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Species Diversity and Phylogeny of Freshwater and Terrestrial Gammaridean Amphipods (Crustacea) in Japan

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Species Diversity of Animals in Japan

Part of the book series: Diversity and Commonality in Animals ((DCA))

Abstract

Gammaridea (Amphipoda) comprises approximately 7900 species. To date, 37 freshwater species from 8 families and 21 terrestrial species from 1 family have been recorded in Japan. The Japanese freshwater amphipod fauna is characterized by high endemism at the species level. Among the 36 native species, 32 (~89 %) are endemic. However, at the family level, endemism is quite low, and commonality with China, Russia, and North America is high. It is generally accepted that freshwater amphipods evolved from marine ancestors. As inferred from molecular data, amphipods have repeatedly switched between marine and freshwater habitats during their evolutionary history. Similarly, invasions of groundwater habitats have occurred independently in different lineages. In general, troglobitic amphipods are characterized by either the loss or rudimentation of eyes and pigment, attenuation of the body or appendages, and development of surface setae. These morphological features are probably an adaptation to life in subterranean environments. Talitridae is the only amphipod group that invades terrestrial environments. The following six types of distribution are recognized: (1) widely distributed from Hokkaido to Okinawa across the Tsugaru and Tokara Straits; (2) distributed south of the Tsugaru Strait (across the Tokara Strait); (3) distributed between south of the Tsugaru Strait and north of the Tokara Strait; (4) distributed north of the Tokara Strait (across the Tsugaru Strait); (5) distributed north of the Tsugaru Strait; and (6) species in restricted distributional ranges.

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Acknowledgments

I thank Dr. Hiroshi Morino of the National Science Museum for providing unpublished data on Talitridae. This work was partly supported by grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences (JSPS: 25840140).

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  1. Department of Science Education, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8524, Japan

    Ko Tomikawa

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  1. The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

    Masaharu Motokawa

  2. Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

    Hiroshi Kajihara

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Tomikawa, K. (2017). Species Diversity and Phylogeny of Freshwater and Terrestrial Gammaridean Amphipods (Crustacea) in Japan. In: Motokawa, M., Kajihara, H. (eds) Species Diversity of Animals in Japan. Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_9

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