saxelebi qarTulsa da
TurqulSi
qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi

,,saxelis~ ramdenime mniSvnelobaa mocemuli.
erT-erTis mixedviT saxeli aris sityva, rome-
lic aRniSnavs visme an rasme; rac hqvia, rasac
uwodeben visme an rasme, – saxelwodeba, rasac
yovel calkeul pirovnebas, individs uwode-
ben sxvebisgan gasarCevad~(qegl 1990:879).
saxelebSi, upirveles yovlisa, moiaz-
reba sityvebi, romlebic garemomcveli sag-
nobrivi samyaros nominaciur proeqcias asa-
xaven. yovel sagansa Tu movlenas enaSi aqvs
(SeiZleba hqondes) Tavisi saxeli. sagani
mravalia da maTi saxeldebis Sedegi, Sesaba-
misad, mravalferovan suraTs iZleva; sagnis
(obieqtis) arsebobas sagnis saxeli afiqsi-
rebs. amrigad, yvela sityvas, romelTac bru-
nebis unari aqvs, enaTmecnierebi saxels uwo-
deben. amgvar sityvaTa Soris yvelaze mra-
valricxovania arsebiTi saxelebi (Wumburi-
Ze 1992:5). rac Seexeba adamianis saxels, igi
Sedis arsebiT saxelTa erT jgufSi, romel-
sac sakuTari saxelebi hqvia.
saintereso suraTs warmoaCens adamian-
Ta saxelebis Sedareba sxvadasxva enobriv
samyaroSi. yvela enas adamianis saxelebTan
Taviseburi midgoma gaaCnia, romelsac safuZ-
vlad, ZiriTadad, motivacia udevs. Cvens Sem-
TxvevaSi saanalizod aviReT adamianis saku-
Tari saxelebi qarTulsa da Turqul enebSi.
ori qveynis, saqarTvelo-TurqeTis terito-
riulma siaxlovem, istoriulma warsulma
256 mariam CoxaraZe

Tu sxva faqtorma ganapiroba qarTulsa da Turqul enebSi erTnairi an
msgavsi fuZeebis adamianis saxelTa arseboba. qarTulSi sakuTari saxelebis
garkveuli jgufi swored Turqulidan, an Turquli enis meSveobiTaa Semo-
suli. ase rom, qarTulSi gvxvdeba sakuTriv qarTuli, Turquli, sparsuli
da arabuli saxelebi, romelTagan zogi semantikurad msgavsia, zogi ki
sruliad gansxvavebuli.
Turqulenovan jgufebSi qarTuli sakuTari (adamianis) saxelebis swav-
lebisas Cven erT-erT meTodad Sedarebas viyenebT. roca Turqulenovan msme-
nels, Tu students Tavis mSobliur enaSi vuZebniT qarTuli saxelis Sesat-
yviss, ra Tqma unda, mas ufro uadvildeba damaxsovrebac da sakiTxis aTvise-
bac. swored es davisaxeT miznad, roca sakvlevad yuradReba SevaCereT adami-
anis sakuTar saxelebze qarTulsa da Turqul enebSi.
sxvadasxva xalxSi adamianis saxelebad xSirad gvxvdeba: ciur mnaTobTa,
cxovelTa, frinvelTa, mcenareTa... saxelwodebani, aseve, sityvebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia grZnobebTan, fizikur Tu sulier miswrafebebTan da a. S.
saxelebis umetesoba aramotivirebulia, konkretuli Sinaarsi ar gaaC-
nia, an dakarguli aqvs garemoebaTa gamo. magram arsebobs motivirebuli saxe-
lebic. aseTebia qarTulSi: ia, mzia, mzisadari, narCita, mayvala, mzeqala, var-
do, vefxia da misTanani. maTSi naTlad Cans, romeli sityvebisgan arian warmoq-
mnili isini(WumburiZe, 1992:7). am niSniT saintereso suraTs iZleva adamianis
sakuTar saxelTa Sedareba Turqulsa da qarTulSi. aq mravali Tematuri
jgufis gamoyofa SeiZleba, Tumca Cven mxolod ramdenimes gamovyofT:
a) saxelebi, romlebSic warmoCenilia adamianis garegnoba, fizikuri
SesaZleblobebi, moraluri Rirsebebi:
qarTulSi: nazi (nazibrola), koxta, zviadi, raindi, guladi...
TurqulSi: Nur (nur)–msubuqi, saTuTi, nazi; Su (su) –wyali; Doğan
(doRan) –Sevardeni; Kartal (qarTal)–arwivi; Demir (demir)–rkina; Kaya
(qaia) – didi qva; Ateş (aTeS) – cecxli.
b) saxelebi, romlebSic warmoCenilia pirovnebis grZnobebi, miswrafe-
bebi:
qarTulSi: imeda, yvaryvare (miRebulia ,,uyvars~ zmnis Ziris gaorkece-
biT), nugeSa, fiqria.
TurqulSi: Umut (umuT)–imedi; Sevgi (sevgi)– siyvaruli; Hülya (hu-
lia)– saocnebo; Özgür (ozguri)– Seufasebeli.
g) saxelebi, romlebic gul’Tan da sul’Tan aris dakavSirebuli:
qarTulSi: gulsunda, gulisvardi, guliko, gulisa, gulnara, guli-
zari, gulTamze, gulia. `gul~da `sul~ Zirebi gvxvdeba mamakacis saxeleb-
Sic: gulo, sulo, suliko...
Gül Ziriani saxelebi gvxvdeba TurqulSic. igi yvavil vards ukavSir-
deba (Gül~ Turq.=vardi). misgan aris miRebuli sakuTari saxelebi:Gül (gu-
li); Gülşah (gulSahi); Gülengül (gulenguli); Gülseren (gulsereni);
Birgül (birguli); Nurgul (nurguli);, Sengül (Senguli); Aslıgül (asligu-
li), Gülcan (guljani)...
adamianis sakuTari saxelebi qarTulsa da TurqulSi 257

rogorc qarTulSi, aseve TurqulSic gul’Tan dakavSirebuli saxele-
bi kompozitebia.
d) saxelebi, romlebSic warmoCenilia adamianis Wkua-goneba, warmateba:
qarTulSi: bedisa, bedia...
TurqulSi: Zeki (zeqi)–Wkviani , Uğur (uRuri)– warmateba; Derin (de-
rini)–Rrma, siRrme....
e) saxelebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia naTelTan da mnaTobebTan:
qarTulSi: mzisa, mziana, mzia, mzeona, mziula, mzisadari, mzexaTuni,
mzevinari, iamze, iaTamze, pirimze, qalTamze, mTvarisa, varskvlavisa, TinaTi-
ni, naTela, Suqia, naTia...
qarTulisTvis ucxo ar aris `naTelTan~ da `mnaTobebTan~ dakavSire-
buli saxelebi: `Suqis~ gamoyeneba aq fizikuri Tvisebis metaforul gamo-
xatvas ki ar unda gulisxmobdes, aramed masSi ufro Sinaarsiseuli (arsise-
uli) mxarea gamovlenili, igive pirovnuli xibli, aura (Sdr. mniSvnelobe-
bi: ,,silamaze~ da `mSveniereba~). aseTi adamiani (Cveulebisamebr, qali)
`SuqT utevs~ (anu àSuqebs, abrwyinebs~ (arabuli, 2015:7). aseTi saxelebi
TurqulSi mcired dasturdeba. am tipisaa: Yıldız (ildizi) – varskvlavi ,
Güneş (guneSi)– mze...
v) saxelebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba: miwas (dedamiwas), cas, mxares,
wyals, zRvas, mdinares. aseTi saxelebi qarTulSi TurqulTan SedarebiT
mcirea.
qarTulSi: cisana, cicia, cicino, cisia, cismara, cismari, ciuri…
TurqulSi:Toprak (Tofraqi) – miwa(dedamiwa); Asya (asia)– azia; Su
(su)– wyali; Deniz (denizi)– zRva; Nehir (nehiri)– mdinare...
z) saxelebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia mcenareebTan, xeebTan, yvavi-
lebTan:
qarTulSi: vardo , vardua, vardiko (vardiko gvxvdeba vaJis saxela-
dac), ia, iasamani, enZela...
TurqulSi: Gül (gul)– vardi; Menekşe (meneqSe)–ia;Yasemin (iase-
min)–iasamani; Kardelen (kardelen)–enZela; Çinar (Cinari)– alvis xe; Başak
(baSaqi)–xorbali, Çiçek (CiCeqi)– yvavili...
T) saxelebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia frinvelebTan:
qarTulSi: gedia , gvritia//gvrituna, guguli, Ciora, Cito, SoSia...
TurqulSi: Kartal (qarTali) _ arwivi.
i) saxelebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia cxovelebTan:
qarTulSi: loma, lomi, lomkaci, lomkacia, daTvia, vefxia, mgela (ge-
la), ZaRlika, nukri…
TurqulSi: Aslan (lomi)–aslani) (igivea, rac qarTulSi gavrcele-
buli saxeli aslani, romlis kninobiTi formaa aslanika); Küçak (quCak) –
kozaki. magaliTebidan Cans, rom am tipis saxelebi qarTulSi bevria, Tur-
qulSi –mcire.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom TurqulSi iSviaTad, magram mainc dasturdeba
wodebis, Tavazianobis gamomxatveli sityvebi sakuTar saxelebad. aseTebia:
258 mariam CoxaraZe

Hanim (hanim)–qalbatoni; SulTan–sulTani. am tipis saxelebi qarTulSi ar
dasturdeba.
TurqulSi erTi da igive saxeli Serqmeuli aqvs qalsac da mamakacsac.
aseTebia: Başak (baSaq)– xorbali; Çinar (Cinar)–alvis xe; Ekin (eqini)–mosa-
vali; analogiuri situaciaa qarTulSic: suliko, guguli, vardo, nukri.
rogorc qarTulSi, ise TurqulSic adamianis sakuTar saxelebad
gvxvdeba: dReebis, Tveebis, ferebis da Zvirfasi qvebis gamomxatveli sityve-
bi, magaliTad: ianvara, ivliane, martia, maisa, paraskeva, SabaTa... brola, mar-
galita, firuzi... Ekim(eqim)–oqtomberi; Eylul (eilul)– seqtemberi; kasım
(qasim)–noemberi, Perşembe (ferSembe)–xuTSabaTi...Zümrüt (zumruT)–zur-
muxti, Elmas(elmas)– almasi...
amrigad, qarTulsa da TurqulSi adamianis sakuTari saxelebi warmo-
mavlobiT da mniSvnelobiT msgavsicaa da gansxvavebulic. zogi motivirebu-
lia, zogi–aramotivirebuli. saxeldeba garkveuli istoriuli epoqebis
xsovnasac inaxavs. marTalia, droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianma Tavi mianeba mna-
Tobebis, cxovelebisa da frinvelebis Tayvaniscemas, magram Sesabamisi cnebe-
bi darCa adamianTa sakuTar saxelebSi.
literatura:
arabuli 2015: arabuli avTandil, Suq-leqsemis sakraluri SinaarsisTvis

xevsurulSi, XXXV respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero
seriis masalebi, baTumi.
qegl 1990: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tbilisi.
WumburiZe 1992: WumburiZe zurab, ra gqvia Sen? Tbilisi.
Mariam Chokharadze
Proper Names of People in Georgian and Turkish Languages
Personal proper names have generally lost their lexical meaning. However,
there are many names with certain meanings. For example: Ia, Mzia, Mzisadari,
Narchita, Makhvala, Mzekala, Vardo, Vepkhvia, etc. These names are lexically
uploaded because their meanings are clearly generated from specific words. As
we can see, people are often called by the names of animals, birds and plants, as
well as the ones of different celestial lights. For instance: Deniz (a sea), toprak (a
land), yağmur (a rain), Defne (a daphne), Rüzgar (a wind) ada (an island),
Çınar (a chenar, a plane tree _ one of the species of maple), Doğa (a nature)
Lale (a tulip), Nergis (a narcissus), Damla (a drop), etc.
The paper deals with the issues of relationship between the origin and
meaning of people’s proper names, as well as some principles of giving names in
Georgian and Turkish languages.
Нанули Чхаидзе
СЕМИОТИЧЕСКИЙ МЕХАНИЗМ
ПРЕЦЕДЕНТНОСТИ
В ГРУЗИНСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ
Современный человек живет в мире

прецедентных единиц, и это не удивительно.
ибо резкий рост объема ежедневно поступа-
ющих сведений об окружающем мире и ин-
тенсивность информационных потоков выз-
вали ответное стремление к сжатию и кон-
денсированию поступающей информации.
Человек все чаще обращается к экономным
формам выражения мыслей, к которым,
несомненно, относятся прецедентные едини-
цы и, в частности, прецедентные имена, так
как помимо номинации они содержат эмо-
циональную и вместе с тем краткую харак-
теристику-оценку данного лица. Использо-
вание известного носителям данной культу-
ры имени какого-либо персонажа (Нацарке-
кия, Сизмара, Луарсаб)замещает собой опи-
сание характера данного типажа; употребле-
ние сравнения, содержащего зооним, под-
черкивает важнейшую черту данного героя;
обращение к общеизвестным высказыва-
ниям или прецедентным текстам позволяет
легко воссоздать типовую для коммуни-
кантов ситуацию.
Грузинская культура на протяжении
своего многовекового развития впитала в
себя много культурных концептов, номина-
тивное ядро которых или его периферия
представлены прецедентными именами.
Прецедентные имена содержат несколько
разнородных пластов, которые тесно
взаимосвязаны и органично сочетаются друг
с другом в данной культуре:
260 nanuli CxaiZe
1) макроуниверсалии (прецедентные имена, источником которых

являются мифология, известнейшие произведения классической ли-
тературы и кинематографа);
2) региональные прецеденты (ареал распространения которых огра-
ничен гео-политическим регионом, например, Северный Кавказ, Южный
Кавказ);
3) национально маркированные прецедентные единицы (Илья, Ака-
кий – характерная черта грузинской культуры – упоминание великих пи-
сателей, общественных деятелей лишь по имени, часто с добавлением
определения – великий, как показатель особой известности и уважения к
этим лицам).
Кмакроуниверсалиямпрежде всего относятся персонажи греческой и
римской мифологии, которые благодаря своей распространенности и
популярности не требуют особых комментариев при использовании в
массовой аудитории. В некоторых случаях наблюдается интересное
явление, когда в одних культурах становится популярным герой греческого
эпоса (например, Геракл), а в других – соответствующий ему персонаж
римской мифологии (Геркулес). Для грузинской культуры более привычен
образ Геркулеса, тогда как в русских медиа-текстах чаще встречаются
сравнения с Гераклом. Не случайно, один из юбилеев Путина был отмечен
выставкой в Москве, на которой этот политический деятель был
представлен в виде героя древнегреческих мифов, совершившего
двенадцать подвигов Геракла.
А переводчик сохранил прецедент, используемый в тексте
оригинала:
''putin-herakles 12 gmiroba''-gamofena moskovSi _ samoqalaqo pre-
sa (2014-10-07)
ruseTis prezidentis
vladimer putinis 62 wlis
iubile misma mxardamWerebma
gamofeniT aRniSnes. `bibi-
sis~ cnobiT, maT ruseTis
prezidenti antikur perso-
naJs herakles Seadares. mos-
kovis erT-erT galereaSi
mowyobil gamofenaze vla-
dimer `putin-herakles~ 12
gmirobaa gamosaxuli, TiToe-
uli gmiroba Sesabamisadaa axsnili. magaliTad, nemeis lomis mokvla te-
rorizmTan brZolas daukavSires, erimanTosis taxis motaceba _ yirimis
"dabrunebas", aSS-sTan brZola ki herakles miwisqveSa ZalebTan brZo-
lasTan. (http://ici.ge/news/putin-herakles-12-gmiroba-gamofena-moskovsi-
(video)---samoqalaqo-presa.html).
precedentulobis semiotikuri meqanizmi qarTul kulturaSi 261
Авторы лингвокультурологического словаря «Русское культурное

пространство» делят прецедентные феномены прежде всего на две группы:
вербальные и невербальные феномены, относя к первым _ прецедентное
имя, прецедентное высказывание, прецедентный текст, прецедентную
ситуацию, а ко вторым – произведения живописи, скульптуры, архитек-
туры, музыкальные произведения (Русское культурное пространство
2004:16). Мы считаем, что в данном случае можно говорить о третьей
разновидности прецедентов – кинотексте, который является креолизо-
ванным текстом, в нем задействованы знаки различных семиотических
систем; или же правомерно будет отнести их к периферии вербальных и
невербальных прецедентов. Знаменитый фильм «Отец солдата» стал насто-
ящей классикой не только грузинского кино, но и прецедентом грузинской
культуры, в нем тесно переплетены признаки как вербального, так и
невербального прецедента. Многочисленные прецедентные высказывания:
Ты его не сажал, ты его не пахал, ты виноград только кушать
любишь;
Мой отец воевал, его отец
воевал, его, его, его, его отец вое-
вал тоже;
часто встречаются в сов-
ременных медиа-текстах.
Интересным примером яв-
ляется статья Мосе Мдинарадзе,
написанная на грузинском языке,
но озаглавленная вышеприведен-
ным высказыванием на русском:
mosemdinaraZe: Мой отец воевал, его отец воевал, его отец, его, его, его,
его отец воевал тоже!
08 05 2012 13:34:41 nanaxia: 4226
TiToeuli waqceuli ZegliT mag pirovnebas mxolod amaRleben!»
_ babu, cota xmamaRla melaparake! ar mesmis kargad... mepatieba, 94 wlis, oT-
xi Tvis da sami dRisa var! _ mafrTxilebs omis veterani, Tadarigis pol-
kovniki, mose mdinaraZe.
eriha! 94 wlis adamians dReebic axsovs! marTlac da, imedi ar gamicrua ti-
te lepsaiam, saqarTvelos omisa da samxedro Zalebis veteranTa centra-
luri kavSiris Tavmjdomaris moadgilem, rekomendacia rom gauwia Cems ax-
landel respondents!
Подобные прецедентные высказывания, которые запомнились бла-
годаря этому знаменитому фильму, соседствуютс невербальными преце-
дентами:
символ виноградной лозы, победный флаг над рейхстагом и пр.
Собственно невербальными прецедентами нашего культурного
пространства мы считаем символы, достопримечательности, памятники
262 nanuli CxaiZe
материальной культуры. Так например, символом Батуми не случайно

стало изображение дельфина: это и символ морского курортного города,
это и обозначение места, в котором функционирует один из известных в
Европе дельфинариумов с интересной шоу программой и не менее
интересными научными исследованиями.
Пантеон зоонимов грузинской культуры, с одной стороны, имеет ми-
фологические корни, но, с другой стороны, развивается, отражая измене-
ния, происходящие в реальном и виртуальном информационном простран-
стве. Образы, коннотативные значения которых складывались на протя-
жении многовековой истории развития мировой и национальной культуры,
претерпевают изменения. Современная молодежь живет в виртуальном
мире, который населяют никогда не существовавшие, вымышленные или
давно вымершие животные и птицы. Но самое интересное, что помимо
этого привычные зооморфные образы обнаруживают совершенно
неожиданные свойства и черты характера. Так в столь любимом детьми
анимационном фильме «Шрек» самым умным персонажем является Осел, а
Волк становится заботливым отцом своему приемному сыну – Быку.
Для грузинской культуры на современом этапе ее развития
харктерным стал процесс «культурной глобализации», когда полки книж-
ных магазинов заполонили детские книги с яркими цветными иллюстра-
циями, тиражирующие элементы западной культуры, а грузинские духи:
Очопиндре, Очокочи, Али и др. редко встречаются среди многочисленных
Гномов, Белоснежек, Русалочек и пр.
Особо следует выделить смысловую нагрузку артефактов. В фоль-
клористике под артефактами обычно подразумевают предметные реалии
художественного мира сказки, авторы лингвокультурологического словаря
отмечают, что «среди артефактов можно выделить те. которые имеют
аналоги в реальном, материальном окружаающем человека мире, и те.
которые относятся исключительно к миру виртуальному, к собственно
вторичной действительности. И те и другие артефакты чаще всего
встречаются в сказках (Русское культурное пространство 2004:21).
Помимо часто распространенных в европейском фольклоре
волшебных предметов (зеркало, палочка, золотой ключик, шапка-
невидимка, горшочек с кашей и пр.), которые приходят на помощь героям
немецких, французских, английских и др. сказок, можно выделить такие
артефакты с ярко выраженным национальным колоритом: для русской
культуры это Колобок, скатерть-самобранка, клубок ниток; в грузинских
народных сказках мы встречаем:
salamuri(сказка Саламура),
salesiqva, savarcxеli(сказка Цикара).
Вместе с тем, в грузинских бытовых сказках встречаются и такие реа-
лии, которые весьма знаменательны для грузинской культуры, но «не обросли»
чудодейственными свойствами: комбали, чади, шило, молодой грузинский сыр,
благодаря которому известный в Грузии плут Нацаркекия обманул Дэва.
precedentulobis semiotikuri meqanizmi qarTul kulturaSi 263
Интересно противопоставлены реалии западной и восточной культур,

которые в сказках обрастают волшебными свойствами, так например, в
средневековой Европе была распространена почетная должность скорохода,
который передавал по назначению весьма важную информацию и
неотъемлимым атрибутом одежды которого являлись добротные сапоги, не
удивительно, что появился артефакт сапоги-скороходы. Тогда как в восточных
сказках им соответствует волшебные туфли с загнутыми носами или ковер-
самолет (сказка «Волшебная лампа Алладина»).
Для того, чтобы текст, высказывание или имя собственное
(конкретного человека, литературного персонажа, фольклорного образа,
общественного деятеля, актера и пр.) стало прецедентным явлением, оно
должно пройти все этапы «семиотического механизма прецедентности». По
утверждению таких ученых, как В.Г.Костомаров, М.Бурвикова, В.Карасик и
др., существует целая многоступенчатая процедура прецедентности,
которая детально исследована ими на материале русского культурного
пространства, но мало пока публикаций, посвященных исследованию
национальных прецедентов грузинской культуры.
Как уже отмечалось выше, система грузинских прецедентов весьма
многообразна и отражает важнейшие этапы развития грузинского общества и
национальной культуры, поэтому нам представляется очень важным иссле-
дование семиотического механизма грузинских прецедентных феноменов.
Литература:
Караулов Ю.Н. Русский язык и языковая личность. М., 1987.

Костомаров В.Г., Бурвикова Н.Д. Как тексты становятся прецедентными //
Русский язык за рубежом. 1994, №1.
Русское культурное пространство. Лингвокультурологический словарь.
Москва, 2004.
NanuliChkhaidze
Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University
Semiotic Mechanism of the Mrecedence in the Georgian Multure
The intensity of the information flow in the modern world has triggered the
response in the form of compressing and condensing information exchanged.
People involve more and more economic forms for expressing their ideas which
include the precedent units, as apart from the nomination they contain emotional as
well as short evaluative characteristics of the person in question. For an utterance
or a proper name becoming a precedent phenomenon they have to undergo all
stages of the ‘precedent semiotic mechanism’. The system of the Georgian
precedents are rather diversified and reflects the most significant phases of the
Georgian national and cultural development; consequently, it is crucial to study the
semiotic mechanism for the Georgian precedent phenomenon.

sofiko CxartiSvili
berZnuli kalanda da
masTan dakavSirebuli
folklori
berZnul tradiciebs Soris gansakuT-

rebuli adgili uWiravs kalandas, saaxal-
wlo ciklis dResaswauls, Tumca `kalan-
dis Tqma~ sxva dResaswaulTa repertuarSic
damkvidrda. igi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrce-
lebuli da popularuli tradiciaa, ro-
melsac Soreuli istoria aqvs.
kalanda (κάλαντα) konkretul mar-
Tlmadideblur dResaswaulebTan dakavSire-
buli sazeimo Sinaarsis erTgvari sasimRero
uwyebaa, romelsac jgufurad da kardakar
mosiarule adamianebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi
bavSvebi asruleben.
berZnebi kalandas weliwadSi ramden-
jerme amboben: saSobaod, axal wels da naT-
liRebas; es aris periodi 25 dekembridan
(qristeSobidan) 6 ianvramde- (naTliRebam-
de), romelic cnobilia rogorc `Tormet-
dRiani~ – «Δωδεκαήμερο». TiToeuli dRe-
saswaulis dros kalandas Tqmis tradicia
da masTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi gan-
sxvavebuli SinaarsiT da formiT sruldeba.
SesaZlebelia, erTi da imave dResaswaulis
SemTxvevaSi Seicvalos kalandis teqsti da
Sesrulebis forma, rac damokidebulia sa-
berZneTis calkeuli regionis Tavisebure-
bebsa da adaT-wesebze.
kalandas Tqmas, miuxedavad imisa, Tu
romel dResaswauls ukavSirdeba igi, saer-
To maxasiaTeblebic gaaCnia: aq gansazRvru-

berZnuli kalanda da masTan dakavSirebuli folklori 265

lia ritualuri dalocvis forma. rogorc wesi, yvela saxis kalanda Sei-
cavs maspinZlis xotbas, xolo keTili survilebis obieqtebi Tanmimdevru-
lad xdebian ojaxis wevrebi. aseve, kalandas mTqmeli bavSvebi aucileblad
unda daasaCuqros maspinZelma, raTa momaval wels kvlav estumron da da-
locon ojaxi.
berZnuli adaTis mixedviT, qristeSobis winadRes, 24 dekembers bav-
Svebi dilaadrian iwyeben kalandas Tqmas. Zvelad, kardakar Camovlis
dros, patarebs xelT eWiraT qaRaldis feradi fanrebi an gemebi, axla ki
isini musikalurma samkuTxam, e.w «Τρίγωνο»-m Secvala, romelzec didi
mondomebiT ukraven da mRerian:
«Καλήν εσπέραν άρχοντες, saRamo mSvidobisa, batonebo,
αν είναι ορισμός σας, amgvarad unda mogmarToT ?
Χριστού την θεία γέννηση qristes RvTiur dabadebas
να πω στ΄ αρχοντικό σας. vauwyeb Tqvens saxls.
Χριστός γεννάται σήμερον qriste ibadeba dRes,
εν Βηθλεέμ τη πόλει, qalaq beTlemSi
οι ουρανοί αγάλλονται, cani siamovnebas Rebuloben,
χαίρει η φύσις όλη. xarobs mTeli buneba.
Εν τω σπηλαίω τίκτεται mRvimeSi ibadeba,
εν φάτνη των αλόγων cxenebis TavlaSi,
ο βασιλεύς των ουρανών cebis mbrZanebeli
και ποιητής των όλων da yvelas poeti» (4, gv. 257-258)
es berZnuli saSobao kalandas yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli da miRebu-
li variantia. yvela ojaxis kari iReba am tradiciuli saSobao simReris da
keTili survilebis mosasmenad. kalandas gamgone diasaxlisi valdebulia
uxvad daasaCuqros bavSvebi imiT, rac gaaCnia (iqneba es xurda fuli Tu tkbi-
leuli). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime maspinZeli kars ar gaaRebs an xelgaS-
lilobas ar gamoiCens, bavSvebi ironiulad amboben:
«Αφἐντη μου, στην κἀπα σου χἰλιες ψεἰρες, Cemo batono, Sens qudSi
aTasobiT rwyilia,
άλλες γεννοὐν, ἀλλες κλωσοὐν, ἀλλες αυγἀ μαζὠνουνb zogi kvercxs
debs,zogi zis da zogi ki– Cekavs ». (iqve, gv. 258)
marTlmadidebeli berZnebisTvis qristeSoba gansakuTrebulad gamor-
Ceuli dRea. soflebSi, rogorc wesi, klaven Rors, zogan- mamals an qa-
Tams. qalaqebSi saSobao sufris mSvenebas wabliT farSirebuli indauri
warmoadgens, dResaswaulis aucilebeli atributi ki berZnuli saSobao pu-
ria. ,,arsebobs sami saxis saSobao berZnuli puri: «iesos saxvevebi», keriis
bliTi da ubralo saSobao kveri. ukanasknels adreul saukuneebSi iseTi si-
didisas amzadebdnen, rom naTlisRebis CaTvliT, anu, mTeli Tormeti dRis
ganmavlobaSi miirTmevdnen. dResdReobiT ki wyliskurTxevis dResaswauls
Tavisi, aseve gansakuTrebuli cxobila amSvenebs nuSiTa da jvriT. rac See-
xeba «iesos saxvevebs», is axladmologinebuli RvTismSoblis pativsacemad
cxveba qristeSobis an naTlisRebis Rames~ (1, gv. 24-25)

266 sofiko CxartiSvili

saSobao sufra mTels ojaxs aerTianebs: tradiciisamebr, berZnebma
jer Tafli unda miirTvan da Semdeg- danarCeni. sanam Wamas daiwyeben, xelSi
maRla aweven qristes purs, rac niSnavs, rom àmaRleben sufras~-
«Υψὠνουν το τραπἐζι ».
saSobao sufras arc keTili survilebi aklia. yvelaze metad gavrcele-
buli survilebis formaa: «Καλἠ υγεία!» _ `janmrTeloba!~, «Καλἠ
χρονιά!» _ ,,kargi weliwadi!,~ «Καλό μπερεκἐτ!» _ ,,baraqa!~
berZenTa rwmeniT, Sobis Rames Camoivlis wminda basili da misi saxe-
lobis cxobilas akurTxebs, ojaxs dalocavs da bavSvebs SeZlebisgvarad
daasaCuqrebs. ojaxis wevrebs SeuZliaT nakurTxi cxobilas namcecebi ezo-
Si, soflad ki–yanebsa da mdeloebze mimoabnion, raTa baraqa, soflad ki ux-
vmosavlianoba daibedon. Tanamedrove berZenTa saSobao cxobila warmoad-
gens ara mxolod erTgvar Sesawirs RvTisadmi, aramed garkveuli saxis wya-
lobacaa micvalebulTa mosaxsenieblad.
cnobilia, rom Zvelad ~Sobis dilas mRvdeli ojaxebSi dadioda xol-
me da maspinZlis saSobao cxobilas orad xleCda. Tu marjvena xelSi didi
naWeri aRmoCndeboda, es niSnavda, rom momaval wels xorbali meti iqneboda,
vidre _ simindi, romlis raodenobasac puris marcxena nawili gansaz-
Rvravda. gamodis, rom TviT sasuliero piris mier Sesrulebuli rituali
marTlmadidebel saberZneTSi misnobis saxes iRebda. sadResaswaulo dReeb-
Si didi gaqaneba hqonda misnobis sxva formebsac (magaliTad, berZeni qaliS-
vilebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebnen Tu pirvelad vis saxels gaigebdnen Sobis
dilas, Cems sabedosac igive erqmevao~(1, gv. 23–24)
dResdReobiT miRebulia qristeSobas, iseve rogorc aRdgomas, naT-
liis xeldamSvenebuli stumroba naTlulTan da misTvis didi qristianuli
dResaswaulebis am saxiT milocva.
eladaSi saSobaod gemis morTvis adaTicaa damkvidrebuli. saberZneTi
xom uZvelesi sazRvao qveyanaa da uamravi ojaxisTvis swored zRvaa saarse-
bo wyaro. marTalia, bolo dros gemi naZvis xem Caanacvla, magram berZnebi
tradicias ar iviwyeben da bevr saxls, iseve rogorc quCebs kvlav amSvene-
ben gaCiraRdnebuli gemebi.
axali wlis winadRiT, 31 dekembers, berZeni bavSvebi an ufrosebi ise-
ve rogorc Sobis win, saxlidan saxlSi dadian da saaxalwlo kalandas am-
boben. amjerad xelSi uWiravT vaSli an forToxali, zogan varsklavi an qa-
Raldis gemi, zogan ki– zemoT CamoTvlilT enacvleba xis toti. simReris
dros, rogorc wesi, am totiT ojaxis ufross exebian, rac sicocxlis mi-
niWebis simbolos warmoadgens. ojaxis mepatrone, madlierebis niSnad, bav-
Svebs aZvlevs xurda fuls an tkbileuls.
marTalia, kalandis teqsti saberZneTis regionebis mixedviT gansxvave-
bulia, magram arsebobs saaxalwlo kalandas teqstis yvelaze metad cnobi-
li da gavrcelebuli variantic:
«Αρχιμηνιά κι Αρχιχρονιά Tvis dasawyisi, wlis dasawyisi,
ψηλή μου δεντρολιβανιά Cemo maRalo rozmaris xeo,


κι αρχή καλός μας χρόνος kargi sawyisi axal wels,
εκκλησιά με τ' άγιο θρόνος! eklesia wminda taxtiT !~ (4, gv. 12)
saaxalwlo kalandaSi moixsenieba ieso qriste, romelic berZenTa
rwmeniT axal wels dedamiwaze gaivlis da adamianTa gulebs madlierebiT
aRavsebs:
«Αρχή που βγήκε ο Χριστός dasawyisi, roca qriste gamoCnda -
άγιος και Πνευματικός, wmindani da sulieri,
στη γη να περπατήσει miwaze gaivlis
και να μας καλοκαρδίσει. da Cven s guls moigebs~ (iqve, gv. 12)
mogvianebiT kalandaSi wminda basilic ixsenieba:
«Άγιος Βασίλης έρχεται, wminda basili modis,
και δεν μας καταδέχεται, , Cven ar gvkadrulobs
από την Καισαρεία, kesariidan
συ’ σαι αρχόντισσα κυρία. Sen xar didebuli qalbatoni (4, gv. 12)
rac Seexeba axal welTan dakavSirebu;l berZnul tradiciebs, axali
wlis dilas saberZneTis yvela ojaxSi Sedis ojaxis wevri an gareSe piri -
mekvle,
(ZiriTadad bavSvebi), romelsac ojaxis ufrosis azriT `kargi fexi
aqvs,~ - `έχει καλό ποδαρικό~. mekvles, rogorc wesi, xelSi uWiravs broweu-
li, romelsac xeTqavs SesasvlelTan. broweuli aris ojaxuri bednierebis
da simdidris simbolo, amitomac berZnebi erTmaneTs Cuqnian broweulis su-
venirebs. yvela berZnuli ojaxis saaxalwlo sufra savsea tkbileuliT:
μελομακἀρονα, κουραμπιἐδες, λουκουμἀδες, τυγανἠτες, rameTu rogorc xal-
xSi amboben: `Tu sufra mdidaria saaxalwlod , mdidaria mTeli wlis gan-
mavlobaSi.~ _ «Πλουσια αγαθα την πρωτη μερα, πλουσια όλο-χρονις» .saa-
xalwlo sufraze aucileblad unda idos broweuli, raTa weliwadi bro-
weuliviT savse da baraqiani iyos. berZnuli saxalwlo sufra warmoudgene-
lia wminda basilis cxobilas- «Βασιλόπιτα»-s gareSe. mas amzadeben rogorc
soflebsa da dabebSi, aseve qalaqebSi da gamocxobis Semdeg zemodan alama-
zeben sxvadasxva mosarTaviT. adaTis mixedviT, vasilopitaSi unda Caidos
moneta, rac wminda basilis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. erT-erTi gadmoce-
mis Tanaxmad, ,,misi episkoposobis dros kabadokiis eparqoss gadasaxadi ga-
uZvirebia. mrevls Suamdgomloba moZRvrisaTvis uTxovia. maSin wminda mamam
TioToeul maTgans ojaxis yvelaze Zvirfasi nivTi gamoatanina Turme da win
waruZRva. mitropolitis gamoCenam da misma saubarma iseTi STabeWdileba
moaxdina eparqosze, rom am ukanasknelma gadasaxadis miReba gadaifiqra.
xalxi gaxarebuli wamoemarTa ukan, magram erTad Segrovil uamrav monetasa
da Zvirfas beWeds Soris sakuTaris povna-amocnoba gaWirda. maSin, sulieri
mamis kurTxeviT, SabaT saRamos uamravi kveri gamocxva da TiToeul maTgan-
Si eparqosisaTvis gadadebuli Zvirfaseuloba Caido. kverebi xalxs dau-
rigda da moxda saswauli: yovelma adamianma cxobilaSi Tavisive nivTi aRmo-
aCina~ (1, gv. 22)
axal wels, roca mTeli ojaxi Seikribeba da vasilopitas daWris


dro mova, ojaxis ufrosi jvars gadasaxavs da pirvel naWers Wris wminda
basilisTvis, Semdeg-ojaxisTvis, momdevno naWrebi urigdebaT ojaxis uf-
ross da xandazmul wevrebs, Semdeg ki-asakiT umcrosebs. Tumca, es Tanmim-
devroba yvelgan erTnairad ar aris daculi: zogan pirvel naWers qristes-
Tvis gadadeben, meores- RvTismSoblisTvis, mesames _ ojaxisTvis da a.S.
wminda basilis cxobila saaxalwlod iWreba ara mxolod ojaxebSi, aramed
yvela samsaxurSi da mas, visac moneta Sexvdeba, gadaecema saCuqari. iRblian-
ma moneta unda Seinaxos momaval wlamde, raTa iRbali iyos misi gzamkvlevi
axal wels.
yoveli axali wlis 5 ianvars diliT, saberZneTSi bavSvebi kvlav ambo-
ben kalandas, amjerad es naTlisRebis kalandaa:
Σήμερα τα Φώτα κι ο φωτισμός, dRes naTlisRebaa,
η χαρά μεγάλη κι ο αγιασμός. didi sixaruli da wylis kurTxeva,
Κάτω στον Ιορδάνη τον ποταμό qvemoT, mdinare iordanSi,
κάθετ’ η κυρά μας, η Παναγιά, zis Cveni qalbatoni, RvTismSobeli,
όργανο βαστάει, κερί κρατεί uWiravs sakravebi da sanTeli
και τον Άη Γιάννη παρακαλεί: da wm. ioanes Txovs:
"Άη Γιάννη αφέντη και βαπτιστή, wmindao ioane, batono da naTlismRe-
belo,
βάπτισε κι εμένα Θεού παιδί, mominaTle RvTis Svili,
Ν’ ανεβώ επάνω στον ουρανό, raTa avide zemoT, caSi,
να μαζἐψω ρόδα και λίβανο. Sevagrovo broweulebi da sakmeveli.
Καλημέρα, καλημέρα, dila mSvidobisa, dila mSvidobisa! (6)
naTlisReba saberZneTSic did qristianul dResaswauladaa aRiarebu-
li, vinaidan esaa dRe, rodesac moinaTla macxovari da swored am dRes xde-
ba wylis kurTxeva yovel weliwads, maSasadame, ganidevneba borotic. naT-
lisRebis wina
dRes, eklesiaSi xdeba e.w. `pirveli kurTxeva,~ ris Semdegac mRvdeli
Camouvlis ojaxebs jvriT xelSi da akurTxebs saxlebs. pirvel nakurTx
wyals soflebSi, baR-bostnebsa da wyaroebTanac moabkureben, raTa gandev-
non boroti sulebi.
naTliRebis dRes, 6 ianvars, imarTeba uzarmazari ceremonia, romel-
Sic monawileoben samRvdeloebis, qalaqebisa Tu soflebis mmarTveli or-
ganoebis warmomadgenlebi, morwmuneeebi. es nakadi miedineba zRvisken an
mdinarisken, xSir SemTxvevaSi samxedro orqestris TanxlebiT. rogorc ki
mRvdeli akurTxebs wyals da jvars wyalSi gadaagdebs, axalgazrdebi mis
sapovnelad da amosaRebad gayinul wyalSi gadaxtebian. is, vinc pirveli
ipovis jvars da mRvdels amoutans, dailoceba da eZleva am jvriT saxle-
bis Semovlis uflebac. ra Tqma unda, saberZneTSic miRebulia nakurTxi wya-
lis saxlSi waReba da misiT yoveli kuTxis kurTxevac. nakurTx wyals
ojaxis TiToeuli wevri svams. zRvasTan axlos mdebare qalaqebSi zRvis na-
kurTx wyalSi saxlidan waRebul xatebs deben, xolo soflebSi nakurTx
mdinaris wyalSi- samuSao iaraRebs. iTvleba, rom am ritualiT mTeli wlis


ganmavlobaSi iqnebian dalocvilebi da yoveli nivTi, romelic droTa gan-
mavlobaSi dabinZurda, kvlav iwmindeba da iZens Tavis pirvandel Zalas da
Rirebulebas.
amgvarad, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, kalandis Tqma mniSvnelovan berZnul
tradiciaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSoben zamTris ceremoniebis SesrulebaSi. saberZneTis zogierT
regionSi naTliRebis dResaswaulze maT saxlis kurTxevis uflebac ki eZ-
levaT da amgvari gamonaklisis mizezad mravali saukunis win am dRes hero-
des mier bavSvebis daxocvis faqti miiCneva.
gamoCnda, rom kalandebSi gansazRvrulia ritualuri dalocvis forma
da misi Sesrulebis aucilebel pirobas mTqmelis dasaCuqreba warmoadgens.
aseve dadasturda, rom Tanamedrove kalandis Tqmis procesSi saberZneTSi Se-
narCunebulia Zveli elementebi da amasTan damkvidrda bevri siaxlec. bevr
ritualSi, warmarTuli kvalis arsebobis miuxedavad, qristianuli elemen-
tebi gansakuTrebuli simravliT gamoirCeva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kalanda mTel marTlmadideblur samyaroSi gav-
rcelebuli tradiciaa da mas uZvelesi fesvebi aqvs, berZnuli kalanda da
masTan dakavSirebuli folklori gansxvavdeba sxvebisgan da naklebadaa
cnobili qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, amitomac am Temis Seswavla da war-
moCena Zalze mniSvnelovan problemad gvesaxeba.
literatura:
abulaSvili, 2005 _ medea abulaSvili, `ritualis fenomeni berZnul

xalxur simRerebSi~ , disertacia Tsu., Tbilisi.
giorgaZe , 1993 _ marine giorgaZe, `qarTuli xalxuri kalendaruli sa-
wesCveulebo poezia~, Tbilisi .
Λουκἀτος, 1992, Δημήτριος Λουκἀτος, «Εισαγωγἠ στην Ελληνικἢ
λαογραφἰα», Αθήνα.
Τσοτἀκου-Καρβἐλη, 2009- Αικατερἰνη Τσοτἀκου-Καρβἐλη, « Λαογραφικὀ
Ημερολὀγιο. Οι δωδεκα μηνες και τα ἐθιμα τους.», Αθἠνα.
«Οι 12 μἠνες στην Ελληνικἠ παρἀδοση»
www.zaliosparadosi.blogspot.com
http://www.stixoi.info/stixoi.php?info=Lyrics&act=details&song


Sofia Tschartisvili
Greek Kalanda (New years day) and folklore connected to it
Among customs connected to New year, special role plays tradition of

Kalanda, which is the celebration of New Year cycle, however ~saying Kalanda”
was introduced in other festivals too. It is one of the wide-spread tradition, which
has ancient history.
Kalanda (κάλαντα) is certain kind of song declaration of solemn character
that is linked with concrete orthodox celebrations. It is performed by group of
people, especially children who walk from door to door.
The Greeks say Kalanda several times during a year: on Christmas, On
New years day and on Epiphany day. In each case the tradition and rituals
connected to Kalanda are varied in their meaning and form. Even in one and the
same festival it is possible to meet changes in texts and form of kalanda
performance since these changes are caused by originality and traditions of
different regions of Greece. Despite the different festivals to which Kalanda is
connected, it has some common characteristics. There is defined ritual of
blessing. As a rule all forms of Kalanda include the panegyric of a host and
objects of kind wishes are alternatively: family members. Kalanda sayer children
should be rewarded by the host, in order to make them come again the next year
and bless the family.
In spite of the fact that Kalanda is wide-spread tradition all over orthodox
world and it has ancient roots. Greek Kalanda and its traditions are not known to
Georgian society. We consider this theme interesting as research of this or other
traditions helps us to learn more about folklore and national ideology of Greek
people.

nana cecxlaZe
ras gviqadis qaosi

Tanamedrove qarTul
saliteraturo enaSi
ena ganuwyvetliv da sxvadasxvanairad

icvleba sxvadasxva drosa da sazogadoebaSi.
mravali mecnieri dakavebulia ormagi miz-
niT: erTi mxriv, axsnan, meore mxriv ki iwi-
naswarmetyvelon enis momavali. enobrivi
cvlileba mravalaspeqtiani movlenaa, ro-
melsac safuZvlad udevs socialuri da fsi-
qologiuri faqtorebic.
sazogadoebriv-politikur cvlile-
bebs mohyveba qaosi. TviT werilobiTi enac
ki mraval inovacias uRebs kars da am proces-
ze kontrolis daweseba TiTqmis SeuZlebe-
lia. am viTarebaSi gasarkvevad sakmarisia
ramdenime aTeuli wlis win gamocemuli
prozauli nawarmoebis wakiTxva.
ikveTeba aseTi tendencia: a) mkvlevrebi
enaSi mimdinare yovelgvar process uaryofi-
Tad afaseben; b) amaod cdiloben enis cvli-
lebis SeCerebas; g) ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
enaTmecnierebi ar amJRavneben misdami aravi-
Tar interess; d) iSviaTad isini romelime
cvlilebis sargeblianobas asabuTeben, Tum-
ca norma ar icvleba; e) formaTa siWrele
dasturdeba TviT leqsikonebSic.
V-XI saukuneTa qarTuli werilobiTi
Zeglebis ena monoliTuri iyo. ,,TviT pirve-
li mwignobruli Zeglic ki normatiulia,
radgan misi Semqmneli mihyveboda raRac we-
sebs...yoveli momdevno avtori ki iTvaliswi-
nebda arsebul enobriv gamocdilebas da ner-
gavda mas~ (arabuli 2005:10).
272 nana cecxlaZe

,,cnobili araa raime gramatikuli traqtati an normaTa krebuli, mag-
ram V-XI saukuneTa qarTul werilobiTs ZeglebSi saliteraturo enis
normebi mtkicedaa Camoyalibebuli da mwerlebi da gadamwerebi mkacrad ica-
ven mas~ (sarjvelaZe 1984: 89).stabilurobis SenarCuneba Janrobrivadac
iyo Sepirobebuli, saero literaturaSi cocxal metyvelebasTan daaxloe-
bis Sedegad gaCnda Wreli formebi.
ena viTardeba, icvleba, masTan erTad icvleba normac. Znelia, warmo-
vidginoT sazogadoeba, romelic icvleba, ena ki ucvlelia. ,,cvalebad sali-
teraturo enas ver eqneba ucvleli norma (Ciqobava 1979:14-15). salitera-
turo enis normebi saukuneebs uZlebs, cocxali metyvelebisa ki gacilebiT
swrafi tempiT icvleba.
enis ganviTarebis procesSi Tavs iCens mocile formebi. Tu ar iarse-
bebs variantebi, arc romelime maTganis arCevis saWiroeba dadgeba; an Tu es
arCevani calkeuli individis nebaze iqneba damyarebuli, maSin ena ver mowes-
rigdeba. ,,mocile formaTagan upiratesoba eniWeba imas, romelic Seesabameba
enis ganviTarebis ZiriTad xazs, mis bunebriv tendenciebs da perspeqtiulia
enobrivad~ (arabuli 2005:35).
rogoria enobrivi cvlilebebis mizezebi da meqanizmebi? ratom ikarge-
ba erTi da SenarCundeba sxva enobrivi formebi an erTeulebi? ra Zalebi
ewinaaRmdegeba enobriv cvlilebebs? u. labovis paradigmis mixedviT, ,,enis
cvalebadoba... eqvemdebareba struqturirebas~. n. ladaria wers: ,,cvlile-
bebis kvleva saaTis isrebze dakvirvebas hgavs, roca isrebis moZraoba ar
Cans, magram Tu Tvals aarideb da mogvianebiT kvlav Sexedav, SeamCnev, rom
isrebi gadaadgilda~.
zogjer iqmneba winaaRmdegoba normasa da metyvelebas Soris.
r. saRinaZe msjelobs, rom gramatikuli da normirebuli xSirad gan-
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, amasTan, dResdReobiT norma CamorCeba enis ganvi-
Tarebas. ,,enaSi zogjer aris paraleluri formebi, es asea saliteraturo-
Si, cocxal metyvelebaSi ki arCevani gakeTebulia (saRinaZe 2009:119).
normis dadgenisas aucilebelia angariSi gaewios enis Sinagan kanoneb-
sa da miswrafebas unificirebisa da sistemis erTianobisaken, simetriulo-
bisaken. SesaZloa, swored aq ikveTeba enobriv erTeulTa normad qcevis ten-
dencia.
normis mixedviT, av da am TemisniSnian zmnebs I TurmeobiTSi gadahyveba
Temis niSani (damidgams ara damidgmia, Semisvams da ara Semisvia). XX-XXI
saukunis mweralTa Semoqmedebasa Tu zepir metyvelebaSi gabatonebulia ia
daboloebiani formebi.
av- da am-TemisniSniani zmnebi I TurmeobiTSi omonimuri mniSvnelobisaa:
damimalavs 1.is me mas; sampiriani, momavali dro; 2. me is; orpiriani, warsuli
dro. z. WumburiZe aanalizebs amgvar formebs da askvnis, rom ia daboloebiani
formebi ki araa uarsayofi, isini amdidreben da aumjobeseben enas. isini ki ar
unda ugulbelvyoT, aramed arCevanis Tavisufleba mivceT enas da is Tavad
dagvanaxvebs, romels miecema upiratesoba (WumburiZe 1956: 69).
g. gogolaSvilis azriTac, minaxavs da minaxavxar zmnaTa erTaderT li-
ras gviqadis qaosi Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi 273

teraturul formebad miCneva enis kanonzomierebis winaaRmdeg wasvlaa. Zne-
lia, am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebelma ajobos enas (gogolaSvili, 2010:474); ia
daboloebaze gadasvla kanonzomieri procesia da mas normatuli barierebi
ver SeaCerebs (iqve 473).
t. futkaraZe aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ase msjelobs: analo-
gia saerTod enaSi Zlier moqmedi principia. ,,normirebisas aucilebelia
gaTvaliswineba enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebisa…Tu unifikaciis prin-
cipi ugulebelyofilia, sistema enisa zaraldeba, sabolood, sistema ir-
Rveva, rac zogjer enaSi arsebuli Secdomebis safuZvelic xdeba~ (futka-
raZe, 2006). amrigad, moZvelebuli normebi aferxebs enis ganviTarebas.
amdenad, normaTa darRvevis mizezia ara mxolod, rogorc v. Tofuria
aRniSnavda, ,,Cveni daudevari, uyuradRebo mopyroba literaturuli enis
normaTa dacvisaTvis~ (Tofuria 1965:45), aramed enaSi mimdinare procesebi,
enis Sinagani ganviTarebis kanonis moqmedeba.
analogiis gziT fuZedrekadi da uTemisniSno zmnebis paralelurad
enaSi gavrcelda TemisniSniani formebi: weravs, texavs, Cexavs, CeCavs, wmin-
davs, iWiravs, bricavs, kvnitavs, kriWavs, grixavs. es procesi kargad Cans
sawyisebSic: Cexva, texva, werva, drikva, fliTva, glijva, drikva. SeiniSneba
aRrevac, av Temis niSani mokveTili aqvs iseT zmnas, romelic orTemiania:
qarTuli media sagangebo zarebs reks (cincaZe 2013:172). amgvar aRrevas
xSirad vxvdebiT qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriaSi (mag.-d savrcobi-
ani zmna iuRleba -od savrcobianTa msgavsad).es aris tipobrivi aRreva.
yvelaze sayuradRebo faqtia paralelur formaTa arseboba leqsiko-
nebSi. saliteraturo enaSi arsebobs principebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebi-
Tac unda mieniWos erT romelimes upiratesoba, magram leqsikonebSi uamra-
via aseTi forma. Tu isini Tanabrad kanonieria gramatikuli sistemis Tval-
sazrisiT da klasikosebis enaSi gadaWriT arc erTs ar aqvs upiratesoba,
SesaZlebelia darCnen paralelurad. zogjer aseTi sityvebi stilistikuri
niuansebiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. siave- avoba; sikarge- kargoba; sia-
lale- alaloba; siamaye- amayoba; siarme- armoba; sibedSave- bedSaoba; sidam-
wvre- damwvroba.
dRes winaaRmdegoba SeimCneva ara mxolod saliteraturo enis normeb-
sa da cocxal metyvelebas Soris, aramed TviT normebSic. amis Sedegia nor-
maTa darRvevis SemTxvevebi, enobriv formaTa variantebi.
vercerTi da verc erTi. 1. vercerTi ver SevniSne; 2. verc erTi da verc
meore ver gaimarjvebs. miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli enis orTografiul leq-
sikonSi (1998) swor dawerilobad miCneulia arc erTi, verc erTi.
aqve unda ganvixiloT araerTi da ara erTi: ara erTi, aramed ori wigni
SeviZineT; wignis SesaZenad araerTi msurveli movida.
analogiuria momdevno formaTa dawerilobis sakiTxic: arcerTi da
arc erTi; a) 1. arcerTi pasuxi araa swori; 2. arc erTi da arc meore was-
vlas aRar apirebda.
aseTi xarvezebi gasworebulia `qarTuli enis eleqtronuli orTog-
rafiuli leqsikonSi,~Tumca zogi avtori kvlavac emyareba qarTuli enis
274 nana cecxlaZe

orTografiul leqsikons (1998), radgan cvlilebebis gatarebis saxelmwi-
fo politika ar arsebobs. erTiani erovnuli gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebel
krebulebSic araerTi araerTxel erTad iwereba, rac Secdomaa.
bolo xanebSi gamoica saskolo orTografiuli leqsikoni, Jurna-
listis stilistikuri cnobari da a.S.), sadac Setanilia dRes arsebuli
zogi siaxle. `qarTuli enis eleqtronuli orTografiuli leqsikonSi~
(avtorebi: Wabuki qiria, vaxtang imnaiSvili, qeTevan goCitaSvili, rati
sxirtlaZe). Setanilia yvela dRes arsebuli siaxle, magram maTi damkvid-
rebisTvis unda arsebobdes saxelmwifo instancia, raTa siaxleebi damtkic-
des da yvelasTvis savaldebulo gaxdes.”sistematiurad unda gamoices or-
Tografiuli leqsikonis Casworebani. 2015 wlis 22 ivniss saxelmwifo
enis Sesaxeb parlamentma miiRo kanoni, Tumca sakanonmdeblo normebi qaosu-
ria da srulyofamde maT jer kidev bevri aklia.
saxelmwifo enis dacvas sWirdeba enobrivi politika, sakanonmdeblo
da instituciuri uzrunvelyofa. ar arsebobs struqtura, romelic enis
siwmindeze izrunebs. is uSualod parlaments unda eqvemdebarebodes da sa-
ministroebsac konkretuli normebis dacvas Tu teqstebis Casworebas
avaldebulebdes.
II. sxva SemTxvevaa, roca enaSi TavCenil rig movlenas calsaxad uaryo-
fiTad miviCnevT, magram procesi intensiuria. mag. globalizaciis pirobebSi
kalkirebiT SesaZlebelia gaaqtiurdes derivatic: inglisur enaSi arse-
bobs unarianobis aRniSvneli sufiqsi ,,able,~ magaliTad: controllable- kon-
trolirebadi, payable _ anazRaurebadi, eatable _ Wamadi, penetrable _
SeRwevadi. qarTul enaSi uxvadaa «ad» sufiqsiani saxeli, romlebic dRem-
de arabunebrivad JRers: gansjadi saqme, amoRebadi Tanxa, ganviTarebadi
qveynebi, mogvarebadi problema, Sesrulebadi moTxovnebi, mirTvadi gza,
anazRaurebadi dro, cnobadi saxe, yurebadi filmi da mravali sxva..
Tanamedrove qarTulSi dasaxelebul formaTa gaCena ukavSirdeba ramde-
nime mizezs:,,1. SesaZleblobis (posibiliturobis) gamoxatvis survils; 2.
ekonomiurobisaken swrafvas; 3. gasaTvaliswinebelia ucxo enaTa gavlenac.
bevr evropul enaSi Sesabamisi semantikis gamosaxatavad kompaqturi mimReo-
buri formebi arsebobs~ (omiaZe 2009: 166).
mecnierTa umravlesoba amgvar formaTa gavrcelebas uaryofiT enob-
riv tendenciad miiCnevs (n. naTaZe; m. cincaZe, m.baramiZe, n. cecxlaZe, m.xaxu-
taiSvili).
amgvari formebi xSirad sruliad gansxvavebul semantikas gadmog-
vcems. mag.: ganviTarebadi ganviTarebis procesSi myofs aRniSnavs sazoga-
dod, magram masmediis enaSi igi ganviTarebulis antonimadaa gamoyenebuli:
,,saqarTvelos... ganviTarebad, ufro sworad ki ganuviTarebel qveynad miiC-
neven~; ,,ganviTarebad qveynebSi informaciaze moTxovna ufro metia, vidre
ganviTarebul qveynebSi~ (cincaZe...2009:15). kontrolirebadi teritoria
arc SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs da arc momaval droze. is niSnavs kontrol-
qveS myofs. mag: mtrisgan kontrolirebad haerSi SevafrineT TviTmfrinavi
(iqve, 15).
ras gviqadis qaosi Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi 275

am tipis formebSi Cans sxva mniSvnelobac. gayidvadia produqti, rome-
lic ara Tu SeiZleba gaiyidos, aramed kargad gaiyideba, gasavliania, bevri
myidveli eyoleba; yurebadi SeiZleba iTqvas araTu karg filmze, aramed
iseTze, romelsac bevri mayurebeli hyavs. aq wamyvania mayureblis simravle-
ze miTiTeba. smenadi musika- aq ki msmenelTa simravlea dominanturi; kiTxva-
dic iseTi nawarmoebia, romelsac bevri mkiTxvelis hyavs. abiturientebis-
Tvis weradia is Tema, romelsac bevri irCevs dasawerad.
am jgufSi erTiandeba iseTi formebi, romlebSic moqmedeba ganxorcie-
lebis procesSia. mag.:moxmarebadia produqti, romelic ukve moixmareba (da
ara momavalSia SesaZlebeli misi Sesruleba) da Tan bevri momxmarebeli
hyavs. moTxovnad produqtSic asaxulia moTxovnis intensiuroba.
rac Seexeba cnobad saxes, is ukve nacnobs niSnavs: ,,Cemi brendi cnoba-
di da moTxovnadia.~
am tipis formebma zmnis piriani formebic Caanacvla da frazas waarTva
dinamikuroba: es saxeli qarTul tradiciebTan asocirebadia; k. buaCiZis na-
Teli xsovnis gamoxatva advilad axsnadia. unda iyos: aixsneba an asocir-
deba. ufro metic, iqmneba aRweriTi konstruqciebi: mag.: yvelaferi iqneba
asrulebadi _ yvelaferi asruldeba; gza mirTvadi iqneba samxreTis gzas-
Tan... miuerTdeba samxreTis gzas. es ganxorcielebadi iqneba _ es ganxorci-
eldeba. migvaCnia, rom zemodasaxelebul magaliTebSi amgvar formaTa gamo-
yenebis araviTari saWiroeba ar arsebobs. momaval droze aq iqneba zmnac miu-
TiTebs. Tu enis ekonomiurobis principiT vsargeblobT, aq piriqiT, ux-
vsityvaoba gamodis (cecxlaZe, xaxutaiSvili, 2014: 260).
amgvar formaTa mimarT gasaTvaliswinebelia araerTi niuansi: ,,reko-
mendebuli alternativebi yovelTvis adekvaturi ar aris: xan wamyvani seman-
tikuri niuansia dakarguli, xan kidev mravalkomponentiani struqturaa Se-
moTavazebuli~ (omiaZe 2009: 166).
amoRebadis nacvlad ajobebs gamoviyenoT amosaRebi, gansjadis nac-
vlad – gansasjeli. gasayidsa da gayidvads Soris sxvaoba ufro didia.
amrigad, yurebadi tipis formebis Secvlisas yuradReba unda mieqces
imas, xom araa semantika bundovani. jer semantikaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, Sem-
deg ki _ ekonomiuroba. unda SemuSavdes norma, romelic gamijnavs misi ga-
moyenebis SemTxvevebs, radgan es procesi intensiurad mimdinareobs.
amrigad, enaSi TavCenili TiToeuli tendencia sxvadasxva aspeqtiT un-
da gaanalizdes, erTmaneTisgan unda gaimijnos: I. cvlilebebi, romlebic
enis ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonzomierebas emyareba da II. cvlilebebi, rom-
lebic enis ganviTarebis istoriul xazs ewinaaRmdegeba.
erTi mxriv, enis Sinagan ganviTarebas xeli rom ar SevuSaloT, normebi
iqneba gadasaxedi. axali kosmosi gaamartivebs enas. meore mxriv, sayovelTa-
od gavrcelebuli ucxoenovani kalkebi Tu barbarizmebi semantikuri da
stilistikuri niuansebiTac Tu ,,daitvirTebian,~ didia albaToba, moipovon
arsebobis sanqcia. amgvari qaosi ki safrTxeSi Caagdebs enobriv sistemas.
276 nana cecxlaZe

literatura:
arabuli 2005: a. arabuli, qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, Tb.;

afridoniZe 2002., S. afridoniZe Cveni ena qarTuli, Tb.,
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, I, Tb., 1989.
Tofuria 1965:v. Tofuria, qarTuli ena da marTlweris zogierTi sakiTxi,
Tb., 1965, Tb., 1988.
iv. gigineiSvili, qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1998.
ladaria 2002: ladaria n., sociolingvistika, fondi ,,Ria sazogadoeba- sa-
qarTvelo~, socialur mecnierebaTa seria Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ,,
mecniereba~;
omiaZe 2009: omiaZe s., ad/d mawarmoeblis sityvaTwarmomqmneli funqciis ga-
aqtiureba Tanamedrove masmediis enaSi, ike XXXVII Tb.;
sarjvelaZe 1984: sarjvelaZe z., qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis
Sesavali.
saRinaZe, 2009: saRinaZe r., gramatikuli da normirebuli enaSi ,,humanita-
ruli mecnierebebi informaciul sazogadoebaSi~, I saerTaSoriso
konferenciis masalebi, baT.
Ciqobava 1979: arn. Ciqobava, saliteraturo ena da norma: qsks, II, Tb.,
futkaraZe 2006: t. futkaraZe qarTuli enis istoria, Tb. quTaisi;
SaniZe 1990: SaniZe mz., sityuaჲ arTronTaTჳs- Zveli qarTuli gramatiku-
li traqtati. Tb.;
cecxlaZe, xaxutaiSvili, 2014: cecxlaZe n, xaxutaiSvili m., stilistika;
cincaZe ... 2009: cincaZe m., baramiZe m., _ ad sufiqsian sawyisTa sakiTxi
Tanamedrove qarTulSi, ,,humanitaruli mecnierebebi informaciul
sazogadoebaSi~, I saerTaSoriso konferenciis masalebi, baT.
cincaZe 2013: cincaZe m., qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi, gamomcemloba ,,horosi~
WumburiZe 1956: WumburiZe z., qarTuli saliteraturo enis da stilis sa-
kiTxebi. Tb.
Nana Tsetskhladze
What does Chaos Predict in Modern Georgian Language?
The article studies the phenomenon of chaos in modern Georgian:

contradiction in the norms, parallel language forms even in the dictionaries,
while the choice in the spoken language has been made.
On one side, regulatory barriers hinder the inner development of the language.
That is why these regulations should be reviewed. That kind of chaos predicts new
cosmos – simplification of the language. So, the negative criticism of any processes
in the language development is wrong. The regulation should not fall behind the
language development. On the other side, if the foreign calques are encumbered with
the semantic and stylistic nuances, these calques will be allowed.
levan xalvaSi
filosofiuri polemikis
komunikaciuri aspeqti
aristoteles mier `nikomaqes eTikaSi~

gamoTqmuli SeniSvna- ìdeebi SemoiRes Cvenma
axlobelma adamianebma, magram Cven Tu fi-
losofosebi varT, WeSmaritebis gamo ax-
loblobaze da Zvirfasze xeli unda aviRoT~
(aristotele 1984: 59), romelmac Semdgom-
Si miiRo andazis saxe: platoni Cemi megoba-
ria, magram me mirCevnia WeSmariteba, kargad
gadmoscems antikuri azrovnebis drama-
tizms, mis SemoqmedebiT Zabvas. pirdapiri ga-
gebiT igi Seicavs uTanxmoebas, magram pla-
tonisa da WeSmaritebis dapirispireba qmnis
ganaCeniviT Seuval aqsiologias, romelsac
Tan erTvis gadawyvetilebis miRebis paTosi:
WeSmariteba, mecnierebis mTavari Rirebule-
ba, ar aris platonTan, platoni ar aris mar-
Tali, amitom me ar SemiZlia viyo mis mxares!
miuxedavad amisa orive filosofosis naaz-
revma erTnairi SefasebiT òbieqturi idea-
lizmi~ gauZlo dros da TiToeuli dResac
mecnieruli azrovnebis ganmsazRvreli faq-
toria.
filosofiis ori korifes: platonisa
da aristoteles, Semoqmedeba kargadaa Ses-
wavlili kritikul literaturaSi, Cveni
interesi am Temis mimarT gamowveulia Sem-
degi garemoebiT: Zveli berZnebidan moyole-
buli filosofia swavlobda samyaros da az-
rovnebas. marTalia, filosofosebi msje-
lobdnen enis Sesaxebac, magram XX sauku-
nemde filosofias ena ar hqonda gamocxade-
buli Tavisi kvlevis obieqtad.
278 levan xalvaSi

samyaro, azrovneba, ena yofierebis sami ganuyofeli nawilia, amitom
msoflmxedvelobrivi filosofiuri koncefcia yovelTvis saWiroebs enis,
ufro farTod, komunikaciis problemis Sesaferis gadawyvetas. saintere-
sod migvaCnia platonisa da aristoteles filosofiuri koncefciebi Sevada-
roT erTmaneTs komunikaciuri poziciidan.
ZvelberZnuli filosofia fizikurTan SedarebiT gonebriv samyaros
aniWebda upiratesobas, radgan samyaros arsi goniTaa sawvdomi da ara
grZnobiT. gonebrivi samyaro grZnobaSi mocemuli fizikuri samyaros sa-
fuZvelia. is namdvilia, xolo grZnobieri samyaro maradcvalebadobis gamo
qaosuri da moCvenebiTia. mxolod amis gaTvaliswinebiT gasagebi xdeba sok-
rates sityvebi `fedonSi~: `sikvdilis win gedebi mRerian ise nazad da war-
mtacad, rogorc arasdros umReriaT da es simRera sixarulis simReraa,
maT axarebT im RvTaebisken miqceva,romelsac emsaxurebian’’ (platoni
1966:59).
platonis filosofiur Ziebas aqvs erTi mimarTuleba _ fizikuri qao-
sidan maradiuli zeciuri wesrigisaken, esaa Tavganwiruli swrafva arcodni-
dan codnisken, sikvdilidan sicocxlisken, rac SesaZlebelia sakuTar TavSi
grZnobebze gamarjvebiT, ris Sedegadac filosofosi sulierSi gadadis da
poulobs safuZvels fizikuris asaxsnelad. platonTan maradiuli ideebi
(eidosebi) yvelafris amxsnelia. eidosis codna ganapirobebs fizikuri sagnis
codnas. eidosi usazRvroa, amitom codnac sagnis Sesaxeb ar aris Caketi-
li.platonis sokrate xalisiT mogzaurobs azrTa ìdumalebis wylebSi~
(platoni 1966:88), misi msjeloba xSir SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens sagnis Sesa-
xeb dasmul kiTxvebis kaskads. sokrate ganmartavs, magram Tavs aridebs gan-
sazRvras anu sagnebisTvis mkacri sazRvrebis miCenas. meTodologiiT nakarna-
xevi msjelobis amgvari manera damabnevelia ubraloebiT. sokrate ufro mets
ekiTxeba da eTanxmena oponents, vidre uxsnis da umtkicebs, magram ajerebs. es
mogvagonebs kung-fus `loTis~ stilis ostats, romlis RviniT galeSili ka-
cis msgavsi moZraobebi giqmnian masze advilad gamarjvebis iluzias, sinamdvi-
leSi ki yovel erTmaneTTan TiTqos Seuwyobel moZraobas aqvs sabrZolo da-
niSnuleba.
sokrates sametyvelo qceviT aRfrTovanebulma platonma gaakeTa mTava-
ri aRmoCena: arsebobs obieqturi WeSmariteba _ sokrates sofisTebTan po-
lemikaSi gamarjvebis saSualeba. sityvieri orTabrZolis dros mxareebs aqvT
gansxvavebuli sagnis Tavisi xedva-gageba, miuxedavad amisa mokamaTeebi axerxe-
ben urTierTgagebas da, ufro metic, erTmaneTis gadarwmunebas. amis karg
ilustracias warmoadgens alkibiades aRiareba: `sokrates rom vusmen, guls
ipyrobs gancvifrebisa da aRtacebis grZnoba, misi sityvebi udides zegavlenas
axdenen Cemze, mxolod sokrates winaSe vwiTldebi, me vgrZnob, rom Zala ar
Semwevs veurCo mas...~ (platoni 1964:69). aRniSnulis axsna SeiZleba mxolod
erTiT: urTierTobis dros mosaubreTa metyvelebaSi gansxvavebuli (subieq-
turi) gagebis miRma saerTo (obieqturi) konstantebis daSvebiT. logosSi
mocemul yvelasaTvis saerTos, WeSmaritsa da mdgrads platonma eidosebi
filosofiuri polemikis komunikaciuri aspeqti 279

(ideebi) uwoda. urTierTobis obieqtur safuZvels ideebi Seadgenen, xolo
subieqtur mxares _ ideebis gansxvavebuli gageba. logosSi obieqturi WeS-
maritebis uaryofiT sofistebs SemohqondaT qaosi komunikaciaSi. maTgan gan-
sxvavebiT sokrate ar iWerda oponents arcodnaSi, piriqiT, igi iWerda mas
codnaSi, romelic obieqturi anu saerTo da WeSmariti iyo yvelasaTvis. sain-
teresoa amasTan dakavSirebiT sokrates erTi replika: `Zvirfaso agaTon, Sen
WeSmaritebasTan kamaTis Tavi ara gaqvs, xolo rac Seexeba sokratesTan ka-
maTs, eg advili saqmea savsebiT~ (platoni 1966:46).
amrigad, obieqtur WeSmaritebas ideebi warmoadgenen, isini gasagebs
xdian yovelives, saerTo arian yvelasaTvis da amitom Semecnebisa da komuni-
kaciis safuZvels Seadgenen. vin Seqmna ideebi? sokrates rom Seeqmna eidose-
bi, sxvebisTvis isini ar iqnebodnen gasagebi da aqedan gamomdinare, arc WeS-
mariti. adamianis goni xasiaTdeba individualobiT, xolo ideebi universa-
luria. fizikuri samyaros farglebSi platonma ver daadgina adgili, sai-
danac yvela adamians SeeZlo gaeTavisebina universaluri ideebi, da dauSva
maTi damoukidebeli arseboba am qveynis gareT. ideebi saerToa yvelasaTvis,
radgan erTia maTi pirvelsamyofeli _ maradiuli zeca, xolo TiToeul
adamians maradiuli ideebi eZleva ukvdavi sulis meSveobiT. sokrates upi-
ratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas sxvebze ufro meti sisruliT SeeZlo
gaexsenebina sulSi mocemuli eidosebi.
gza WeSmariti codnisken platons daanaxva sofistebTan mokamaTe sok-
ratem, xolo ideaTa universalobis axsnam miiyvana igi maradiul samyaroSi.
platonis TeoriaSi cnebebi: `Semecneba~ (=`dialogi~), èidosebi~, `maradi-
uli samyaro~, ùkvdavi suli~ urTierTganpirobebulia.
oci weli gaatara aristotelem platonis akademiaSi, magram uaryo ei-
dosebis maradiuli samyaro. `metafizikasa~ da eTikebSi igi cdilobs, daasa-
buTos eidosuri samyaros ararseboba. magram kargadaa cnobili, rom misti-
kuri miuwvdomelia logikuri analizisaTvis. axal aRTqmaSi ufali ieso
qriste igavurad gviyveba caTa sasufevlis Sesaxeb, ufali arafers amtki-
cebs, saxarebaSi sadme ver vxvdebiT silogizmis figurebs. aristotele Se-
sabamis pasaJebSi aclis eidosebs mistikurobas da aTanabrebs maT gonis cne-
bebTan (logosebTan) an materialur movlenebTan. `rogor SeiZleba ideebma,
romlebic sagnebis arsebia, maTgan calke iarsebon?~ _ kiTxulobs is `me-
tafizikaSi~ (Аристотель, 1976:88). romel ideebzea laparaki, logosebze
Tu mistikur eidosebze? erTisTvis SeuZlebeli SesaZlebelia meoresTvis.
`nikomaqes eTikaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `pativiscema, gansjisunarianoba, siamovne-
ba sikeTis saxeebia, magram maTi gaerTianeba erT ideaSi SeuZlebelia~ (aris-
totele 1984:61). platonis eidosebi idealuri «erTsaxovani arsebia~
(platoni 1966:46) da ara materialur movlenaTa SenaerTebi. aristotele-
saTvis eidosebis uarmyofeli ZiriTadi argumenti aris is, rom isini arse-
boben sxva samyaroSi, igi ver xedavs kavSirs ideebsa da fizikur sagnebs So-
ris. magram platonTan es kavSiri mistikuria, Tumc materialur planSi ga-
moixateba msgavsebaSi, ise rogorc mistikuria Tavad ideebic. platonis
280 levan xalvaSi

idea ar aris mocemuli saganSi, aramed `sagani mSvenieria imitom, rom WeSma-
rit, TavisTavad mSvenierTanaa wilnayari, TavisTavad mSveniers ziarebuli~
(platoni 1966:90), ise rogorc, magaliTad, yoveli mziani: dRe, dila adgi-
li da a. S. gulisxmobs mzes da mze ar aris mxolod sagnebze mofenili sxi-
vebi da miT umetes ar aris mziT mofenil saganTa SenaerTi.
eidosuri samyaros uaryofiT platonis filosofiuri memkvidreobi-
dan aristoteles xelT SerCa maradcvalebadi materiis Seuswavladi qaosi,
amitom misTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo gaerkvia, `ratom aris moZraoba
da rogoria is~ (Аристотель, 1976:308). swored materiis moZraobas gaix-
dis stagireli Tavisi gansjis sagnad da amiT Seabrunebs filosofiur ref-
leqsias platonisagan sxva mimarTulebiT. platonis dialogebis cisken
frenis sixaruls Caenacvleba `metafizikis~ mkacri akademizmi da òrgano-
nis~ ganyenebuli analizi. Tu platonis sokrate xalisiT ganmartavs samya-
ros, aristotele daucxromlad gansazRvravs mas. samyaros ganmsazRvrelia
masTan ara eidosebi, aramed adamiani, romelic azrovnebis (dianoia) saSua-
lebiT cdilobs logikurad miiRos zusti definiciebi. kacobriobis isto-
riaSi aristoteles didi damsaxureba miuZRvis samyaros logikur gamoT-
qmadobaSi anu mecnieruli suraTis SeqmnaSi. me-19 saukunis `pozitivisturi
revolucia~ sxvasTan erTad gamiznuli iyo am erTi kacis gabatonebis wina-
aRmdeg azrovnebaSi.
platonTan megobrobaze xelis aRebiT aristotelem aRar daitova ar-
Cevani, mas unda gaemarTlebina moZraoba da gaexada materia Seswavladi. ma-
radcvalebad materialur sagnebSi stagirelma gamoyo maTi ucvleli arse-
biTi elementi _ formebi _ mecnieruli Seswavlis safuZveli. yoveli sa-
gani moZraobs Tavisi formis gasanamdvileblad (èntelexia~). samyaros
yovlismomcveli moZraoba mimarTulia arsebulis srulqmnisken, igi amTli-
anebs formasa da materias, sulsa da sxeuls. moZraoba SeuZlebelia mamoZ-
raveblis gareSe, romelic Tavad ar aris moZravi, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi
masac dasWirdeboda mamoZravebeli. uZravi pirvelmamoZravebeli RvTaeba
moZraobis mizezicaa da mizanic. Tu platonTan moZraoba qmnis qaoss azrov-
nebisTvis, aristotelesTan teleologiuri moZraoba amyarebs wesrigs. xo-
lo sayovelTao dinamikuri wesrigis safuZveli pirvelmamoZravebelia.
fizikur sagnebSi formis gamoyofiT da moZraobaSi kanonzomierebis
dadgeniT aristotelem moZrav materias mianiWa gnoseologiuri mdgradoba
(platonTan mdgradia mxolod eidosebi), amitom sxva antikur moazrovneeb-
Tan SedarebiT igi ndobiT ekideba grZnobier aRqmasac. traqtatSi `sulis
Sesaxeb~ aristotele mniSvnelovan nawils uTmobs SegrZnebebs da ideebTan
erTad azrovnebis elementad gamoyofs warmodgenebs: `suli arasdros az-
rovnebs warmodgenebis gareSe (aristotele 1976:438).
formebi namdvili (realizebuli saxiT) mocemulia fiziur sagnebSi,
xolo SesaZleblobaSi (wminda saxiT) _ gonSi (aristotele 1976:434),
rac, erTi mxriv, SesaZlebels xdis igiveobriobis principiT adamianis mier
fizikuri samyaros Seswavlas, meore mxriv, ki ganapirobebs adamianisagan sa-

ganTa damoukidebel arsebobas, warmodgenebis meSveobiT azrovneba SeTan-
xmebulia fizikur sinamdvilesTan. azrovnebis struqturebi obieqturad
arsebuli samyaros asaxvaa (logikuri paralelizmi). mecnierebis qvakuTxe-
dad qceuli aristoteleseuli azris definicia àzri aris Tqma, romelic
adasturebs an uaryofs rasme risame Sesaxeb~ (aristotele 1978:119) gu-
lisxmobs obieqturad arsebul Seswavlad sagans. aristoteles swrafva
fizikuri samyaros aRiarebisken aRwevs maqsimums `kategoriebSi~, sadac fi-
losofosi ganasxvavebs `pirvelad arsebs~ (konkretuli sagnebi, magaliTad
`calkeuli adamiani~, `calkeuli cxeni~) da `meorad arsebs~ (saxeebs, gva-
rebs, magaliTad àdamiani~, `cocxali arseba~) (aristotele 1978:55). pir-
veladi arsi erTeulia ricxviT, meoradi arsebi ki àr aRniSnaven erT raRa-
cas (aristotele 1978:59). `pirveladi arsebi sxva danarCenisTvis qvemdeba-
rea da sxva danarCeni iTqmeba maT Sesaxeb an mocemulia maTSi~ (aristote-
le 1978: 56), ese igi cneba iTqmeba konkretul saganze da ara piriqiT anu,
Tanamedrove terminologiiT, gamonaTqvamis farglebSi sagani cnebasTan mi-
marTebaSi yovelTvis subieqtia (pirvelia), xolo cneba (idea) yovelTvis
predikati (meore). samyaros logikuri kanonebiT Semmecnebeli aristote-
le kategoriulia: `pirveladi arsebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda sxva
danarCeni~(aristotele 1978:56). Tu grZnobier aRqmas ganvixilavT az-
rovnebis ganuyofel nawilad, maSin moyvanili debuleba iqneba absolutu-
ri, xolo `kategoriebi~ _ sruliad SeuTavsebeli `metafizikasTan~. mag-
ram aRqmaze dafuZnebul azrovnebasTan erTad aristotele dauSvebs aRqmi-
sagan Tavisufal `RvTaebriv azrovnebas~, romelic mimarTulia ara sxvaze,
aramed TavisTavze: gonis pirvelsawyisebze da pirvelmizezebze (aristote-
le 1976:310,316). aRqmisaTvis fizikuri pirveladi arsia, magram aRqmaze da-
fuZnebuli azrovneba ver adis idealur pirvelsawyisebamde da pirvelmize-
zebamde. swored am ukanasknelebs swavlobs aristoteles filosofia.
materialisturi da idealisturi Tvalsazrisebis Serigeba aristo-
telesTan SeiZleba mxolod aRqmaze dafuZnebuli azrovnebis da TavisTava-
di `RvTaebrivi azrovnebis~ garCeviT, rac miiRweva aRqmis `pirveladi arse-
bis~ da gonis `pirvelsawyisebis~ gamijvniT.
srulyofili msoflmxedvelobrivi sistemis asagebad misma avtorma au-
cileblad unda gadawyvitos Semecnebis problema.amasTan erTad gnoseologi-
aSi subieqtivizmisagan Tavis dasaRwevad man unda mouZebnos axsna komunikaci-
is problemasac. am ukanasknels aristotele wyvets materialisturad fizi-
kuri sinamdvilis saSualebiT.masTan saxelebi gamoxataven gonSi fizikuri
sagnebis amsaxvel warmodgenebs, romlebic èrTia yvelasaTvis, ise rogorc
erTia sagnebic~(aristotele 1978:93). magram moyvanili debuleba Tavad sa-
Wiroebs dasabuTebas. gasagebia, rom warmodgenebis erTianoba gamowveulia
fizikuri sagnebiT. ismis kiTxva, ratomaa erTiani adamianebisTvis Tavad sagne-
bi? amas aristotele xsnis gonSi da sagnebSi mocemuli `formebis~ erTiano-
biT. magram aristoteles unda gaeca pasuxi am azrTamsvlelobis bolo kiT-
xvazec: ra ganapirobebs adamianTaTvis `formebis~ universalobas?
282 levan xalvaSi

universaloba gulisxmobs erTianobas da droSi mdgradobas. platon-
Tan komunikaciis problema wydeba mistikuri ideebis (eidosebis) saSuale-
biT, romelTa mdgradi sayovelTaobis ganmapirobebelia maradiuli samya-
ros arseboba. aristoteles araseriozul saqmed miaCnia filosofiaSi mi-
Tebis moSvelieba (aristotele 1976:111). magram miTebis gareSe logikurma
msjelobamac miiyvana platonis yvelaze ganTqmuli mowafe da oponenti ma-
radiulTan: `maradiulis gareSe SeuZlebelia warmoqmna. warmoqmnis dros
unda iyos raRac, rac warmoiqmneba da raRac, risganac warmoiqmneba, xolo
bolo wevri am rigisa unda iyos arawarmoqmnili, warmoqmna ar SeiZleba
ararsebulisagan~(aristotele 1976:109).
`Tu pirvelsawyisebi warmavalia, maSin maTac unda hqondeT sxva pir-
velsawyisebi~ (aristotele 1976:112).
aristoteles msjelobis Tanaxmad, sagnebi warmoqmnadia, radgan materi-
aluri da dayofadia. formebi ki TavisTavad aRebuli arc materialuria, arc
dayofadi da aqedan gamomdinare arc warmoqmnadi (aristotele 1976:201).
formebis maradiuloba ganpirobebulia maTi adgilsamyofeli gonis RvTaeb-
rivi qmnadi nawiliT, romelic damoukidebelia sxeulisagan, Seureveli da
amitom ukvdavi da maradiuli (aristotele 1976:436). esaa maradisoba mara-
diuli cis gareSe _ metafizikis safuZvlad qceuli SeuZlebeli idea. pla-
tonTan adamianis suli masSi Semavali goniT ukvdavia, radgan maradiuli sam-
yaros nawilia. maradiuli samyaros uaryofa gamoricxavs adamianSi maradiu-
li gonis daSvebas. goniT SemosazRvruli individualuri maradisoba gaugeba-
ria imitomac, rom aristoteles mier masSi ganTavsebuli forma-ideebi ver
iqnebian universaluri, rac SeuZlebels xdis komunikacias.
amrigad, platonTanac da aristotelesTanac WeSmaritebis dadgena sa-
Wiroebs universalur maradiul wesrigs. magram am ukanasknelis adgilsam-
yofeli or did filosofoss esmoda gansxvavebulad. pirvelTan amgvar wes-
rigs amyarebs zeca, meoresTan _ goni. miuxedavad amisa, platonis eidose-
bic da aristoteles pirvelsawyisebic maradiuli arsebia. amrigad, kiT-
xvac, ra gansazRvravs WeSmaritebas: eidosebi Tu pirvelsawyisebi? _ pasu-
xis orive SemTxvevaSi maradiuls gulisxmobs da rwmenas moiTxovs. cxadia
mxolod is, rom Tavisi maswavleblebis, sokratesa da platonis kvaldak-
val aristotelemac cxovrebis gzad WeSmaritebis Zieba airCia. amitom aR-
dges unda samarTlianoba da andazad qceulma gamonaTqvamma `platoni Cemi
megobaria, magram me miyvars WeSmariteba~ miiRos Tavisi namdvili saxe:
`platoni Cemi megobaria, amitom miyvars me WeSmariteba~.
literatura:
platoni 1966: platoni, fedoni, `nakaduli~, Tb.;

platoni 1964: platoni, nadimi, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~;
aristotele 1976: Аристотель, соч. в 4-ёх т.1, Мысль, М;
aristotele 1978: Аристотель, соч. в 4-ёх т.2, Мысль, М;
aristotele 1984: Аристотель, соч. в 4-ёх т.4, Мысль, М.

Levan Khalvashi
Philosophical Polemic Aspect of Communication
With two leading actors of philosophy, Plato and Aristotle, the truth needs
a universal condition of eternal order and the place of one was named differently
by Greek philosophers. The first of these consider the Eternal Heavens, whereas
the Second consider it as the Human Senses.
Philosophical Theories of Plato and Aristotle are compared by the
communication position in the paper.
mzia xaxutaiSvili
berZnizmebi qobuleTur
metyvelebaSi
samecniero literaturaSi enaTa kon-

taqtebis Sesaxeb araerTi saintereso in-
formaciaa. rogorc cnobilia, enaTa minima-
luri kontaqtic sakmarisia sityvis sases-
xeblad. sainteresoa sityvaTa integraciis
gzebi. es gzebi Zalian mravalferovania da
lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT araerT sayu-
radRebo SemTxvevas warmogvidgens. saqar-
Tvelos saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mraval sa-
xelmwifosTan uxdeboda mWidro urTierTo-
ba, ramac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina
qarTul enaze. am mxriv gamorCeulia ber-
Znul–qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobani,
romlebic saukuneebs iTvlis. upirvelesad
Rirssacnobia superstratuli danaSrevebi,
romlebic aRniSnul urTierTobebs mohyva da
SeiZleba iTqvas, dRemde grZeldeba. profe-
sori korneli danelia Zvel samwerlobo
qarTulze berZnulis mZlavr gavlenaze sa-
ubrobs da dasZens, rom ùcxo enis kvali
enis Sida SreebSia aRbeWdili~. gavlena aseve
TvalnaTliv Cans naTargmn ZeglebSi. ra Tqma
unda, igi ZiriTadad leqsikaze aisaxa. amis
Sesaxeb mkvlevari aRniSnavs: àmgvar Zegleb-
Si dominanti leqsika, berZnulia, Tumca gra-
matikuli wyoba, sintaqsuri konstruqciebi,
sesxebis saintereso araerT magaliTs gvaZ-
levs~ (danelia 1998: 66).
qarTul-berZnuli enobrivi urTierTo-
bebis Sedegia qristianobasTan dakavSirebu-
li leqsika. rogorc cnobilia, Tavdapirve-
berZnizmebi qobuleTur metyvelebaSi 285

lad wirva-locva berZnulad aRevlineboda. qarTul enaze ki – ufro gvian.
religiuri terminologia amis Semdegac uxvad daesesxa berZnuls. esenia:
aiazma, angelozi, diakoni, eklesia, embazi, episkoposi, kaTalikosi, lita-
nia, martvili, monasteri, olari, paraklisi... garda qristologiuri ter-
minebisa, qarTul enaSi sxva berZnulenovani enobrivi erTeulebic dastur-
deba: aloe, andamati, barbarosi, disko, zefiri, Teatri, melani, iadoni, is-
toria, kanoni, keisari, kitri, klite, leqsi, litra, margaliti, mumia,
neqtari, palata, sabani, svindisi, stafilo, tabla, finiki, fasi, qaragma, ka-
lami, qafuri...
zemoT aRniSnuli enobrivi kontaqtebisa da interferenciis Sesaxeb
samecniero literaturaSi araerTi nakvlevia. Cven yuradReba amjerad Seva-
CereT ara adreuli xanis, aramed gasuli saukunis migraciis Sedegad gamow-
veul enobriv kontaqtebsa da am urTierTobiT gamowveul sesxebaze, leqsi-
kur danaSrevebze, superstratul Sedegebze aWarul dialeqtsa da qobule-
Tur kilokavSi.
saqarTveloSi berZnuli mosaxleoba CvenSi ZiriTadad XIX-XX saukune-
ebis ganmavlobaSi gadmosaxldnen im regionebidan, sadac e. w. pontos anu pon-
toeli berZnebi mosaxleobdnen. pontoel berZnebi elinTa Soris metad ga-
morCeulni arian. maT pontoelebi ewodebaT, radgan isini TurqeTis erT-erT
SavizRvispira raionSi, pontoSi, mosaxleobdnen. antikuri xanidan isini kom-
paqturad saxlobdnen XIX-XX saukuneebamde maT eWiraT mravalricxovani da-
saxlebebi aRmosavleTiT, rizes da dasavleTiT girusuns Soris. am arealis
centrebi iyo trapizoni, oenoe, samsuni (Zv. amisosi) da gumuSxane (Zv. argi-
rupolisi). sxvadasxva wyaroze dayrdnobiT, Tavis droze yofila 102 elinu-
ri dasaxleba pontos raionSi. marTalia, amave regionSi sxva xalxebic mosax-
lobdnen, pirvel rigSi ki qarTvelurenovani tomebi, upiratesad lazebi, ro-
melnic am teritoriaze WeSmarit avtoqTonebad gvevlinebian, magram otoman-
Ta imperiis sabuTebis mixedviT berZnulenovani mosaxleoba pontos regionSi
yvelaze mravalricxovani yofila (gordeziani1990: 5-8).
pontoel berZnebs istoriulad urTierToba hqondaT qarTvelur to-
mebTan. am urTierTobebis Sedegi unda iyos lazurSi pontouri dialeqtis
gavlenis kvali.
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb pontoel berZnebTan mkvidri mosaxleobis
enobrivi kontaqtebi inteferenciis saintereso suraTs gvaZlevs. pontos
berZenTa yofis, maTs kulturasTan ziarebis bedniereba mec mxvda wilad.
davibade da gavizarde im quCasa da ubanSi, sadac pontoeli berZnebi kompaq-
turad saxlobdnen. maTi komunikaciis ena pontouri iyo. Cem Tvalwin srul-
deboda yvela is rituali, romlebic marTlmadideblobas ukavSirdeba da is
yofiTi tradiciebi, romlebic aRniSnuli eTnosisTvis iyo niSandoblivi.
xSirad gvixdeboda qristianul dResaswaulebze erTad yofna (Cvens bavSvo-
baSi mkvidri mosaxleoba naklebad dadioda taZrebSi).
sazogadod, samecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia aWa-
ruli dialeqtis kilokauri diferenciaciis Sesaxeb. S. niJaraZe naSromSi
286 mzia xaxutaiSvili

àWaruli dialeqti~ aRniSnul sakiTxze wers, rom `qobuleTuri metyvele-
bis profilis gansazRvrisas srulad araa damowmebuli faqtorebi, romel-
Tac ganapirobes misi pozicia aWarul dialeqtSi~ (niJaraZe 1975: 5). amave sa-
kiTxze msjelobs prof. m. faRava statiaSi ènobrivi situacia samxreT saqar-
TveloSi da samxruli metyvelebis dialeqturi Sedgenilobis sakiTxi~ (fa-
Rava 2003). qobuleTuri kilokavis Taviseburebebs sxvadasxva garemoeba gana-
pirobebs, maT Sorisaa berZnuli enis danaSrevi, romelic aRniSnul eTnosTan
yofiTi Tu enobrivi komunikaciis realuri dasturia. unda iTqvas, rom nases-
xeb leqsikaSi nawili berZnizmebisa dasturdeba rogorc aWarulSi, ise qo-
buleTur kilokavSi, Tumca gvxvdeba imgvari leqsikuri erTeulebi, romle-
bic mxolod qobuleTurSi an oden aWarulSia damowmebuli.
baruTi πνριτις – Tofis wamali, denTi. qobuleTel muhajirTa STamo-
mavlebis metyvelebaSi dasturdeba aRniSnuli sityva: `Tofis wamalia, ba-
roTs vuZaxiT.~ es sityva aseve dasturdeba aWarulSic. gasiraveba – rigze
dawyoba, dalageba, gamwkriveba. aRniSnuli leqsikuri erTeuli dasturdeba
rogorc qobuleTurSi, aseve aWarulSic; variozi (berZ. βαρεια) – rkinis
didi uroa. aWarulSi sityva `variozi~ uro–s gverdiT gamoiyeneba, iseve,
rogorc qobuleTurSi.
koriza (berZ. Κορις) – baRlinjo. es sityva dasturdeba lazurSi, ro-
gorc korida da niSnavs kedlis tils (Tandilava 2013). igi aseve gvxvdeba
aWarulsa da qobuleTurSic: korizasaven unda wuuWylito Tavi, – ase it-
yvian CvenSi – gvidasturebs qobuleTeli oTar jinWaraZe.
sira ξειρα– mijna, jeri. lazurSi sira (Turq) rigi, xazis mniSvnelo-
biT gvxvdeba (Tandilava 2013). aWarulsa da qobuleTur metyvelebaSic
dasturdeba. àxla Cemi siraa,~ anu Cemi jeria.
fide – πηττα sajze saxeldaxelod gamomcxvari Txeli fenaa rogorc
aWarulSi, aseve qobuleTur kilokavSic. lazurSi fide – Txeli kveria
(Tandilava 2013).
lodosi (berZ. Λοτος) – Tbili, moRrubluli amindi, romelic aCqa-
rebs Tovlis dnobas. lodoss ityvian, Tibili qari rom muuqrolebs, –
gviTxra xelvaCaurelma xatije msxalaZem. lodozi lazur leqsikonSi gan-
martebulia rogorc berZnizmi da niSnavs: samxreTis qari/trapizonis qari
(Tandilava 2013). aRniSnuli leqsema am mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba aWarul-
Si, magram igi ucxoa qobuleTurisaTvis.
sinori – σιυορου sazRvari, mijna (aWar.). lazurSi sinori (berZ.), ase-
ve sazRvaria (Tandilava 2013). sinori sazRvris mniSvnelobiT ucxoa qobu-
leTurisaTvis.
fedevra (berZn. Πεταυρον) – yavaris mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba qobu-
leTel muhajirTa STamomavlebis metyvelebaSic: fedevraჲ Txeli ficaria,
yavari–gvizustebs qobuleTel muhajirTa STamomavali TaxTabaSis mkvidri
jemal cecxlaZe. yavari ganmartebulia sabasTan, rogorc Txeli ficari.
qegl-is mixedviT yavari Turquli sityvaa da niSnavs napob Txel ficars Se-
nobis saxuravad. lazurSi fedevra ar dasturdeba.

qeremeTi –κεραμιδος kramitia qobuleTursa da aWarulSic. qegl-is mi-
xedviT, kramiti silanarevi Tixis gamomwvari firfitaa, xmaroben Senobis
saxuravad. lazur leqsikonSi qeremeTi, romelic aWarulSi fonetikuri
saxecvlilebiT dasturdeba, gvxvdeba rogorc keremidi. aRniSnuli sityva
transliterirebulia berZnulidan lazurSi. savaraudod, swored lazu-
ria dasaxelebuli leqsemis aWarulSi integraciis gza.
qireza – (berZ. Χερασοςqerazas (bali) + ai (Turq. Tve) – ivnisi. la-
zurSi qerezai/qerezari – ivnisia, rogorc TurqulSi. aWarulSic `qire-
zaჲ~ ivnisis saxelwodebaa, ìm Tvis, romelSic sxali mova – gvixsnis maxoe-
li saime gogitiZe. rogorc Cans, `blis Tvis,~ anu ivnisis mniSvneloba aWa-
rulSi SeinarCuna sityva `qirezam,~ igive sityva saxeldebisTvis gamoiyenes
da msxals uwodes. xolo qobuleTurSi aRniSnuli sityva mxolod ivnisSi
mosuli msxlisaTvis gamoiyeneba.
qobuleTur metyvelebaSi dasturdeba sityva kondo. igi momdinareobs
berZnuli kondakisagan (κονδακιον).es aris sagalobeli, romelSic mokle-
daa aRwerili esa Tu is dResaswauli an wmidanis cxovrebis umniSvnelova-
nesi movlenebi.kondaki– am terminiT qarTul RmrTismsaxurebaSi moixseneba
wigni, romelSic moTavsebulia wirvis tipikoni, aseve – marTlmadideblu-
ri himnografiuli poeziis da musikis Janri. kondakis – sagaloblis Sem-
qmnelad iTvleba romanoz tkbiladmgalobeli (melodosi, aResrula VI s-s
pirvel naxevarSi). adre romanoz melodoss miawerdnen mxolod Sobis kon-
dakis avtorobas, Tumca bolo dros aRmoCenilma 30-mde kondakis xelna-
werma daadastura is faqti, rom wm. romanozi iyo sadResaswaulo kondake-
bis mravali sxva krebulis avtori. mis mier Seqmnili kondaki Tavdapirve-
lad warmoadgenda mravalstrofian sagalobels, romelSic yoveli stro-
fi agebuli iyo pirveli, e.w. kukulias metruli sazomis mixedviT. swored
metri iyo kondakis yvela strofis gamaerTianebeli. eg. velesis aRweriT,
TiToeuli strofebis dakavSireba an anbaniT an akrostiqiT (taepis sawyisi
asoebiT Sedgenili teqsti).
kondakis warmoSobas xsnian Semdegi garemoebiTac: mravalstrofian
troparSi yoveli strofis orjer gameoreba (orpiruli Sesrulebis gamo)
droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala Sesrulebis axali formiT, romlis mixedvi-
Tac meordeba mxolod bolo muxli, rogorc misamReri yvela danarCeni
troparisaTvis (strofisaTvis). axalma struqturam warmoSva axali saga-
lobeli–kondaki. saxelwodeba kondakioni (gragnili) axsnilia am Janri-
saTvis darTuli sagaloblebis simravliT, romlebic ise ebmodnen erTma-
neTs, rogorc etratis nawilebi joxze daxveul gragnilSi.
al. Rlontis `qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis konaSi vkiTxulobT: kon-
do (aWar.) – gombio. davazustebT, rom aRniSnuli sityva mxolod qobule-
TurSi dasturdeba. qobuleTeli mzia wulukiZis TqmiT, `konduebi gogvebi
arian. Cven vityviT inaiSvilis, gogitiZis, cecxlaZis konduebi,~ _ Tumca
aRniSnul sityvas konotaciuri Seferiloba axlavs, kerZod dabali tanis
gogonebs qobuleTSi `kondos//konduebs~ uwodeben. Cans, berZnulma sityva
288 mzia xaxutaiSvili

κονδακιον- m (sagalobeli, gragnili) qobuleTurSi axali mniSvneloba Se-
iZina.
kondo qobuleTurSi metaforuli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. aRniS-
nul leqsemas ironiuli elferi axlavs. `degesia konduebi,~ – amas maSin
ityvian, roca kacs bevri gogo SeeZineba da dacinviT ase hkadreben – gviTxra
Cvenma informatorma, zeniTelma cicino kaxiZem. kondulas moferebiT ityvi-
an. `konduebi deibada.~ kondoebi//konduebi regresuli disimilaciis safuZ-
velze oe kompleqsi ue nairsaxeobiTaa warmodgenili.
masalis analizi imis Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom berZnizmebis,
romlebic dasturdeba rogorc aWarulSi, ise qobuleTur kilokavSi, in-
tegraciis gza gansxvavebulia. rigi berZnizmebisa gvxvdeba mxolod aWa-
rulSi, iseve rogorc lazurSi da am SemTxvevaSi Turqulia integraciis
gza. Rirssacnobia berZnizmebi, romlebic mxolod qobuleTurSi gvxvdeba
da igi ucxoa aWarulisaTvis, rac uSualo sesxebis dasturia.
ra Tqma unda, berZnebTan komunikaciis dros mkvidri qarTvelebs, am
SemTxvevaSi qobuleTelebs, transliteraciiT gadmohqondaT iseTi sityve-
bi, rogorebicaa: iasos (gamarjoba}, posise (rogor xar?), kala(kargad),
kexome (ar maqvs), exo(maqvs) da a.S. magram ver vityviT, rom adgilobrivTa
metyvelebaSi isini bilingvizmis resurss warmoadgenda. unda aRiniSnos,
rom dasaxelebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi mxolod mizanmimarTulad pon-
toel berZnebTan komunikaciis dros gamoiyeneboda.
literatura:
gordeziani 1990: berZnebi saqarTveloSi (koleqtiuri monografia, redaq-

tori r. gordeziani), Tbilisi;
danelia 1998: danelia korneli, narkvevebi qarTuli samwerlobo enis is-
toriidan;
Tandilava 2013: Tandilava ali, lazuri leqsikoni, Tb.
abulaZe 1973: abulaZe ilia, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb.,
baqraZe 1987: baqraZe dimitri, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da
aWaraSi. baTumi
niJaraZe 1975: niJaraZe S., aWaruli dialeqti, baT.,
faRava 2003: enobrivi situacia samxreT saqarTveloSi da samxruli met-
yvelebis dialeqturi Sedgenilobis sakiTxi, baTumis SoTa rusTa-
velis saxelmwifo universiteti, SromebiV, baT.
xaxutaiSvili... 2009: xaxutaiSvili m., futkaraZe S., qobuleTuri masa-
lebi//rsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis samxreT-dasav-
leT saqarTvelos samecniero-kvleviTi centris ,,krebuli~, t. VI,
baT.,
al. Rlonti 1984: qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb.
jorbenaZe 1989: jorbenaZe b., qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb.

Mzia Khakhutaishvili
Greek Borrowings in Kobuletian Speech
The article deals with Pontic Greeks migration, linguistic contacts and the
experience in the last century, caused by borrowings, in particular, lexical
sedimentary the super-strata in the Ajarian dialect and Kobuletian sub-dialect
(keremeti, baruti, gasiraveba, variozi, koriza, Sira, FIDE, kireza). A number of
Greek borrowings can be found only in the Adjarian dialect, as well as in Laz
Language (lodosi, sinori) but here we have the case of Turkish integration. There
are Greek borrowings which are only found in Kobuleti and are alien to Ajarian
dialect. This fact confirms the case of borrowing (pedevra, Kondo).
Tamar xitiri
realobis SigniTa mxare:

drosa da maradisobis
problema milorad paviCis
prozis qronotoposSi
serb prozaikoss _ milorad paviCs

xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc èvropuli
postmodernizmis winamZRols~. msoflio
aRiareba paviCs moutana `xazarulma leqsi-
konma,~ msoflio literaturis erT-erTma
yvelaze ucnaurma nawarmoebma. es wigni tra-
diciuli xazovani Txrobis sazRvrebs scil-
deba da eleqtronul hiperteqsts uaxlov-
deba. amis gamo kritikosebi paviCs moixsenie-
ben, rogorc `homerosis tol mTxrobels~,
mis romans ki èleqtronul odiseas~ uwo-
deben. Tumca, 1997 wels v. rudnevi werda:
`raRac mxriv, `xazaruli leqsikoni~ pos-
trmodernizmis kvitesencias warmoadgens,
raRac mxriv ki _ mis uaryofas~ (9,345).
udavod rTulia paviCis teqstebis misticiz-
mSi, misi nawarmoebis metafizikurad rTul
struqturaSi garkveva. jer kidev 90-ian
wlebSi TviT paviCi ambobda: `Tu Rrmad Cai-
xedavT sakuTar TavSi, aRmoaCenT bevr iseT
rames, rasac verasdros SeamCnevT, Tu ir-
gvliv mimoixedavT~ (2,245). maSin mwerali
gulwrfelad saubrobda mis SemoqmedebaSi
folkloruli tradiciis arsebobaze, baro-
kos epoqis rusul da serbul Tqmulebebze,
bizantiuri igavebis gansakuTrebul rolze,
misTvis mniSvnelovan ezoTerul teqstebze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom paviCis teqstebis mis-
tikuri spontanuroba moCvenebiTia, Cven wi-
realobis SigniTa mxare: drosa da maradisobis problema ... 291

naSea rTuli proza, namdvili Tavsatexi, romlis amocnobisTvis saWiroa
swori gasaRebis qona.
amgvarad, Cven gvsurs SevexoT erT principulad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs,
romlis swori gaazreba paviCis prozis gagebis gasaRebs warmoadgens. es
aris droisa da maradisobis problema milorad paviCis prozis qronotipSi,
postmodernistuli teqstis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problema.
daviwyebT mwerlis arc ise kargad cnobili moTxrobiT: «Корчма "У
семи сосков"». mTxrobeli mogviTxrobs maloniSeCebis Stos Sesaxeb _ vin
rodis daibada, swavlobda, gardaicvala. mTxrobeli ar cdilobs, rogorme
gaarTos an daainteresos mkiTxveli, keTilsindisierad da mosawyenad mog-
viTxrobs sxvebisTvis naklebad saintereso ojaxis istorias. moTxrobis er-
TaderTi mxatvruli momentia mcire miniSneba `cud sisxlze~ am modgmaSi, ro-
melic Taobidan TaobaSi gadadis, TiTqos maloniSiCebi icvlian sxeulebs, ga-
dadian erTidan meoreSi, rogorc ki sxeuli icriceba. klanis wevrebis kargi
mexsiereba gamomdinareobs ara nivTebis, enebis, saxeebisa da saubrebis kargi
damaxsovebis unaridan, aramed SesaZleblobidan gaigon yvelaferi maTi winac-
xovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan, isev imave `memkvidreobiTi jadosgan~. `cudi
sisixli~ (da Tundac protagonisti meZavis arseboba) ar aCvenebs mkiTxvels
seqss `bizantiel lamazmanTan~, gmiris odisea ar aCvenebs XI saukunis bata-
lur sadomazoxistur scenebs, imdroindel saukeTeso filosofosebTan
swavla ar CaiTrevs mas `sicarieleSi~, `kormCa~ ar SesTavazebs arc cisfers,
arc Roris qons... magram zustad `kormCa~ aris igavi samyaroze da adamianze,
martivi formiTa da Rrma azriT, rogorc Seefereba igavs.
maS, rogoria, protagonistis azriT, es samyaro, raSia WeSmariteba da
ra aris adamianis roli? vercerT kiTxvas vupasuxebT, Tu ar mivaqcevT yu-
radRebas, vin da ras aswavlida maloniSiC-umcross, novelis mTavar gmirs.
mas aswavlida ioane italosi, saxeli romelic bevr mkiTxvels arafers
eubneba, magram Tu movaTavsebT paviCis teqsts XI saukunis bizantiis sulie-
ri areulobis istoriis realur konteqstSi, davinaxavT, rom ioane itali
iyo cnobili bizantieli filosofosi, aristotelizmis mimdevari, Tavisi
eretikuli msoflmxedvelobisTvis anaTemas iyo gadacemuli da es anaTema
Sesulia liturgikul CinSi «Синодик в неделю Православия», romelic
aRevlindeba didi marxvis pirvel kvira dRes. italis anaTemis teqsTSi Se-
sulia aseve mRvdel bogomilis eretikosobis anaTema, romelic cnobili
dualistur-religiuri bogomilebis mimdinareobis avtori iyo (1, 145).
am SemTxvevaSi maloniSCebis modgmis istoria wardgeba bogomilis
cxovrebis Txrobad, romlis suli saukuneebSi mogzaurobs, STamomavlebSi
saxldeba da winaswar gansazRvravs maT beds. paviCis mier moTxrobili ita-
losis azrebi aris erTgvari winaswarmetyveleba-axsna, Tu ra mouvida si-
namdvileSi am `cudi sisxlis~ mqone ojaxs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom malo-
niSC-umcrosis erT-erTi maswavlebeli _ presviteri kozma Zalian hgavs
patriarq kozma atikels, romelsac XII saukuneSi bogomilebis daxmarebisa
da maTi eretikosobis maxrdaWeraSi daadanaSaules.
292 Tamar xitiri

rogorc kozma ambobda, `nebismieri suli, sanam daberdeba, icvlis ram-
denime sxeuls, gadadis erTidan meoreSi, rogorc ki sxeuli gaicriceba~.
italosis mixedviT ki, adamiani aris forma, romelic imyofeba CvenSi daba-
debidan sikvdilamde. es aris raRac arsebuli, rac icvlis Tavis materia-
lur `garegnobas~. an, rogorc paviCi ambobs, adamiani gansazRvravs Tavis ad-
gils samyaroSi da sakuTar TavSi, saidanac is gamova da sadac dabrundeba.
aq unda davubrundeT TviT bogomilebis eretikosobas, radgan SeuZle-
belia milorad paviCis drois/maradisobisa da teqstis koncefciis gageba
bogomiluri mikrokosmis sistemis gaazrebis gareSe. dasaxeleba `bogomi-
lebi~ mRvdel bogomilis saxels ukavSirdeba, romelmac pirvelad gaaxmo-
vana eretikosuli azrebi bulgareTSi mefe petres dros (927-968). mcire
gamokvlevebSi bogomilebis mimdinareoba aRwerilia, rogorc neomaniqeve-
lebisa da pavlikanebis ideebis memdvidreebi, bogomilebidan ki gamoyofen
maT pirdapir mimdevrebs _ bosniisa da serbeTis katarebs da patarenebs
(farTod cnobili iyo bogomiluri seqta Sclavonia dalmaciaSi, axlandel
xorvatiaSi. Turq-osmalebis mier am teriotriis dapyrobamde, adgilobri-
vi aristokartiac iyo bogomil-patarenebis swavlebis mimdevari). bogomi-
lebis werilobiTma wyaroeba TiTqmis ver moaRwia Cvenamde (yvelaze cnobi-
li, laTinur versiaSi Senaxuli bogomil-katarebis `saidumlo wigni~ _
karkasoniis da vienis sia).
bogomilebis swavleba ambobs: rogorc RmerTs, aseve satanas, RvTis ne-
biT hqonda Seqmnis Zala. bogomilebs swamda, rom erT-erTi mTavarangelo-
zis, satanailis dideba ìyo iseTi <...>, rom mas SeeZlo zeciuri saTnoebe-
bis marTva <...> satana iyo yvelafris Semqmneli da mamas baZavda <...> mamaCem-
ma gardaqmna is ampartavnobisTvis: mas waarTves naTeli, misi saxe gaxure-
bul rkinas daemsgavsa da yvelafriT daemsgavsa adamianurs. Tavisi kudiT
satanam waaTria RvTis angelozebis mesamedi~. garkveul dros satanaili
ajanyda. is Tanamonawile angelozebTan erTad Camoagdes cidan, amis Semdeg
satanailma Seqmna dedamiwa da adamiani Tixisgan: `Semdeg moufiqrda mas misi
msgavsi adamianis Seqma, rom emsaxuros mas~. Semdeg satana aiZulebs or dace-
mul agelozs Sevidnen Tixis sxeulebSi. qriste `saidumlo wignSi~ uxsnis
ioanes, riTi gansxvavdeboda RvTis monawileoba da satanas monawileoba
adamianis SeqmnaSi: `mismine, Zvirfaso iaoane: xalxi ambobs, rom mamaCemma
TvalTmaqcurad Seqmna adamiani Tixisgan; magram man Seqmna yvela RvTiuri Za-
la wminda sulisgan, eseni ki (ori angelozi) maTi danaSaulis gamo iyvnen
Tixis sxeulebiT movlenili da maT mokvdavebi qvia~. `da isev me, ioane, vkiT-
xe RmerTs: `rogor iwyebs adamiani Tavis arsebobas sulisgan, rodesac imyo-
feba xorciel sxeulSi?~ da miTxra RmerTma: ,,dacemuli angelozebisgan sa-
xierdebian qalis sxeulSi da xorcs isxamen xorcis survilisgan, da ibade-
ba suli sulisgan da xorci xorcisgan; ase Zalauflebs satana am samyaro-
Si~. mogvianebiT sataniili kargavs Semqmnelis Zalas, magram jer kidev
flobs materialur samyaros. sataniilma dakarga Tavisi RvTiuri saxeli
(sufiqsi-il) da amgvarda gaxda cnobili, rogorc satana. adamianebis gada-

sarCenad RmerTma gamoagzavna Tavisi Svili, ieso, romelic mariamis meSveo-
biT gankacda. ieso Sevida mariamis erT yurSi da meoredan gamovida: `Casuli
smenidan Sevida da smeniT gamovida~, ase mas ar miuRia namdvili, materialu-
ri sxeuli, ar iyo gankacebuli orTodoqsuli gagebiT. misi adamianuri
forma aris iluzia, moCveneba, magram mainc, mizezi misi gaCenis adamianTa So-
ris aris maTi gadarCena. bogomilebis interpretaciaSi mariami angelozia,
romelic RmerTma dedamiwaze gaagzavna qristes mosavlenad. amgvarad, bogo-
milebi Tvlidnen, rom vinme mariamis Tayvaniscema, rogorc RvTismSoblisa
mcdaria, iseve, rogorc jvris Tayvaniscema.
bogomilebma istorias warudgines tipuri dualisturi antisistema,
romlis safuZvelSi devs materialuri samyaros uaryofa (samyaro da adami-
ani Seqmnilia satanis mier da borotebis qmnilebas warmoadgenen, adamianma
aseve xeli moawera raRac dokuments da aris satanis msaxuri da ara Rmer-
Tis.) aqedan momdinareobs bogomilebis mkacri asketizmi, TviTmkvlelobis
miReba SimSiliT; qorwinebis akrZalva da eklesiis, ritualebis, xatebis
uaryofa, rogorc codvili materialuri samyaros gamovlenebisa. miuxeda-
vad amisa, bogomilebis apokalipsi ar aris pesimisturi, radgan cxovreba da
materia aris araferi, magram suli, bevri gardaqmis Semdeg, gadarCeba. Rmer-
Ti Tixis sxeulebSi myof angelozebs gadarCenis saSualebas aZlevs. saSi-
nel samsjavroze RmerTi `gamoyofs erTs meoresgan, rogorc mwymsi da rCe-
ulebs marjvniv daayenebs da ityvis: `modiT, mamaCemis dalocvilebi, daem-
kvidreT sasufevelSi, romelic TqvenTvisaa gankuTvnili samyaros gaCeni-
dan~. da mere etyvis maT, vinc mis marjvnivaa: `wadiT Cemgan, wyeulebo, mara-
diul cecxlSi, romelic gankuTvnilia satanisTvis da misi angelozebis-
Tvis~. da mamas brZanebiT wavlen eseni maradiuli tanjvisaken da marTlebi
maradiuli sicocxlisaken...~ (7,130)
bogomilebis optimizmi _ istoriuli asketizmis mqone optimizimia,
romelic misi gamoxatvis absolutur simaRlemde _ TviTmkvlelobamde _
midis, imitom rom adamianis arsebobis materialuroba aris axlandel dro-
Si, warsulSi ki namdvili, WeSmariti, angelozuri mdgomareobisgan ganSo-
reba. bogomilis cxovrebis gza daJinebuli mcdelobaa WeSmaritebasTan da
sikeTesTan dabrunebisa, ris ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia dedamiwaze. bogo-
milebTan suli, an angelozi moZraobs wreze, RmerTisgan RmerTamde: ange-
lozi Tavisufali iyo _ sxeulma tyved aiyvana suli _ suli ganTavisuf-
lda sxeulisgan. rogorc paviCis erT-erTi moTxrobis- `kiris samoTxis~-
gmiri ambobs: `me mivxvdi, saiT midis Cemi gza. mas mivyavar warsulSi~. war-
suli aris gza sawyisTan dabrunebisa; WeSmarit, RvTiur sawyisTan. paviCis
gmirebi Cabmuli arian am wreSi: `Seni Cangali...yovelTvis ki ar hqonda oTxi
kbili, rogorc axla, aramed,rogorc yvela qmnilebas,ori mxare hqon-
da...mogvianebiT, aseTi ori orkbiliani Canglis SeerTebiT gamovida oTxkbi-
liani. yvela mis kbils gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. pirveli kbili ma-
mis principi an simboloa. meore kbili mas ekuTvnis, vinc qmnis,magram Tvi-
Tonac Seqmnilia. es sityvaa. mesame kbili Seqmnili, magram TviTon arafers
294 Tamar xitiri

qmnis, rogorc Sen, Svilo. meoTxe kbili ekuTvnis imas, vinc ar arisSeqmnili
(rogorc pirveli) da arc TviTon qmnis. es pirveli kbili isvenebs,radgan is
visac Seqmna SeuZlia, SeuZlia arc Seqmnas. is isev mamas ekuTvnis,rogorc
gzis dasasruls, romelic mTavrdeba iq, sadac daiwyo~(`loginisamisTvis~).
filosofiis istoriis mkvlevari ernest trelCi uZveles, kerZod, anti-
kur, gnostikur mikrokosmze wers: ès aris swavleba maradiulidabrunebi-
sa~. es msoflmxedveloba efuZneboda ùdroo metafizikurucvlel kano-
nebs~, udroo arsebebis logikur dakvirvebasa da mis ganviTarebas azri
hqonda `myari montaJis ganxorcielebisaTvis~ (11, 18). aq aucileblad un-
da aRvniSnoT tiorliCis gancaxdebis metafizikuroba. TiTqos amis dastu-
rad r. svetlovi wers:`...nebismieri miTologiuri suraTi, Tundac iseTi da-
muSavebuli, rogorc sikeTisa da borotebis brZola maniqeistur teqsteb-
Si, miznad isaxavs pirvel rigSi garkveul wreSi gancdis Setanas da ara in-
formaciulobas. Tu ar daveTanxmebiT amdebulebas, mTeli gvianantikuri re-
ligiuri kultura, romelmac datova kosmogenuri apokalifsebis aseTi
didi raodenoba, CvenTvis daxurulidarCeba. rogor SeiZleba gavigoT kul-
tura, sadac yvela meore morwmunemzadaa moyves borotebis gaCenis miseburi
versia?~ (10, 239).
raze aris dafuZnebuli `swavleba maradiul dabrunebaze~? zustad
imaze, rom istoria aris WeSmaritad arsebuli maradisobis anareklebis
usasrulo grova. kultura, am TvalsazrisiT, aris maradiuli ideebis ja-
mis anarekli, fenomeni, romelsac aqvs udroo da msoflio azri. rogorc
aRniSnavs igive terliCi: `swavleba maradiul dabrunebaze mTlianad ukar-
gavs azrs istorias, gardaqmnis mas arsebulis usasrulo da uazro anarek-
lebis grovad~. aseTi istoriisa da kulturis ganviTareba ar aris sworxa-
zovani, is Caketil wreze moZraobs da, Cveni azriT, warmoadgens ara ganviT-
rebas, aramed gameorebas, ukve momxdaris maradiul anarekls, Tumca ideal-
Tan miaxlovebis mizniT. esaa `ganviTarebis~ arsi.
aseTi moZraoba wreze SesaZlebelia mxolod mikrokosmis erTobis
aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi. paviCi wers: èrTianobidan Cndeba mravalferovneba,
radgan suli (rogorc Cveni kuWi), romelsac ar SeuZlia aRiqvas erTiano-
bis didebuli Sinaarsi, anawilebs mas, ReWavs da erTianobas aqcevs mraval-
ferovnebad, rom SeZlos misi nawilebis dataceba.~ (`logini samisTvis~). pa-
viCis es azri TiTqmis imeorebs sityvebs, romelsac hermes trismegistuss
miaweren: àrsebulisgan pirveli aris maradiuli Seuqmneli RmerTi _ sam-
yaros Semqmneli. meore pirvelis mier aris Seqmnili Tavis xatad; es samya-
ro, romelic man Seqmna, romelsac icavs da kvebavs: samyaro warmoiSva mamis-
gan da amitom is marad cocxalia. ukvdaveba maradisobisgan gansxvavdeba.
RmerTi ar iyo vinme sxvis mier Sobili <...> is sakuTar Tavs Sobs maradiu-
lad. mama, sakuTari Tavisgan Sobili, maradiulia da samyaro, mamisgan Sobi-
li aris ukvdavi. <...> mamam sxeuli samyarod aqcia, misca mas moculoba, bur-
Tis forma, misca mas Tvisebebi da aqcia ukvdavad da maradiulad materia-
lurad <...> man moaqcia samyaros sxeuli ukvdavebaSi, radgan eSinoda, mate-

ria, gafantvis survilSi ar dabrunebuliyo pirvelyofil qaosTan, rameTu
es mdgomareoba misTvis damaxasiaTebelia <...> aqac, dedamiwaze, man Seinar-
Cuna es Tviseba SekumSvisa da gafarToebisa, is, rasac adamianebi `sikvdils~
uZaxian <...> rac exeba miwieri sxeulebis dabrunebas maT pirvelad mdgoma-
reobaSi, is gamoixateba maT CaSlaSi dauyofel sxeulebad, anu ukvdavebis
sxeulebad da amgvarad xdeba danaklisi, azri wydeba, magram sxeuli ar nad-
gurdeba~ (4, 42, 430).
imave Temaze saubrobs paviCis leandre: `Tu Cven gaviazrebT, rom maradi-
soba moevlineba, rogorc RvTis dalocva, rogorc naTelis erT-erTi gamov-
lena, <...> da dro modis satanisgan, romelic taZris marcxvniv dgas, naTeli
gaxdeba is, rom garkveul adgilas unda iyos maradisobisa da dros òqros
kveTa~ <...> samyaros am nawilSi dro Cerdeba da amiT Cveni cxovreba SesaZle-
beli xdeba~. (`qaris SigniTa mxare~). TiTqmis zedmiwevniT aris warmodgenili
hermes trismegistusis sistema: arsebobs maradisoba (RmerTi), magram aseve
arsebobs materialuri samyaros arsebobis raRac forma _ usasruloba, uk-
vdaveba, magram ufro naTlad aq Cans bogomiluri mikrokosmis arsi: maradi-
soba aramaterialuria, es RvTis samefoa. usasrulobas, materialuri samya-
ros, gaaCnia dasawyisi _ Seqmnis momenti, magram ar aqvs dasasruli. es, amas-
Tan erTad, adaminianis samyarocaa. adamianis cxovrebis realuri dasasruli
_ sikvdili _ am SemTxvevaSi aris mxolod ukvdavebis sawyis mdgomareobas-
Tan dabruneba, materiis usasruloba wvrili nawilebis erTianobaSi. sikvdi-
liT gaTavisufelebuli suli ki brundeba misTvis Cveul maradisobis samya-
roSi, RmerTTan.
romanis `qaris SigniTa mxare~ gmirebi hero da leandre arian Seyvare-
bulebi berZnuli legendidan, vis siyvarulsac berZnul variantSi xeli Se-
uSales miwierma movlenebma, magram Seyvarebulebi sikvdilSi gaerTiandnen.
paviCis herosa da leandres dro hyofs: hero XX saukunis Tanamedrovea,
leandre _ Suasaukuneebis (elinisturi) gmiri. miuxedavad amisa, isini sik-
vdilSi erTiandebian, maradisobaSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic rom, paviCs Sem-
TxveviT ar aurCevia es wyvili. rogorc cnobilia, hero cxovvrobda seetSi
/Tu sestosSi, leandre _ abidosSi. berZnul legendaSi, tradiciulad,
xazgasmulia, rom es qalaqebi helespontis or sxvadasxva sanapirozea gan-
lagebuli. paviCisTvis ki herosa da leandres sacxovrebelis adgilmdeba-
reoba sxva raRaciT aris niSandoblivi.
mwerali cvlis miTs maradiul siyvarulze bogomilebis religiur mi-
Tad samyaros Seqmnisa da masSi adamianis adgilis Sesaxeb. paviCs aRelvebs
ara siyvaruli-erosis problema, aramed siyvaruli-aRapesi. sulieri siyva-
ruli _ aRape _ ainteresebs mwerals, rogorc teodiceis xSiri proble-
ma, amitomac, sikvdilis sakiTxs romanSi centraluri adgili uWiravs.
amgvarad, maradisobis sivrce _ adamianze proeqciaSi _ aris sikvdi-
lis sivrce. bogomilebis swavlebidan gamomavali paviCi wers: `grZnoba sxe-
ulSi mxolod gadis, magram masSi ar mTavrdeba. binZuri da Savi grZnoba ga-
modis miwidan da mixoxavs <...> mzisken, rogorc nergi, sufTa da gamWirvale
296 Tamar xitiri

ki miwaze eSveda sinaTlidan~ (`wm. markusis cxenebi~). `rac Seexeba sik-
vidls, mas SeuZlia isrialos drois RerZze zemoT da qvemoTac <...> dro
gamomdinareobs sikvdilidan. rameTu sanam iarsebebs sikvdili, iarsebebs
droc <,,,> sikvdili imyofeba im mxareSi, saidanac miedineba dro. ese igi
dro miedineba sikdilis gavliT da Cerdeba sicocxleSi. zutad im wertil-
Si erTmaneTs kveTs maradisoba da dro...~ (`qaris SigniTa mxare~). es moZrao-
ba, es dro _ maradisobis CarCoebSi, magram usasrulobis parametrebSia. ma-
radisobis moZraobis forma moCvenebiTi umoZraobaa. adamianisTvis arss sik-
vdili warmoadgens. maradisoba xom simdablea, statika, yvelaferi is, rac
gamoxatavs cocxalisTvis sikvdils. maradisoba mdumarebaa. am absoluturi
mdumarebis, umoZraobis, simdablis, Cveuli xorcieli cxovrebis uaryofis
gadmocema paviCs mxolod sikvdilis meSveobiT warmoudgenia.
miRebul drois sistemaSi maradisobis areali iqneba warsuli dro,
rameTu suli ganeSora RmerTs, misi warsuli iyo WeSmariti, momavali ki
Zalian saeWvoa. amitomac WeSmaritebis saxe, ideali, yovelTvis warsulSia
_ is arsebobda Seqmnis momentamde, amitomac paviCs gmirebi sul warsulSi
ixedebian: `marcniv <...> xedavda kargad da Sors, da iq, rogorc cnobilia,
SeiZleba Seni sikvdili dainaxo, Tu Tvalebi SeeCveva <...> sibneles <...> ga-
moxedva ikargeboda siSoreSi, nislian warsulSi <...> misi mogonebebi masze
ufrosia <...> is ufro Rrmad iZireboda warsulSi~ (~naweri cxenis saban-
ze~) Taviseburad, warsulisken adamiani moZraobs maradisobis gavliT. am
dros adamiani aris maradiulis anarekli, eqo. àdamiani SeiZleba aRiqmebo-
des eqod, imitom rom miiCneoda ukve arsebuli personaJebis saxed da xa-
tad~,- wers a. panCenko Zvel slavur teqstebze dayrdnobiT (8, 70).
tradiciul qristianobaSi adamiani RvTis saxe da xatia, anu igive ana-
rekli? bogomilebis eretikul swavlebaSi es momenti rTuldeba imiT, rom
samyaro Seqmnilia satanis mier, da ara RmerTis mier, sxvagvarad, adamiani sa-
tanis saxe da xatia, is imyofeba sicrueSi, borotebaSi, ver uaxlovdeba WeS-
maritebas. suli ki RvTis xatia, gadarCena/dabruneba/gaTavisufleba misTvisaa
gankuTvnili. da es gadarCena mgomareobs `maradiul dabrunebaSi’’, warsulSi.
materialuris uaryofa, samyaros uaryofa, romelic axasiaTebs yvela reli-
giur antisistemas, bunebrivad midis iqamde, rom adamiani mTlianad xvdeba
warsulis tyveobaSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs bogomilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li awmyos uaryofa, maT Soris realuri adamianis ugulebelyofa.
es motivi paviCmac aitaca: adamianis suli, misi Sinagani `me~ mweralTan
warsuli saxis anareklia, maT Soris nebismieri adamianis anarekli, misi eqo. mi-
si Crdili, rameTu datyveebuli suli xetialobs xorcidan xorcSi da elis
mis gaTavisuflebas: `yvela suls miaqvs dros is monakveTi, romelic mas ufro
metad uxdeba: (`varSavis kuTxe~). `Sens sikvdils SeuZlia Senze orjer did-
xans icocxlos~ _ ambobs paviCis erT-erTi gmiri. ase SesaZlebeli xdeba uk-
vdavi sulis gadasaxleba, radgan mas SeuZlia sikvdilis Semdeg ganviTardes.
zustad amitom serbi stevo zduri aris germaneli evgena fosis Crdili-anarek-
li. da rodesac stevo poulobs fosis saflavs, mas esmis `misi nabijebis miwis-

qveSa eqo samareSi~ (èvgena fosis sikvdili~). `marilis gemos~ gmiri nedelko
mixailoviCi, mTeli cxovreba RiRinebda ra erT simReras, bolos am simReris
motivis gaSivfris dros xvdeba, rom mas gaaCnia namdvili `saidumlo saxeli~ _
neboiSa mitriCi. `SeiZleba, Cven yovelTvis sxvadasxva sxeuli gaqvs, iqve qudis
qveS, imave saxeliT. is Cven ar gvekuTvnis, mas vcvliT, rogorc naTels naTelze.
Cveni sityvebi bageebidan bageebSi gadadis, ufro sworad, Cvens sityvebs yovel-
Tvis viRacis bageebi iyeneben da sityvebi rCeba, sxeulebi ki icvleba~,- fiqrobs
`saidumlo serobis~ gmiri. bogomilebis sistemaSi, iseve, rogorc milorad pa-
viCTan, sityva aris RmerTi. ieso mariamSi Sedis smenidan da smenidan gamodis, is
aris sityva. sityva aris sxeuliT Sepyrobili sulis gamovlena. radgan paviCis
logikis mixedviT, suli-sityva Tavisufali xdeba adamianis sikvdilis Semdeg,
cocxali suli-sityvis gadasaxleba raRac mxriv sityva-sikvdilis gadasaxle-
bas niSnavs. miT umetes rom, maradisobis sivrce aRiqmeba mwerlis mier, rogorc
sikvdilis sivrce. `warmoidgineT, rom arsebobs vinme, vinc icis yvelaferi
Cvens Sesaxeb <...> vinc icis, rogor SeiZleba SemoisazRvros Cveni samyaro, is,
rasac zecas vuZaxiT da usazRvrod vTvliT. vinc sxvanairad ver gagvagebinebs
Tavisi arsebobis Sesaxeb Tu ara sikvdiliT. <...> sikvdilis ierarqia _ erTa-
derTia, rac aerTianebs sxvadasxva realobis gadakveTis sistemas erT, uxilav
sirvceSi, sadac sikvdili, rogorc Sav sarkeSi, usasrulobamde meordeba...~
(`Wadrakis partia meqsikuri figurebiT~). amitomac, mexsiereba, paviCis mixed-
viT, ar SeiZleba iyos piradi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, is aris sxvisi su-
lis miReba da misi amocnoba. mexsiereba aris erTgvari `saTavso~, pre-cnobieri,
maradisoba-sikvdilis atributi.
`qaris SigniTa mxaris~ protagonisti herom sikvdilis win `daiyvira
saSineli, Rrma, TiTqmis kacuri xiT~ _ masSi cxovrobda imave romanis pa-
raleluri gmiris. leandres suli-sikvdili. zustad ase protagonisti
gogo `Wadrakis partiidan~ acxadebs, rom is aris batoni Svarcis moxuci
coli. SeSinebul mSoblebs, romlebsac bavSvis mentalur daavadebaze aqvT
eWvi, uwevT Segueba imis Semdeg, rac Svili aCvenebs maT, sad damarxa wina
cxovrebis dros yulaba fuliT. zog moTxrobaSi piriqiT, Txroba suls
mihyavs, romelic romeliRaca sxeulSi imyofeba, gmiri mxolod novelis
bolos amCnevs, rom is aRar aris is pirovneba, romelic adre iyo, ukve didi
xania cxovreobs sxva sxeulSi, Tumca, garegani msgavsebebis miuxedavad, Ta-
vidanve unda ganvasxvavoT paviCis sikvdilis ganmarteba postmodernistu-
lisgan. Tanamedrove postmodernistul esTeTikaSi muSaobisas paviCi para-
doqsulad uaryofs postmoderns, rogroc mosflmxedvelobas, Rrmad rCeba
istoriaSi, konkretulad Tavisi xalxis warsulSi. postmodernisTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli istoriuli dros TamaSi-amocana, `yofnisa da aryofnis Tama-
Si’’, derridas ganmartebiT, sruliad miuRebelia paviCis mikrokoncefsiis
mimarT. zustad aq vlindeba `daZabuloba TamaSsa da istorias Soris~, ro-
melzec gvafrTxilebs filosofosi (5, 367). paviCis adamiani aris RerZi,
romelzec ecmeva epoqebi. mwerlis `mistiuri postmodernizmi~ gamowveu-
lia istoriis metafizikaSi, nacionalur sulier tradiciaSi CaRrmavebiT,
298 Tamar xitiri

maT logikasa da wesebs miyveba. gansakuTrebiT kargad es Cans sikvdilis fe-
nomenis axsnaSi. postmodernizmSi sikvdili warmodgenilia, rogorc àra-
feri~, Savi sarke, dacema, `gauCinarebuli realobis mwvave metafizikuri
cduneba: ~ ,,Tvali aRaraa gaSlili sivrcis generatori <...>aq ar arsebobs
horizonti, araviTari horizantaluroba, es rogorc mqrTali sarkea, ro-
melsac eyudeba gamoxedva da mis ukan araferia~ (3, 122). am dros paviCTan
sikvdili maradisobaa, idealuroba, RmerTTan yofnis sivrce, amitomac mis
gmirebs sikvdilis SiSi ar gaaCnia: leandris rusi maswavlebeli aiZulebs
gmirs iswalos laTinuri aforizmi: `midi da ganmaTavisufldi am SiSisgan:
Tu is WeSmaritia, ar damtanjos, Tu ki ar aris WeSmariti, aRar meSinodes~.
Tu SiSi gamomdinareobs sicarielidan, ar udna geSinodes, Tu SiSi RvTiu-
ria, ar SeiZleba geSinodes, radgan is madlia. paviCTan sikvdili maradiso-
baa da ara TamaSi; ara sicariele, aramed umaRlesi samyaros Tan yofna. mwe-
rali wers `bogomilebis istoriaSi~ :~ maT sjerodaT, saSineli samsjav-
ros dRes yvela sarke ibrwyinebs zewrebis qveS da codvilebis anareklebi
sasjels ver gaeqcevian.~
adamians SeuZlia maradisobas sizmrebis gavliTac Seexos _ es misi
Taviseburi naxtomia umaRles sferoebSi, rameTu sizmari _ forma droebi-
Ti sikvdilisa, rodesac sul SeuZlia Tavisuflad ifrinos. ès Sinagani
moZraoba sizmaRsi gacilebiT ufro daxvewilia, vidre garegani, imitom rom
umoZraoba idealuria, is yvelafris pirvelmizezia da misi siwynare moZra-
obasac moicavs~ (`qaris SigniTa mxare~). hero da evstaxia moTxrobidan
`kverci~ iwyeben Tavisi sizmrebis Caweras. paviCis mirebis sizmrebis aRric-
xva aZlevs maT erTgvar gagebas imisa, Tu ra xdeba maradisobaSi. sizmris bu-
nebaze fiqrs isini miyavs sulis fenomenis amocnobamde, `ramden adamians
vxdebi Cems sizmrebSi~ `sizmrebi reinkarnacias ganicdian~ _ fiqrobs he-
ro. aq ixsneba sizmris gramatika _ maradisobis gramatika: `sityvebis lin-
gvistika araorgvarovanad miuTiTebs imaze, rom arsebobs sizmarSi mimdina-
re dros nawilaki <...> yvelaferi magonebs raRacas, rac jer kidev ar gan-
micdia <...> raRac avansi, mosebobs, momavali cxovrebidan aRebuli...~ (`qa-
ris SigniTa mxare~). sizmris Seswavla iqamde midis, rom sizmris dro _
erTgvari warsuli momavali, dabrunebuli warsuli, romelic Sen piradad
ar ganicade, amitomac Rebulob, rogorc momavals, magram moZraoba midis
winaswar daTqmuli daboloeisken warsulSi. rogorc paviCis erT-erTi gmi-
ri ambobs, `vin icis, ganaxldeba momavali Tu winaswar arsebobs, erTxel da
samudamod mocemuli~ (`saidumlo seroba~).
gamodis, rom maradisobis mxare sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris statiku-
ri, is uCqaresi energiaa, romelic gaugebaria adamianisTvis, magram es ar
aris zmniseuli moZraoba, rogorc es xdeba materialuri samyaros realoba-
Si, es Taviseburi arsebiTi saxelebis, nominatiuri moZraobaa, romelic ada-
mianis aRqmis Taviseburebebis gamo aRiqmeba, rogorc statika. `sizmrebis
enaSi inaxeba yvela arsebiTi saxeli~, _ ambobs hero `da zmnebs, sinamdvi-
lisgan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCniaT dro~.

rogorc sizmars, aseve `sikvdils, naTelia, gaaCnia saocari siCqare,
rogorc misi erT-erTi umTavresi prerogativa,~- ambobs paviCi. am Sinagani
samyaros energia Zlieria da yovlisSemZle. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamians
maradisobis mxare statikuri hgonia, masSi ubralod ar arsebobs moZraoba,
rogorc Secvlis forma, radgan WeSmareba erTia da ucvleli. CvenTvis ase-
Ti moZraobi yvelaze xelmisawvdomi geometriuli aRmniSvneli aris wre.
zustad aq Cndeba originaluri paviCiseuli cneba `Sinagani dro~. Sina-
gan dros udidesi siCqareebi gaaCnia _ sizmris siCqare, magram misi siCqaris
sidide nulis tolia, es moZraoba WeSmaritebaSi, mizanSi, wreSi, amitom
leandri yvelas umoqmedo da zarmacad miaCnia, Tumca masSi udidesi siCqare
inaxeba. paviCis protagonists ar SeuZlia iarsebobs Cveulebriv, materia-
lur samyaroSi _ misi siCqare miwieri samyaros siCqareebs ar emTxveva.
paviCis mixedviT, sizmris garda, arsebobs kidev erTi mxare, sadac Se-
saZlebelia adamianis kontaqti maradisobasTan. SemTxveviTi araa, rom siz-
mari agebulia arsebiT saxelebze _ sityvaze, am dakvirvebis Semdeg mwera-
li midis literaturis, rogorc adamianis maradisobis arealSi gasvlis,
gansakuTrebuli koncefciis Seqmnamde, radgan literatura efuZneba sit-
yvas. erofeevi usayvedurebs aviCs, rom serbi prozaikosis `gonis TamaSi~
arRvevs mis mier gamocxadebul `literaturis wess~ – `xels nu uSliT
sityvebs~ (6, 46). aq isev Secvlaaa: paviCi gulisxmobs ara prozis esTetizi-
rebul sityvas, ara sityvbiT TamaSs, romelic axasiaTebs postmodernizms.
paviCi gulisxmobs sxva tradicias, romlis mixedviT sityva aris RvTis
erT-erTi saxeli, erT-erTi hipostasi, amitomac sityvas TviTon miyavxar,
mas ubralod xeli ar unda SeuSalo.
`sizmridan SeiZleba gaxvide mxolos miTxrobaSi,~ _ amCnevs paviCis
gmiri `vaxSami restoranSi `kiTxviT niSanTan~, radgan mxatvrul teqstSi,
rogorc sizmarSi, yvelaferi dauyonebliv midis dasasrulisken. isev is
moZraoba wreze, `maradiuli dabruneba~ imisken, rac ukve iyo: `yvelaferi
rac aq pirvelad damemarTa, zoran miloSeCs daemarTa ukve meored,~ _ mwe-
rali amTavrebs am moTxrobas gardacvlil megobrebTan SexvedriT.
davubrundeT usasrulobis fenomens, mxares, romelsac aqvs dasawyisi,
magram ar gaaCnia dasasruli, materialuri samyaros mxares, romelsac ada-
mianic ekuTvnis. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es aris dros mxare, adamianis xor-
cis moZraobis mis warsul materialur sasrulobis dabruneba usasrulo-
baSi. moZraoba wreze, magram moZraoba, romelsac garkveuli dro sWirdeba.
Tu am moZraobis drois sazRvrebis dadgenas SevecdebiT, maSin es sasruli
formebis moZraoba usasrulobaSi unda moiTavsos awmyo droSi. paviCis Ta-
naxmad, awmyos warsulisadmi daqvemdebareba axasiaTebs. paviCis teqstebis
qronotopi bogomilebis teqstebis analogiaa: warsuli, rogorc WeSmari-
ti dro, dominantia momavlis da awmyos, amitomac teqstis sivrce fenebad
iyofa, masSi erTdroulad realizdeba ramdenime sivrcobrivi safexuri, da
arc erTs ar gaaCnia realobis statusi. paviCis gmirebi warsuls ekuTvnian:
is ganszRvravs maT qmedebebs da beds, isini Wadrakis figurebi, romliTac
300 Tamar xitiri

TamaSdeba winaswar gaTvlili Wadrakis etiudi. maT sikvdilis Tavisufle-
bac ki ar gaaCniaT, isini isev da isev ganicdian `presaxis~ sikvdils.
am SemTxvevaSi niSandoblivia novela `wminda markis cxenebi, an romani
troaze~. novelis gmiri _ Cveni Tanamedrove _ erTdroulad imyofeba am
samyaroSi da troaSi. magram romelSi? saqme isaa, rom troa,
Tragurium/Treu/Trau, iyo dalmaciaSi. am qalaqSi mdebareobda erT-erTi um-
sxvilesi àbsoluturi bogomilebis~ sazogadoeba _ dragoviCebi. drago-
viCebis zegavlenis qveS imyofeboda teli samxreTi makedonia da trakia (7.
243). meTerTmete saukuneSi samxreT trakiaSi moRvaweobda bogomilebis
erT-erTi cnobili maswavlebeli marko mesopotamieli. SesaZlebelia, misi
cxenebi arian paviCis moTxrobaSi, Tumca, SesaZloa es iyos sxva bogomilu-
ri mqadageblis markos cxenebi, meTormete saukunis lombardiis kastorebis
lideri, magram davubrundeT moTxrobas. protagonistis Zmas oden priamu-
JeviCi qvia. SesaZloa is troeli priamosis axali gansaxierebaa. ireva xal-
xebi da droebi; saxelebi paviCTan dublirdeba, warsulidan nasesxebia, bo-
gomibis mikrokosmSi xom ar arseboben sakuTari saxelebi, yvela maTgani
eqoa, anarekli warsulisa. magaliTad, `kvercxis~ gmiris saxeli evstaqia,
savaraudod modis saxelidan evstati, ase erqva masalianebis eresis erT-
erT damfuZnebels (ramac biZgi misca bogomilebis swavlebis ganviTarebas).
evstaTi qadagebda meeqvse saukuneSi, paTlagoniaSi, Semdeg siriaSi. merve sa-
ukuneSi misma swavlebam bulgareTamde moaRwia, imisTvis, rom bogomilebis
swavlebaSi gadaizardos. sxvaTa Soris, evstati aRiarebda qalisa da kacis
Tanasworobas, imas, rom qalsac SeuZlia iyos mRvdeli da mqadagebeli, ami-
tomac paviCma uboZa Tavis qal gmirs misi saxeli, rom evstaqias Tavidan ga-
evlo maradisobis Secnobis gza da daetovebina awmyo, warsuli momavlis
rwmeniT, sizmris samyaroSi, maradisobaSi...
niSandoblivia aseve moTxroba `logini samisTvis~ gmiris saxeli, an-
jelara _ angelozi. da angelozTan axlos unda iyos bogomilebis umaR-
lesi mRvdlebi, romlebmac wminda suli miiRes cxovrebaSive, vinc aposto-
lur cxovrebas eweoda da bogomilTa Soris wmindanad iyo miRebuli. cod-
vaze ganwiruli Cveulebrivi morwmuneebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini miwer ar-
sebobaSi aRwevdnen ucodvilobas. isini Cuqnidnen namdvil `wminda naTlo-
bas~ Tavze xelis dadebiT.
milorad paviCis gmirebi sinamdvilis realobaSi ganicdian araerTxel
gameorebul siuJets, TviT mwerali imeorebs siuJetebs da mxolod saxe-
lebs cvlis. amaSi, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba davinaxoT postmodernistuli
TamaSi, magram Cven aq vxedavT bogomilebi mikrokosmis anarekls _ es maTi
TamaSia. aq ver vipoviT postmodernistul droebis gaTanabrebas, aq, simar-
Tle rom vTqvaT, saerTod ar aris droebis mravalferovneba _ warsulis
Zalaufleba momavlis ararsebobis dros. Tavisuflebisken sul miiltvis
raRac erTi sepyrobili suli, romelic icvlis xorciel CarCos. mwerali
ki yovelTvis cdilobs gaweros misi moZraoba, moZebnos ufro Sesatyvisi
sityva an, rogorc paviCis erT-erTi personaJi ambobs: `Cven nasesveb droSi

vcxovrobT~ (`karamustafas vaJebi~). ase, `varSavis kuTxis~ gmiri ucxo qve-
yanaSi poulobs mSobliuri saxlis anarekls `samzareulos onkanic ki iyo
iq, sadac mamaCemis saxlSi. erTaderTi gansxvaveba imaSia, rom mSoblebis sax-
lSi yvelaferi marjvniv iyo, aq ki, piriqiT, marcxniv.~ yvelaferi sarkise-
ul anarekls warmoadgens. bogomiluri mikrokosmi awmyo dros mxolod
warsulis gadaTamaSebad aqcevs. es erTgvari arapirovnuli dro, araisto-
riuli _ àra~ aq naTlad gamoxatavs bogomilebis antisistemis uaryofit
energias. arapirovnuli _ radgan pirovneba ar arsebobs, arsebobs eqo, ana-
rekli. araistoriuli imitom, rom fataluria, obieqturad moZraobs da-
gegmil dasasrulamde, istorizmi ki aq ar arsebobs. dekoraciebi icvleba,
magram movlenebi igive rCeba da aq paviCi amboxdeba. bogomilebTan warsulis
diqtatis gaTvaliswinebiT, awmyo dro aris mxolod cnobili siuJetis ga-
damRereba ukana mimarTulebiT. paviCi keTilsindisierad mihyveba aseT dros
da zustad asaxav smas, magram bogomilenis miTis struqtura emociurad
ver akmayofilems mwerals. bogomiluri miTis ucnauri drois struqtura
aiZulebs mwerals ufro kargad Caixedos mis TiToul detalSi.
siCqares unda hqondes mimarTuleba _ moZraobis veqtori. da funda-
menti feTqdeba, rogorc ki paviCs es veqtori, moZraobis mimarTuleba Semo-
aqvs. davuSvaT, moZraoba wriulia, magram axla, paviCTan mas aqvs mimarTule-
ba. Tu arsebobda dasawyisi, maSin dasawyisidan moZraobis veqtori SeiZleba
aRqmuli iyos plusad; wreze brunvis garkveul momentSi ki is Teoriulad
SeiZleba aRqmul iyos, rogorc ukan moZraoba, dasawyisisken da am droidan
es moZraoa iqneba uaryofiTi, minusiani, Tumca, es xdeba isev im wreSi. plu-
sisa da minusus arsebobis aRiareba badebs maT gansakuTrebul urTierTobas;
plusma SeiZleba sZlos minusi, minusma mougos plus. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, mwerals teqstSi Semoqvs moZraobis subieqti.
zustad aseT TamaSzea agebuli moTxroba `wiTeli kalendari~. gmirs uC-
ndeba ucnauri grZnoba, rom 1917 wlis oqtombris diliT orma dRem, oTxSa-
baTma da xuTSabaTma, adgilebi gacvales. 25 oqtombers, oTxSabaTs, protago-
nistma waikiTxa leninis broSura droebiTi mTavrobis uflebamosilebis Sew-
yvetis Sesaxeb _ am dros is ajanyebul jariskacebTan eraTad, alyas urtyam-
da zamTris sasaxles da droebiT mTavrobas. sasaxlis Sturmi daiwyo erT
dReSi, 26 oqtombers. da ukve Sturmis Semdgom gmirma iyida 26 oqtombris ga-
zeTi `droebiTi mTavrobis moambe~, sadac gamoqveynebuli iyo ukve gadamdgari
mTavrobis dekreti. absurdi ar aixsneba revoluciis qaosiT. paviCi Tavis gan-
martebas gvTavazobs: `droebiTma mTavrobam erTi dRiT daagviana dekretiT,
leninma ki Tavis broSuraSi erTi dRiT iCqara.~ samTavrobo 26 unda yofili-
yo 25 da leninis 25 ki _ realuri 26. `misi oTxSabaTi xuTSabaTi gaxda xuT-
SabaTze adre... ase gaCnda zedmeti 24 saaTi... wiTeli kalendari gaSveuli
iyo~. vecdebiT Cvens konteqstSi am istoriuli kazusis proeqcirebas.
momavali dro paviCTan ganixileba ara rogoc ubralo sikvdili maradi-
sobaSi, warsulis diqtatura; momavals SeuZlia aqtiuri iyos da adamiani ax-
la ar aris ubralod eqo, is iZens pirovnuli sawyisis saSualebas,. àrsebobs
302 Tamar xitiri

codna, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi vlindeba da ucnobia Cveni winaprebis-
Tvis~ _ amCnevs `saidumlo serobis~ gmiri. `saidumlo serobis~ personaJe-
bis saxeebi emTxveva leonardos cnobil naxats, magram protagonisti amCnevs,
rom erTi saxe. iudasi, mTlianad ar emTxveva winasaxes. finalSi aRmoCndeba,
rom iudas rols TamaSobs TviTon protagonisti. paviCis gmiris kiTxva: sad
var me? _ aris am `mes~ Zebnis dasawyisi, pirovnebis, saxelis SeZena.
bogomilebis mikrokosmSi sakuTari saxeli SauZlebelia arsebobdes,
radgan yvelaferi materialuri satanis Seqmnilia, siborotiT da sicrui-
Taa dafaruli, es _ fsevdoarsebobaa, magram raRac momentSi paviCi gansxva-
vebulad axdens adamianis gansazRvras: ki, eqo, Crdili, magram ara ubralo
WurWeli moxetiale sulisTvis, aramed erToba sulierisa da materialu-
ris. magram es harmonia SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samyaro
Seqmnilia RmerTis da ara satanis mier. samyaro, romelic Caflulia sibin-
ZureSi, codvaSi, mainc inarCunebs madlis SesaZleblobas _ imitom rom ar-
sebobs qriste, RvTis Svili, romelic gankacda kacobriobis gadasarCenad.
paviCi abrunebs sakuTari prozis samyaroSi qristes gankacebis SesaZ-
leblobas, amiT realurad xdis aRorZinebis, adamianis gadarCenis SesaZleb-
lobas, rogorc RvTis saxes da xats aqac, dedamiwaze. milorad paviCi _
bogomilizmis brwyinvale reformatoria. is qeds xris maTi rwmenis sisuf-
Tavis winaSe, gatacebulia maTi miTologiiT, is amtkicebs momavali dros
SesaZleblobas. misi leandre _ mSenebeli, dabadebidan bogomili, aSenebs
idealur koSks camde. magram is ufunqcioa qalaqis dacvisaTvis, is Zalian
maRalia, mas uberavs umaRlesi qarebi, magram ver amCnevs miwier qars. lean-
dres metoqe, aRiarebuli ostati sandali, piriqiT, aSenebs dabal saguSago
koSks, is imdenad dabalia, rom mis arsebobas azri ar aqvs. WeSmariti simaR-
le amaT Soris imyofeba. orive koSki mxolod afeTqebis dros _ sikvdilis
momentSi _ amCnevs erT da igive qars.
adamians SeuZlia miaRwios WeSmarit simaRles. paviCis azriT, adamiani
aris `drois mSenebeli~: `gansakuTrebuli marmarilo gvaqvs aSenebisTvis _
saaTebi, dReebi da wlebi, sizmari da Rvino ki SemaerTebeli xsnaria~. aq mniS-
vnelovania aqtiuri pirovnuli sawyisi. amitomac leandri, dampyroblebisgan
gaqcevisas, uars ambobs mis mier aSenebulis dangrevaze, piriqiT, is Seqmnas da
aSenebas iwyebs. da rodesac is uyurebs RvTismSoblis xats, sadac gverdiT
ioane naTlismcemeli udgas da xeliT uWiravs Cvili iesos fexidan Camovar-
dnili sandali, leandri xvdeba: `Seikra wre, uwyveti xazi, romelic aerTia-
nebs adamians, mis xels, bavSvis terfs, qalis mkerdsa da mis gamoxedvas adami-
anisken~, _ da mTeli es moZraoba xatze gardaisaxeba asoSi Θ _ zustad im
wreSi, rac daxazesleandris mier aSenebuli RvTismSoblis taZrebi, Tu Sexe-
dav maT zemodan.zustad is aso, romlidanac iwyeba RvTismSoblis saxeli ber-
ZnulSi- Θεοτόκος. zustad am himnSi _ himnSi qals, samyaros, miwas, sicoc-
xles _ paviCiuaryobs bogomilur eretikosul swavlebas.
RvTismSoblis siwminde principulad mniSvnelovania paviCis mikro-
kosmSi,rogorc àxali sicoxlis~ siTbo. axali wre _ es ukve marTlmadi-

debuliSeqmnis wrea, `cocxali sicocxlis~, da ara bogomiluri askezis
wre,sicocxlis ganadgurebis. paviCi ar uaryofs bogomilebis miTs, magram-
mirebisTanave sakuTar interpretacias aZlevs `maradiul dabrunebas~. ara-
dangreva _ aramed Seqmna. maSin suli namdvilad wava usasrulobis wreze
dadaubrundeba RvTiur sawyiss.
rogorc ar unda icvlebodes milorad paviCis teqsti, is mainc gvago-
nebsCvens kuTvnilobas istoriisadmi, mis maradiul, metafizikur wrebrun-
vaSi,romlis gareSec adamiani marTlac gardaiqceva àrafrad~, sicarie-
led.istorizmis principze dayrdnobili paviCis qronotoposs mkiTxveli
Sehyavs istoriis metafizikaSi da marTlac ùcxod~ gamoiyureba postmo-
dernizmis samyaroSi.
rogorc vnaxeT, milorad paviCis Semoqmedebis gageba SeuZlebeli xdeba
filosofiis, istoriisa da religiebaTmcodneobis sabaziso sakiTxebis cod-
nis gareSe. Cveulebriv mkiTxvels paviCi sTavazobs Tavsatexs, romelic mis-
Tvis SeiZleba mosawyeni da mosabezrebeli gaxdes. drosa da maradisobisprob-
lemis gaazrebiT Cven davinaxeT, Tu ra imaleba paviCis ”spontanuriprozis”
somboloebs miRma, Tu ras gulisxmobs mwerali ”maradiul gameorebaSi’’. aR-
saniSnavia isic, rom paviCis prozis protagonistebi xSirad miTologiur gmi-
rebs ukavSirdebian, amitom mkiTxelisTvis mniSvnelovanianawarmoebSi Caqso-
vili miTologemebis swori gageba da gaazreba. am mxriv, paviCჳs proza ara
mxolod sulier sazrdos aZlevs mkiTxvels, aramed aviTarebs mis inteleqts.
literatura:
angelevi 1969: Ангелов Димитър. Богомильството в България. София:

Наука и изкуство, «Библиотека для талантливых читателей...» Беседа
с Милорадом Павичем // ИЛ, 1997. № 8.
bogdiiari 2000: Бодрийяр Жан. Соблазн. М.: Ad Marginem, Гермес
Трисмегист и герметическая традиция Востока и Запада. М • Алетейа
1998.
derida 2000: Деррида Жак. Письмо и различие. СПб.: Академический
проект.
erofeevi 2001: Ерофеев Виктор. Энциклопедия русской души, Азбука-
классика,.
ivanovi 1970: Иванов Иордан. Богомилски книги и легенди. София: Наука и
изкуство,.
panCenko 2000: Панченко Александр. О русской истории и культуре. СПб.:
Азбука..
rudnevi 1997: Руднев В. П. Словарь культуры XX века. Ключевые понятия
и тексты. М.: Аграф,
svetlovi 2001: Светлов Р. В. Мировая ересь. Послесловие // Виденгрен
Гео. Мани и манихейство. СПб.: Евразия,
triolCi 1994: Трёльч Эрнст. Историзм и его проблемы. М.: Юрист.
304 Tamar xitiri

Tamar Khitiri
The problem of time and eternity in Milorad Pavic's prose
This article focuses mainly on the problem of time and eternity in the prose
of one if the best known postmodernist writers Milorad Pavic. He is believed to
be modern Homers and his best known novel
''Dictionary of the Khazars'' is mentioned by critics as ''electronic Odyssey''
But the phenomena of Pavic's prose is difficult to understand for readers,
because they must have the keys to understand the hypertext.
And the main part is to understand the philosophy and theosophical views
of writer, which are connected with philosophy of bogomilisim.
For Pavic the history is eternally repetitive reality and all that is happening
has already happened before. Connected with bogomilism, his micro universe
shows us how people live and die, but their souls continue living in different
times, in different bodies, repeating the circle.
And there is no way out, just purification of the soul, to be closer to God
and to go away from Devil. According to Bogomils, human is creation of Satan
and only human's soul belongs to God. Pavic goes further and gives people
chance to change this, to become closer to God and tear the circle of eternal
repetitive events.
Therefore the understanding of Milorad Pavic's prose is impossible without
understanding of his micro universe, his philosophy and realizing of what time
and space means to him in bogomilic point of view.
SoTa jijieSvili
,,neopatristikuli sinTe-
zis~ meTodi Tanamedrove
Teologiis Suqze
adreuli Suasaukuneebis da Semdgomi

bizantiuri Teologia exeboda ,,rwmenis~
(zogadad sarwmunoebis) fenomens, romelic
romelic adamianis fundamentur SesaZleb-
lobebs ganekuTvneba da amas akeTebda ,,Signi-
dan~da ara ,,garedan~ dakvirvebis meTodiT.
es ar iyo e.w. postmodernuli epoqa,sadac
TavisTavad araa gaazrebuli, romRmerTi ar-
sebobs da eklesias eniWeba mniSvnelovani
mdgomareoba. im epoqebSi bunebrivad iTvle-
boda, rom arsebobs RmerTi dasaWiroa ekle-
siuri organizmi, eklesiuri swavlebiT
,,qristes mistiuri sxeuli~. rogorc cno-
bili berZeni kanonisti _ prof. p. bumisi
wers: ,,eklesia ar aris martivi sxeuli
(korpusi), an (mxolod) iuridiuli piri,
Sedgenili fizikuri pirebisagan, romlebic
amaTuim drois SualedSi cxovroben dedami-
waze. eklesia aris RmerTkacebrivi organiz-
mi, romlis Tavi aris qriste, xolo sxeuli
_ yoveli qristiani ,,caTa Sina da queyanasa
zeda, vinc ki ganekuTvneba an mozeime, an meb-
rZol eklesias. saerTod, qristianul ekle-
sias yoveli sxva organizaciisagan is ganas-
xvavebs,rom masSi samociqulo memkvidreo-
bisa da swavlebis (Teologiis) dacviT arse-
bobs da moqmedebs suliwminda~(bumisi
2010:76). es adamianebs swamdaT upiro-
bod(yovel SemTxvevaSi umravlesobas mainc).
SeiZleba masebs ise naTlad ar esmodaT, rac
swamdaT, magram swamdaT pidapir, martivad,
306 SoTa jijieSvili

rTuli gaazrebis gareSe. ,,qristianuli eklesiis RmerTi aris RmerTi is-
toriuli gamocdilebisa~(ianarasi 1992:53).
Tanamedrove globalistur sazogadoebebSi sxva suraTia: Tuki adamiani
ar fiqrobs RmerTze da maradisobaze, ar gaiazrebs amas, aqedan gamomdinare, mas
ar swams RmerTi da/an umetes SemTxvevaSi fiqrobs, rom ar sWirdeba es, amitom-
zogierTi Tanamedrove Teologis dakvirvebiT, morwmune epoqidan urwmuno epo-
qaSi gadasvla ki ar moxda,aramed moxda gadasvla saerTo konkretuli qristia-
nuli faseulobebidan amorful, ganusazRvrel warmodgenebze konkretikis
gareSe.
Tanamedrove Teologiam unda miawodos adamians dRevandel konteq-
stSi pasuxebi mTel rig konkretul sakiTxebze.upirobo rwmenas unda daax-
maros Sesabamisi inteleqtualuri instrumentaliebi. es aris misi erTer-
Ti ZiriTadi amocana sxva amocanebTan erTad.Teologiam unda gaxsnas wm. ma-
maTa saukuneebiT dagrovili gamocdileba, maTi naazrevi, sadac RmerTi da
misdami rwmena ganixileba ara rogorc mxolod idea, aramed upiratesad ro-
gorc pirovneba, radgan rogor SeiZleba mimarTo ideas, an urTierToba
gqondes masTan. aq saWiroa SegrZneba imisa, rac STambeWdavia, rac ipyrobs
adamianTa gulebs bibliis kiTxvisas, liturgiis mosmenisas Tu Teologiu-
ri traqtatis gacnobisas.aqve unda iTqvas, rom es ar gaxlavT inteleqtua-
luri varjiSi pirdapiri gagebiT, radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi Sewyvets Tavis
arsebobas da gadaiqceva ,,gvianantikuri epoqis azris istoriad~ an sxva ra-
Rac ganyenebul filosofiur spekulaciebad. ,,qristianuli doqtrina aris
eklesiis moZRvreba,igi momdinareobs ubralo laTinuri sityvidan -,,rac
unda iswavlo~- doceo -swavleba,xolo dogma,msofliom aiRo berZeni mame-
bisagan,rac niSnavs ,,miviCnev~, ,,mjera~ (ziziulasi 2008: 5). Teologia (Te-
ologi) pirdapir miemarTeba RmerTisaken, masTan uSualo urTierTobisaken
(locvis fenomeni).rogorc vl.loski wers:,,RvTismetyveli ar eZebs
RmerTs msgavsad raime sagnisa, aramed TviT RmerTi eufleba RvTismetyvels
iseve,rogorc Cven gveufleba visime pirovneba...RmerTma pirvelma ipova
igi~(loski 2007:3). e.i. am procesSi mTlianad aris adamiani ,,CarTuli~ Ta-
visi gonebiTa da azrovnebiT, sinergizmis principis Tanaxmad.
postbizantiurma Teologiam dRevandelobamde didi da ekliani gza
gamoiara istoriulad, ra problemebi idga da dgas mis winaSe meoce,agreTve
ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi,SevecdebiT gavaanalizoT zemoTwamoWri-
li sakiTxebis pasuxad.
istoriuli diskursis kvaldakval bevri Teologi saubrobda wm. mamebze
ise, TiTqos es aris pirovnebaTa jgufi,romlebic koleqtiurad muSaoben da we-
ren erTsa da imaves. maSin roca, eklesiis mamebi cxovrobdnen umetesad sxvadas-
xva epoqaSi da werdnen sxvadasxva kulturul-istoriul konteqstSi. aseve
araerTxel Sediodnen erTmaneTis SexedulebebTan disputSi, gamoTqvamdnen e. w.
,,pirad saRvTismetyvelo azrebs~-TeoloRumenebs, romelTac ar iRebs eklesi-
is swavlebis sisavse. am SemTxvevaSi rogor gaigeba ,,consesus patrum~-wm. mamaTa
SenmTanxmebluri azri? nawili Teologebisa fiqrobda,rom es aris erTgvari
`neopatristikuli sinTezis~ meTodi Tanamedrove Teologiis Suqze 307

,,jami Teologiisa~, arsebobda meore Sexedulebac, romlis Tanaxmadac aq igu-
lisxmeba erTsulovneba mTavar sakiTxebSi, magramazrTa sxvadasxvaoba calke-
ul punqtebSi.mitr. ilarioni (alfeevi) wers: ,,marTlmadidebluri swavlebiT,
RvTismetyveluri sizustis mTavari kriteriumia e.w. consensus partum _ ,,ma-
mebis SeTanxmeba~ doqtrinis mTavar sakiTxebSi.magram ar SeiZleba es consensus
gavigoT, rogorc wm. mamaTamieri azris raRac xelovnuri ,,saerTo mniSvneli~,
romelic TiTqosda ,TiToeuli avtorisagan yovelgvari individualuri da mi-
si yvelaze mkafio azris mokveTiT Seiqmna. vgoneb, ,,mamebis SeTanxmeba~gulis-
xmobs maT Tanamoazreobas mTavarSi, calkeul punqtebSi SesaZlo azrTa sxvao-
bis pirobebSi. amitom wminda mamaTa mravali kerZo azri, romelic sarwmunoebis
RvTivganaTlebul mamaTa sulieri Ziebis nayofebs warmoadgens, xelovnurad ar
unda moikveTos RvTismetyvelebis gamartivebuli sqemebis an ,,Sejamebis~ Sesaq-
mnelad~ (alfeevi 2013:18). am da kidev sxva fundamenturi sakiTxebis Zieba dad-
ga dRis wesrigSi mecxramete saukunis bolosa da gansakuTrebiT meoce saukune-
Si,rogorc aRmosavleTis, ise dasavleTis eklesiebSi. unda iTqvas, rom aRmo-
savleTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis Teologia garkveuli stagnaciis Sem-
deg, rasac Tavisi obieqturi da subieqturi mizezebi hqonda, mecxramete sauku-
nis meore naxevarSi aRorZinebis gzas adgeba. eklesiis wm.mamaTa umdidresi mem-
kvidreobis mecnieruli Seswavla da gaazreba iwyeba, romelic Tavis apogeas me-
oce saukunis meore naxevarSi aRwevs. es procesi Cans e.w. ,,parizis~ skolis
warmomadgenlebTan, ruseTis emigraciuli eklesiis TeologebTan _ dekanozi
s. bulgakovi, arqimandriti kipriane kerni, prof. vl. loski, i.meindorfi da
sxvebi.maT dasaxes wm. mamaTa memkvidreobis Seswavlis gzebi.gansakuTrebiT aRsa-
niSnavia mama giorgi florovskis damsaxureba,romelsac lomis wvlili miuZ-
Rvis mamaTamieri memkvidreobis gaazrebaSi, kerZod ki, idea ,,neopatristikuli
sinTezisa~. rogorc Tavad ambobda,Teologiis Seswavlam didi xania miiyvana im
ideamde,romelsac uwodeben ,,neopatristikul sinTezs~. es unda iyos ara ubra-
lod mamaTa gamonaTqvamebisa da mtkicebulebebis krebuli, aramed Semoqmedebi-
Ti gadafaseba, sinTezi sulieri xedvebisa,romelic zegardamo miecaT wminda
adamianebs da mimarTuli unda iyos Tanamedrove adamianisadmi, raTa Tanamedrove
kiTxvebsa da gamowvevebs gasces pasuxi.
1936 wels aTenSi Catarebul pirvel marTlmadidebluri Teologiis
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze florovskim ganacxada,rom marTlmadideblu-
ri Teologia aucilebelia `daubrundes mamebs~da ganTavisufldes dasav-
luri Teologiis `babilonis tyveobidan~, romelic warmoiSva enisa da az-
rovnebis doneze. am Temas is araerTxel miubrunda da sakuTar SromebSi
xSirad iyenebs termin `fsevdomorfozas~. es termini aRniSnavs im xan-
grZlivi procesis aRweras, rac gaiara marTlmadideblurma Teologiam, mi-
uxedavad xazgasmuli apofatizmisa, laTinizaciisa da vesternizaciis gza-
ze. es azri garda Cvens mier dasaxelebuli rusuli diasporis Teologebi-
sa, aitaces iseT tradiciul marTlmadideblur qveynebSi, rogorebicaa: sa-
berZneTi, serbeTi, rumineTi da sxva. kerZod, mama dimitru staniloem, aw uk-
ve wm. iustine popoviCma da 60-iani wlebis berZenma Teologebma.es niSnavda
308 SoTa jijieSvili

sakuTari identobis gamoyvanas pietizmisa da gabatonebuli akademiuri
sqolastikis sazRvrebidan. am gamosvlam miiRo`neopatristikuli sinTe-
zis~ forma, romlis ganmasxvavebeli niSani gaxda `Teologiis egzistencia-
luri xasiTi,~ romelic TavisTavSi moicavda sakuTari tradiciis SenarCu-
nebas da amavdroulad ganaxlebas. am inovaciurobis mixedviT miviReT meoce
saukune, rogorc tradiciebis gadaxedvis saukune.marTlmadideblur Teo-
logias mieca saSualeba gamxdariyo Tanamedrove samyaros nawili, da/an dia-
logSi gamoexata sakuTari Sinagani SemoqmedebiTi niWebi.
Teologiurma moZraoba `mamebTan dabrunebam~ kvlevis gzaze dasaxa
Semdegi mniSvnelovani debulebani:
1.gamococxleba bibleistikisadmi minavlebuli interesisa;
2.jansaRi tradicionalizmisadmi Semobruneba;
3.ganyofa ori tradiciisa _ sakuTari da dasavluri;
4.susti reaqciebis daZleva Tanamedrove Teologiis mimarTebisa samya-
rosadmi
da sxva.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mTeli meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi es sakiT-
xebi gadaiqca ZiriTad amocanad imdenad, rom daCrdila yvela Teologiuri
sakiTxi da sxva sirTuleebi (maT Soris politikuri), romlebic warmoiSve-
ba Tanamedrove samyaroSi. ase rom, es saukune gaxda erTgvari `ganmaaxleb-
luri~ saukune qristianul TeologiaSi, magram es iyo reaqcia Tanamedrove-
obis mimarT. neopatristikam mouwoda ra `mamebisaken dabrunebisaTvis~,
Tundac SemoqmedebiTi gaazrebiT, scada gaeTavisuflebina marTlmadideb-
luri moZRvreba modernistul- dasavluri gavlenebisagan, rac ar aZlevda
mas saSualebas, rom Rrmad Caexeda Tanamedrove gamowvevebSi da saTanado pa-
suxi gaeca misTvis. am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, florovski moiTxovda
èlinizmidan~ argasvlas,ramac morigi, SeiZleba iTqvas,radikalurad gan-
sxvavebuli problemebis dasma gamoiwvia. magaliTad, dekanoz aleqsandre
Smemani ufro Sors wavida,Tqva ra: `marTlmadidebluri Teologia unda da-
eyrdnos sakuTar patristikul safuZvels,magram unda wavides mamebze
`win~, raTa upasuxos axal situacias, romelic Seiqmna filosofiuri gan-
viTarebis aswleuliT. am sinTezSi an rekonstruqciaSi axalma dasavlurma
filosofiurma tradiciam da ara berZnulma, unda aRWurvos Teologia Ta-
visi konceptualuri struqturiT~. amgvari xedva ukve postpatristikis
iers iZens,radgan èlinuri~ filosofiuri terminologiuri aparati ic-
vleba mTlianad Tu ara, mniSvnelovanwilad axali drois filosofiur _
terminologiuri aparatiT.es ver ganxorcielda maSin, radgan SeeCixa mTel
rig dogmatur reaqciebs. miuxedavad amisa,am ideam didi gamoxmaureba hpova
dasavleTis Teologiur-samecniero wreebSi.(i.ozeri, h.fon balTazari, a.de
lubaki, J.danielu, v. felkneri, v.iegeri,i. kvasteni, j. keli, l. prestiJi,
bermonazoni gabriel bunge, s. broki da sxvebi.)meoce saukunis saerTo Teo-
logiuri mecniereba warmoudgenelia am mecnierTa gareSe, romelTac SeZ-
les TavianT naSromebSi daeZliaT is konfesiuri barieri, rac aSorebdaT
`neopatristikuli sinTezis~ meTodi Tanamedrove Teologiis Suqze 309

Zvel qristianul tradicias. maT SeZles dasavluri samyarosaTvis gaexsnaT
aRmosavleTis eklesiis mamaTa memkvidreoba, romelic TiTqmis miviwyebuli
iyo dasavleTSi da axali suli STaberes mas.
`neopatristikuli sinTezis~ meTodis erTgvar gagrZelebas warmoad-
gens da dRes aqtualuri xdeba e.w. `konteqstualuri meTodi~. igi SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes romelime erTi saeklesio avtoris kvlevisas. rac ufro
kargad viciT am avtoris konteqsti, ufro meti Sansia adeqvaturad gavi-
goT misi saRvTismetyvelo sistema. ar SeiZleba msjeloba ama Tu im saekle-
sio avtorze, Tu ar ici misi èna~, Sesabamisad misi qveynisa da eklesiis is-
toria,konkretuli istoriuli epoqa.es meTodi uaryofs xelovnurad
amoglejil citatebs ama Tu im avtoris Semoqmedebidan, Tu ar aris gaTva-
liswinebuli misi mTliani Teologiuri konteqstis sistema.
`konteqstualuri meTodi~ aseve SesaZleblobas iZleva gakeTdes Seda-
rebiTi analizi ramdenime mamis Semoqmedebisa, romlebic ama Tu im saxiT da-
kavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. oRond winapirobiT, rom ar SeiZleba xelovnu-
rad SevaweboT erTi avtori meoresTan,romelic cxovrobda sruliad gan-
sxvavebul epoqasa da mis konteqstSi. saWiroa realuri kavSirebis povna av-
torebs Soris mTel rig sakvanZo sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. am meTodiT SesaZ-
lebelia gakeTdes SedarebiTi analizi qristianobisa sxva religiur siste-
mebTan.
Tuki Tanmimdevrulad iqneba gamoyenebuli `konteqstualuri meTodi~,Se-
iZleba wm. mamaTa SemoqmedebaSi gairCes _ ra aris droiTi da ra maradiuli, anu
erTis mxriv ra aris istoriulad faseuli da saukuneebs gamotarebuli, rome-
lic aucilebelia Tanamedrove qristianisaTvis da meore _ ra gvevlineba is-
toriis kuTvnilebad, romelic daibada da darCa sakuTari konteqstis SigniT,
romelSic cxovrobda mocemuli saeklesio avtori. davaskvniT, rom konteq-
stis rekonstruqcia Tanamedrove Teologiis erTerTi mTavari prerogativaa.
Tanamedrove Teologebi mitr.ioane ziziulasi,mitr.ieroTeos vlaxo-
si, mitr. kaliste ueari, dekanozi endriu laufi da sxvebi miiCneven,rom wm.
mamebs unda SevxedoT ara rogorc mxolod teqstebis Semdgenlebs, aramed
rogorc adamianebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT Cveni daxmareba Ziebis procesSi,
mogvcen pasuxebi kiTxvebze, SeiZleba pirdapir ar gvipasuxon, magram isini
mogvcemen raRac ideebs.
mamaTa citatebis gamoyenebis ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli xer-
xi arsebobs: erTi, rogorc principebis krebuli, roca Tavad principebi
gvainteresebs da meore _ SeiZleba citireba sxvanairadac,rogorc poeti
iyenebs citatas,raTa naTeli gaxados raRac.es ar aris mokled azris gadmo-
cema,aramed daformulireba imisa, rac TvalSi sacemia, rac STambeWdavia,
arsobrivia, anu wm. aTanase didis termin fronema-Ti.
Seasrula Tu ara `neopatristikuli sinTezis~ meTodma Tavisi mowodeba
meoce saukuneSi? `dabuneba mamebTan~ Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc erTgvari `para-
digmis Sereva~ marTlmadideblur TeologiaSi. es man nawilobriv SeZlo. Tana-
medrove Teologiam, ra Tqma unda, ar unda daiviwyos an gardahxdes wminda mama-
310 SoTa jijieSvili

Tamier azrovnebas, magramunda SeZlos da moiyvanos igi dialogSi rTul da
zogjer provokaciul sakiTxebTan,romelsac ayenebs modernisa da postmoder-
nis epoqa. marTlmadideblurma Teologiam unda gamoimuSavos sakuTari midgoma
im sakiTxebze,rasac ar Sexebia wminda mamaTamieri azri, raTa gadalaxos funda-
mentalizmi, romelsac awydeba Tanamedrove saeklesio sazogadoeba, pirispir
darCenili realur Tanamedrove globalistur samyarosTan.
literatura:
alfeevi 2013: mitr. ilarioni (alfeevi)., sarwmunoebis saidumloeba, Tbi-

lisi;
bumisi2010: bumisi p., kanonikuri samarTali, Tbilisi;
ziziulasi 2008: John D.Zizioulas., lectures in Christian dogmatics, New
York;
ianarasi 1992: Яннарас Х.,Вера Церкви, Москва;
loski2007: loski vl., dogmaturi RvTismetyveleba, Tbilisi.
Shota Jijieshvili
~Neopatristic Synthesis” Method in the Light of Modern theology
Development of theology as a science proceeded in a very interesting way

from late medieval period well into 19th and especially in the 20th centuries, in
the western as well as eastern churches. It should be noted that after certain
stagnation, which had its objective reasons, the theology of the Eastern Church
rose on its higher level of development in the 19th century. The scholarly study of
the richest heritage of the holy fathers starts and reaches its apogee in the 20th
century, the second half in particular. It is well seen with the representative of the
so called ~Parisian School” and the theologians of the Russian emigration church
– Archimandrite Sergei Bulgakov, Archimandrite Cyprian Kern, Vl. Lossky,
protopresbyter John Meyendorff. They outlined the ways of further study of the
holy fathers’ heritage. The merit of Father Georges Florovsky is of special
significance. He had a lion’s share in understanding holy fathers’ heritage,
namely, the idea of ~Neopatristic Synthesis”. As he writes, the study of theology
led him long ago to the idea called ~Neopatristic Synthesis”. It should be a
collection of not only holy fathers’ expressions and convictions but creative
reevaluation and synthesis of spiritual visions divinely granted to the holy fathers
and directed towards modern humanity. At the same time, it should respond to
modern problems and questions. The article also deals with western theologians’
approach towards this issue and gives comparative analysis of the methods.
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